ea awe pe Aa?

CHARLES DOWNING

STATE OF NEw YorK—DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Twenty-second Annual Report— Vol. 2— Part II

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CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

BY
U. P. HEDRICK

ASSISTED BY

G. H. HOWE

O. M. TAYLOR
C. B. TUBERGEN
R. WELLINGTON

Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1914
I]

ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS
1915

NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
GenEva, N. Y., January 12, 1915

To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experi-
ment Station:

GENTLEMEN:—I have the honor to transmit herewith the manu-
script copy for Part II of the 33d Annual Report of this Station. This
contribution is the fourth monograph on the fruits of New York State,
prepared under your direction by the Horticulturist of this institution
and his associates.

The cherry, which this manuscript discusses, is undoubtedly most
widely grown of the tree-fruits of the State; for within easy reach of every
rural housewife —in orchard or garden, along roadside or lane — the
“pie cherry” will be found; and many a lawn, even in village or city,
is graced by the stately trees which bear the delicious Yellow Spanish
or Black Tartarian. In many parts of the State, also, cherry growing
is an industry of much commercial importance, with orchards exceeded
in value by those of the apple and peach alone.

Because of its widespread popularity and commercial importance
the cherry well merits treatment in this place in the series of monographs.
It is hoped and believed that the growers and lovers of the fruit will appre-
ciate and utilize to good advantage the result here presented of years of
painstaking work by the authors. The discussions are based not alone
on Station experience with hundreds of the thousand or more varieties
described, but as well upon the collected observations of many cherry
growers and the expressed judgments of the leading pomologists who

have been interested in this fruit.
W. H. JORDAN,

Director
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PREFACE SARDEN,

This is the fourth of the monographs on the fruits of temperate North
America published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
The nature and purposes of these treatises have been set forth in the pref-
aces of preceding volumes, but a summary of the purposes, with needed
emphasis on several, is given for the convenience of all readers and the
enlightenment of those who may not have the first three books.

The Cherries of New York contains an historical account of cultivated
cherries, the botany of this fruit, a statement of its present economic status in
America, descriptions of all known varieties of cherries, the synonymy and
bibliography of the species and varieties, and biographical sketches of the per-
sons who have contributed materially tocherry culture in America. The most
important varieties are illustrated in colors. Everything that was thought
would be helpful in breeding cherries has been included, and special search
has been made for such material. So, too, whatever was thought to be
of interest to students of ecology and of plant distribution has been added.

In the monographs on grapes and plums it was necessary to devote
much space to the botanical relationship of these fruits since each contains
more than a score of species under cultivation, some of which are scarcely
known and most of which are extremely variable. The botany of culti-
vated cherries is comparatively simple and has been made plain by botanical
writers. Yet the contemplation of the several species from a horticultural
standpoint adds something, we believe, to the botany of cherries, especially
as concerns the forms of the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry which
have been variously treated by botanists.

As compared with their congeners, especially the plums, the economic
species of cherries are remarkably well delimited, showing far less respon-
siveness to environment and having seemingly less inherent variation, so
that there need be little confusion in botanical classification. On the other
hand varieties are so similar that it is only with the greatest difficulty that
closely related sorts are distinguished and there is great confusion in the
synonymy, the chief task of the present work being to distinguish the true
names from the synonyms of the varieties described.

In The Cherries of New York, as in the preceding fruit books from this

Vv

vi PREFACE

Station, effort has been made to give as accurately as possible the region
in which the species and varieties grow best and to set forth fully the local
prejudices of the fruits. Such knowledge cannot but be of value in deter-
mining the factors which govern the distribution of plants. The establish-
ment of community relationships and description of plant communities now
constitute an important part of botany on the one side and of geography on
the other. No phenomena give better expression of the climate and the soil
of a region than plant communities. When monographs of several of the
fruits of temperate North America shall have been completed, with state-
ments of likes and dislikes of the fruits and their varieties as to climate
and soil, material should be available to establish plant communities from
which can be drawn valuable generalizations.

All, howsoever interested in pomology, are dependent upon descrip-
tions of fruits. A well-made description of a fruit, to one mentally equipped
to interpret it, is second only, in the study of pomology, to having the fruit
itself. With but few exceptions the descriptions of the major varieties
are made first hand from cherries growing on the Station grounds, though
in many cases fruits from different localities have been compared with
those home-grown.

Since there are fewer varieties of cherries than of plums, it has been
possible to describe and illustrate a greater proportion of the sorts under
cultivation than in the book on plums, yet a selection has had to be made
of the worthiest of the many kinds. The choice of sorts for full descriptions
and color-plates has been determined: (1) By the present value of the
variety; (2) the probable value if the variety be a novelty; (3) by the
value of the data to the cherry breeder; (4) because of historical value
— to show what the trend of cherry evolution has been; (5) to show the
relationships of species and varieties. The varieties not illustrated nor fully
described are divided into two further groups in accordance with the same
considerations.

In botanical nomenclature the code adopted by the International
Botanical Congress, held at Vienna in 1905, has been used. In the use
of horticultural names we have followed somewhat closely the rules of the
American Pomological Society, though in many cases strict observance of
these rules, poor at best, would have added to rather than lessened the
confusion in horticultural nomenclature and, therefore, they have been
honored in the breach rather than in the observance.

PREFACE vii

The references given are those that have been of use in ascertaining
the history, the economic status, or the description of the variety that
follows — no more, no fewer. These constitute a very small proportion of
the references that have been read —a tremendous task involving two or
three years’ work for several persons.

So, too, it has been a herculean task to search out the synonyms of
cherries. French, German, English and American books on pomology
overflow with such synonyms and all in a state of “‘ confusion worse con-
founded.”” An enormous amount of work has been done in trying to
bring order out of this confusion. Many of the synonyms of varieties
have been given in times past because of adaptations to local environ-
ment. Such naming of ecologic forms is not an unmixed evil, since it
draws attention to variable varieties and characters which otherwise might
be overlooked.

Under the ferment of Mendelian and De Vriesian ideas we seem to be
at the beginning of an era of great improvement of plants. There have
never been well-directed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been
done with all. Now, when there is an onrush of new discoveries in plant-
breeding, seems to be a particularly opportune time to tell all that can be
learned about how cherries have been brought from their wild state to their
present perfection. This we try to do in giving the origin and history of
varieties, especially as to parentage and manner of origin, though such
information is scant and very fragmentary.

As in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in foot-notes
to biography. A knowledge of the career of those who have been giants
in their day in the development of any industry is most helpful to the best
understanding, indeed, is almost indispensable to the fullest comprehension,
of the industry. The short foot-notes, it is hoped, will serve to give some
conception of what the master builders in pomology were like in training,
character, and methods of work. From the reception which these sketches
in former fruit books have received, the writers feel that the considerable
expenditure of time and thought that these biographical notices have
required is amply justified and that the effort to give credit due and
some small honor to the promoters of pomology has been well worth while.

For aid in the preparation of The Cherries of New York I am especially
indebted to those whose names appear on the title page, to my associate,
Mr. R. D. Anthony, for reading proof; to the Station editor, Mr. F. H.

Vili PREFACE

Hall, who has had charge of the proof reading; to Zeese-Wilkinson Com-
pany, New York City, who have had an especially difficult task in making
the color-plates and who have done the work well; and to the J. B. Lyon
Company, Albany, New York, for their painstaking work in printing the
book.
U. PS HEDRICK
Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
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INDE ATOr LL EUSERATIONS = geet oar tena crt hercteded testniy Camo ected: wots Xi
Craprer,) [= \CuntivATED (CHERRIES iis 6 og: Sion eye oo wa ers I
CHAPTER I].— THE HisToRY OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES.......... 39
CHAPTERS Dll CHERRY i CUMDUREH.).@ aq ane ken iihc «oe Siegcan te wees 65

CHAPTER IV.— LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES................ 97

CHAPTER V.— MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES.................. 205
BIBLIOGRAPHY, REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS................. 337
IOS TDS G2 9s actA ORE me pa ee Ce eae ee aa Oe eR aR ed 347

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

PORTRAIT OF CHARLES DOWNING.........-0+02 seeeeeeeeeee Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
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BENG sis us « S158 topes nee 5.6 Cth b10 TOO OO CRO EERE 104
IBUACK DARTARTAND 2: oe sere ciel ores Ls ai ghy SEEMING oo aE mer 108
IBOURGUE Me, Soper eence neva romeo eene IN etek nsf son ia shovor 2 Giickev oben ar es evel Se ore 110
BRUSSELERS D RAUNE eis to ee ete Cie uee eee oie ote) one fo oie eyo luatyensta lets 112
CARNATION + eae et een nae ee aoe er eee tar el ees draiten Sialareehse ie 114
COR ee aes ae error eo 81a sO Suara ite the tke auctote 120
TDMA ESTE NAGE DE parr shea) VPs oi co x, eerie an te ON a linl/cxeicl oa a eiare oI el ct sheets 124
IDYORW VINEE as 3 See REE Ce GI ICRC ROU IE CNRS CONIC RIES ers cara 126
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JBYNGILIB 5 5 oS. ofetaek OO IEEE) DGD OLENA Cece ee ieecaPacn one Centon oe reo eee can c 128
LR WARUENY: IPG DD Dae pate cromeucne caeNO cURL aO ORO CRC cante cm Renn Onan toe 130
TBYATRILAY’ - 1PTiCISTM NOMS D) Srancere eras eines, Cuenta einen Ree CRE Lani ice omic 132
1 BY EGR OINT Slncl'd, 8x6 Beds See ROR aOR EOE Sareea AHA eRe ora ae no cence 136
EMPRESSMW GENTE eyes eo ays paleieue crete sie. -es sedans Pueienavere eae Mircrn omc wat ons 138
ENGEISHM WORE Oy strain otveeis to crcl oe oreo aoe weve: ie%s facto er epate or eseieban eds 140
LOREEN CHa eRe) sioka cree eicra8 ones wiser aie ore av Nele «eal oC hs lo meuere shane 140
GEORGEN GEASS Mere reg a Sie hse cE cal anes ic ie apne Meno eer 142
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SER TANT cere RN aor eee eer Siolse 38 6s ee Sor al wistolel Spe) hay ai ager = 148
KENT GET: -<, ce TREN TRE ne, Soa Skis Sr aaan ore 150
IDAMBERT « -50t.0e, et ere Poe Sree ache ieee Seite, Aylante: WU Btal enci'e 152
WARGE . MONTMORENGCVAr cp eciet eer ere Cac snatel a er ncah dtaaneiiens ioe aba 154
| LANT BB 6g ORE aot i Os OS oro Hue Ae ORE ee enn OR Re ae ee a 156
OWIS? PHILIPPES 2.) tite e MR eee cto icles nani 4 inetionei te 158
IPAS ge UE) IGE 5 Sea ea oe ORV ee Sr ocone Ree Sra ae eda is salaries 164
i157 5) eo 3. Ci rch ces aa eee aa me be 168
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IS NVE0) 0) 500 1° IMO Re Lr cy Sos ar Ch a a Rech ee 172
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Xil INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE

OLIVET 5 ia. esads + > ovo See tie OC Tks Gunioe nse 176
OSTHETME ye Ae. 5 Sdisierecs (see 2 cea Oe Oe en cn aad 2 hers 178
Prunus AviuM (DOUBLE FLOWERING), BLOSSOMS OF.............. 30
IPRUNUS A VIG ((MAZZARD)) 52. eAcanet «oe ee eee, ae oe We
iIPRUNUS AvIUM (MAZZARD), BLOSSOMS (Ons. eee aoe eee 68
Prunus AviuM (YELLOW SPANISH), BLOSSOMS OF................. 28
PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS (REINE HORTENSE), BLOSSOMS OF. 32
PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP), BLOSSOMS OF.............. 24
PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO GROUP), BLOSSOMS OF............... 26
AR TINGS SAPAETAT EB foe. 5) ses sation «0 6 ah sneetern earns a eto eee ee Re 74
IPRUNUSE MAHALEBY JSEOSSOMS OF 2)5..fveix's os oe eisieie rales es ae ee 70
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VN OO Dts ae tse crete NN orc ERAS Cire eotar te at hy Remo otis rs ee ee 200

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

CHAPTER I
CULTIVATED CHERRIES

CHERRIES AND THEIR KINDRED

The genus Prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. It
furnishes, in temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and mod-
ern agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and
at least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. Of these
stone-fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the
peach in commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the
apricot and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members
of this notable genus. Prunus is of interest, too, because the history of
its edible species follows step by step the history of agriculture. The
domestication of its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still
subjects of common observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions
under which plants have generally been brought into domestication.
The genus is also of more than ordinary note because the number of its
economic species is being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures
from North America and Asia, not varieties but species, which promise
under future domestication still further to enrich horticulture.

The plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor,
aroma, texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant
to the palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a
more important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. It
has fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely
distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the or-
chards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. The cherry,
too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its
varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful — charac-
ters that greatly commend it to fruit-growing people. Probably it is the
most popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small
orchard. All in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology,
it is more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and
peach.

2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone-
fruits constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit-
grower could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the dif-
ferent groups are called to mind. But there are outstanding forms which
seem to establish connections between the many species and the several
groups of fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded
in attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there
are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. For several centuries
systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally
into one, two, or three genera — indeed have not been able to agree as to
whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums.
Hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus — unques-
tionably it has taken place in nature as well — has added to the perplexities
of classification. Accepting, then, for the present at least, the very artificial
classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus a number of
fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note the charac-
ters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners.

The cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. These two are roughly
separated from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they
belong by bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are
practically stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. The fruits of plums
and cherries are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so.
Peaches, apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and
cherries and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate
the stone; and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of
apricots, all are very pubescent. The stones of cherries and plums are
smooth, or nearly so, while those of the other fruits are sculptured and
pitted, though those of the apricot are often somewhat plum-like.

Cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive
color of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh;
by growth in corymbose rather than umbelliferous fascicles; by the more
globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Leaves
of the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of
the cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib.

We have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation — the
Sweet Cherry and Sour Cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to
which the botanists give the group name, Cerasus. But there is another
group, the Padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. The most note-

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 3

worthy representatives of Padus are the bird cherry (Prunus padus) of
the Old World and the choke cherry (Prunus virginiana) of the New World.
These Padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers
borne in racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base
of the shoot open first — rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the
Cerasus group. The cherries are small and almost or quite black. The
Padus cherries are but sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are
capable of some improvement under more thorough cultivation.

DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

The cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and
the many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the North
Temperate Zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the tem-
perate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. For centuries it has been, as
we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit-
producing trees of Europe and Asia—an inhabitant of nearly every
orchard and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates
in both continents. From Europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry
has played an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of
other continents. In North America varieties of the cherry are grown
from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island on the north, to the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, Texas and Florida on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity
of soils and climates in Canada and the States of the Union than any other
tree-fruit.

The Sour Cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able
to withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain
moisture; and, though it responds to good care, it grows under neglect
better than any other tree-fruit. The Sour Cherry, too, is rather less
inviting to insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically
immune to the dreaded San José scale. On the other hand the Sweet
Cherry is very fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat
and cold and is prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which
stone-fruits are heir; it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively
limited areas, though these are very widely distributed.

USES OF THE CHERRY

The cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a
refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned, pre-

4 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

served or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections. Dur-
ing the last few years, in America at least, the consumption of cherries
has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries,
as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. The
great bulk of the cherry crop now grown in America for commercial purposes
is canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions.
The demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but
unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the Montmorency being the
sort sought for among the Sour Cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties
of the Bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the Sweet Cherries.

The cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions
of America, does not hold the place in American markets as a fresh fruit
that it does in the towns and cities of Europe. The great abundance of
strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries,
as well as early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the
competition in the fruit markets during cherry time. The fact, too, that
market fruits in America are shipped long distances, for which the cherry
is not well adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which
this fruit has been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. In
recent years, however, both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries, the former
in particular, have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the
impetus to their market value being due to a better product — better
varieties, hence greater demand — and to greatly improved facilities for
shipping and holding for sale.

In Europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries
both for home and commercial uses. Such is not the case in America,
where, except in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry
juices are used in the home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. In
some of the countries of Europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit,
kirschwasser,! is distilled from the fermented pulp as an article for both
home and commerce; and ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored
with cherries. In the Austrian province of Dalmatia a liqueur or cordial
called maraschino ? is made by a secret process of fermentation and distil-

1 Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper Rhine from the wild black Sweet
Cherry (Prunus avium). In its manufacture, fruit — flesh and kernels —is mashed into a pulp which
is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur is obtained.

2 Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black Marasca
cherry. The product comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province of Dalmatia, where
it has been made and exported for over 200 years. Such accounts of the process of making maraschino

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 5

lation. This liqueur is imported in America in considerable quantities to
flavor preservatives in which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use
in various drinks and confections. No attempts have been made to grow
the Marasca cherry on a commercial scale in America but undoubtedly it
could be grown and, with the process of making maraschino discovered, an
important use would be developed for cherries — all the more to be desired
since the foreign maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in
this country. Both the fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the
Mahaleb, are steeped in spirits for food, drink and medicinal purposes. An
oil used in making perfumes for scenting soaps and confectionery is also
extracted from the seeds of the Mahaleb because of which use this species
is often called the ‘‘ Perfumed Cherry.”

In the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries
for medicinal purposes. The fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy
for various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders

as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a. distillation of a compote made from the fruit
and young leaves. When ripe the cherries are picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery
where the stones are extracted by machinery. The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with
sugar and alcohol. This mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then
distilled maraschino. It is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets.
In both Europe and America there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which neither fruit
nor foliage of the Marasca nor any other cherry has any part.

According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca cherry by culture have failed.
They say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the fruits and leaves
lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of the variety. The poorer,
sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the smaller and sourer the cherries, the
better the maraschino liqueur — so the present makers say.

Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America in maraschino, or its imitation, and the
manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board of Food and Drug
Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from Food Inspection Decision 141, is
of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries:

“Tn considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the Napoleon Bigarreau,
or Royal Anne type, which are artifically colored and flavored and put up in a sugar sirup, flavored with
various materials, the Board has reached the conclusion that this product is not properly entitled to be
called ‘ Maraschino Cherries,’ or ‘Cherries in Maraschino.’ If, however, these cherries are packed in
a sirup, flavored with maraschino alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would not be misbranded,
if labeled ‘Cherries, Maraschino Flavor,’ or ‘ Maraschino Flavored Cherries.’ If these cherries are
packed in maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase ‘ Cherries in Maraschino.’ When
these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino, even though
the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the word ‘ Maraschino’
in connection with the product unless preceded by the word ‘Imitation.’ They may, however, be labeled
to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored and flavored.

“The presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any substitute for cane sugar, and the
presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly stated upon the
label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos. 52 and 104.”

6 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

and epilepsy. The astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them,
were much used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less
employed both as home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild
tonics and sedatives. One of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed
and bark is hydrocyanic acid to which is largely due the peculiar odor of
these structures. A gum is secreted from the trunks of cherry trees,
known in commerce as cerasin, which has some use in medicine and in
various trades as well, especially as a substitute and as an adulterant of
gum arabic.

At least three cultivated cherry trees produce wood of considerable
value. The wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a
handsome pale red, or brown tinged with red. Prunus avium, the Sweet
Cherry, furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is
of much value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical
instruments. Prunus mahaleb is a much smaller tree than the former but
its wood, as much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard
and fragrant and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany-
like polish. In France the wood of the Mahaleb cherry is held in high
esteem, under the name Bois de St. Lucie, in cabinet-making and for toys,
canes, handles and especially for the making of tobacco pipes. In Japan
the wood of Prunus pseudocerasus is said to be in great demand for
engraving and in making the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper.
In America the wood of the orchard species of cherries is seldom used for
domestic purposes, that of the wild species being so much more cheaply
obtainable and serving all purposes quite as well.

To people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear
particularly desirable as an ornamental. But wild and cultivated cherries
furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species.
The color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated
cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers,
weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species
of this plant valuable as ornamentals. Besides, they are vigorous and rapid
in growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and
adapted to a great diversity of soils and climates. Both the ornamental
and the edible cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly
covered with flowers, which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as
well as throughout the summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage
and most of them are quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 7

when the leaves turn from green to light and dark tints of red. All will
agree that a cherry tree in full fruit is a most beautiful object. In the
winter when the leaves have fallen, some of the trees, especially of the
ornamental varieties, are very graceful and beautiful, others are often
picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and formal Sweet Cherries are
attractive plants in the garden or along the roadside.

Very acceptable jellies, sauces and preserves are made from several of
the wild cherries in the Padus group. The peasantry of the Eastern Hemi-
sphere have in times of need found them important foods as have also the
American Indians at all times. The fruits of some of the species of Padus
are quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are
sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser.
The bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine
—at least is largely used. The trees of several species form handsome
ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. Prunus
serotina, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the
beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a valuable
timber tree of American forests. For the products of the members of this
group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of Padus
might well be pushed.

LITERATURE OF THE CHERRY

Despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the
domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and
their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected
cherries. There are relatively few European books devoted to them and
in America, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits,
the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a
book. Neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accu-
rate as for other fruits. The reason for this neglect is that the cherry,
until the last decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having
been grown almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market.
As a result of this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have
no authoritative nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of
cherries and the nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of con-
fusion, as a glance at the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed
in The Cherries of New York will show.

8 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

AMELIORATION OF THE CHERRY

The amelioration of the cherry has been in progress almost since
the dawn of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward
the improvement of this fruit. The histories of the varieties described
in The Cherries of New York show that nearly all of them have come
from chance seedlings. Possibly there has been little interest in
improving cherries because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its
characters.

In spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, 1,145
being described in The Cherries of New York, this of all stone-fruits is most
fixed in its characters. The differences between tree and fruit in the many
varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of Prunus and the varieties
come more nearly true to seed. Though probably domesticated as long
ago as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its
wild progenitors. The plum is very closely related to the cherry but it
has varied in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry
and in accordance with different environments has developed more marked
differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the
topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed.
Under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the
plum have come into being as of the cherry. In spite of this stability,
there are ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in prac-
tice rightly directed efforts to improve this fruit —a statement substan-
tiated by the histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this
text, which were originated through what was passing as current coin in
plant-breeding before the far better methods of the present time, brought
about by Mendel’s discovery, came into being.

The cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been
improved only through new varieties. There is no evidence, whatever, to
show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text
has been improved by selection as a cumulative process, or, on the other
hand, that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. Of varieties
cultivated for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the
seed or from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen
as bud-mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and
those of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with
abnormally colored foliage. Since improvement depends upon the bring-
ing into being of new cherries it becomes highly important to know

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 9

how the varieties we are dealing with in The Cherries of New York
have come into existence. The following is a summary of their manner
of origin :—

No case is recorded in The Cherries of New York of a variety known
to have come from self-fertilized seed.

The seed parent is given for 61 varieties. The statements as to seed
parents are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would
record the name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it.

The seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this
work are given. Sixteen of these are hybrids originating with Professor
N. E. Hansen of South Dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which
were known before the recent work of Professor Hansen.

No cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport
or a bud-mutation.

Cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or
from natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there
are 147.

The origin of 917 of the varieties here described is unknown.

The total number of cherries under discussion is 1,145.

To improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which
he is working. The following is a brief discussion of the characters of this
fruit to be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties.

TREE AND FRUIT CHARACTERS OF THE CHERRY

Species of cherries have very characteristic trees. The merest glance
at the tree enables one to tell the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from the
Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus. The first named is the larger of the two,
especially reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches
erect and bearing much less foliage than the Sour Cherry. The Sweet
Cherry often lives for a century or more — the Sour Cherry attains but
the three score years and ten of man. Prunus cerasus is easily distin-
guished from Prunus avium by its comparatively low, roundish and never
pyramidal head. So, too, many of the varieties of either of these two
species are readily told in the orchard by the size or habit of the plant.
Other species are either shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often
be identified from the spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. Size is rather
more variable than other gross characters because of the influence of
environment — food, moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like — yet

Io THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

size in a plant, or in the parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when
proper allowances have been made for environment.

Habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions
and thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and
varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an
orchard cherry. More than any other character, habit of growth gives
what is called “aspect ’’ to a cherry tree. Thus, a species or a variety
may be upright, spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of
growth; the head may be open or dense and may be formed by a central
shaft with several whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems
each with its scaffolding branches. The trees may grow rapidly or slowly
and may be long-lived or short-lived. The trunks may be short and stocky,
or long and slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters
often determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the
orchard.

The degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for
groups of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture.
Thus, the varieties of Prunus avium are but little hardier than the peach
while those of Prunus cerasus are as hardy or hardier than the apple. The
range of varieties as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is
interesting to note that in Europe, where the wild Prunus avium is very
common, in the many centuries since the fruit has been under domestication,
a cultivated variety hardier than the wild Sweet Cherry has not been
developed. Cherries are designated in the technical descriptions as hardy,
half-hardy and tender.

Productiveness, age of bearing, and regularity of bearing are distinctive
and valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. The
care given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit
produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a charac-
ter that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. Age of bearing
and regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome
fruits, the apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the
drupes are of relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing
at about the same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a
rule, unless interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting
or causing the dropping of fruit.

Immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable
taxonomic characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK II

Thus, the varieties of Prunus cerasus are very susceptible to black knot
(Plowrightia morbosa), while those of Prunus avium are almost immune.
On the other hand, Prunus avium is an inviting prey to San José scale
(Aspidiotus perniciosus), while Prunus cerasus is but little injured, indeed,
seldom attacked; Prunus mahaleb appears to be almost wholly immune to
the powdery mildew (Podosphaera oxyacanthae), while Prunus avium and
Prunus cerasus are much attacked, though Wood, a variety of Prunus
avium, is almost immune. The English Morello, a variety of Prunus
cerasus, is very subject to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium padi), while Mont-
morency, of the same species, is nearly immune. These examples can
be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties,
and represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood
of this Station. They serve to show the great importance, to the fruit-
grower, the plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to
disease and insects.

Both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in deter-
mining species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and
have no economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the
breeder. Smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the
attributes of the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark
is the only determinant and that relatively unimportant. In young trees
the bark of the cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant;
but later it becomes uneven, scaly and dull, usually ash-gray but varying
in all of these characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic
purposes. Cherries, in common with most trees, have a lighter colored
bark in cold than in warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas.

Branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and
varieties. The length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching
angle are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing
but little even with marked variations of soil and climate. Thus, a Sweet
Cherry tree can be told from a tree of the Sour Cherry, or the English
Morello can be distinguished from Montmorency by branch characters as
far as the outlines of the trees are discernible. Few cherries bear spines
but all are more or less spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic
even in varieties. With the branchlets the length of the internodes should
be considered and their direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color,
smoothness, amount of pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels,
the presence of excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though

12 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

all are more or less variable, pubescence especially so, this character
being too often relied upon in descriptions by European botanists and
pomologists.

Leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of
the buds and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the
scales. The angle at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of
some taxonomic value. Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in
the bud, is a fine mark of distinction in separating the cherry from other
stone-fruits and while all cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate,
that is, folded by the midrib so that the two halves are face to face, yet
there are slight but important differences in the conduplication of the
leaves in both species and varieties. The manner of bearing buds —
whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes — must be taken into account, with
species at least, and differences in shape and position of leaf and fruit-
buds must be noted.

Leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or
individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. Fruit-
growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken
into practical account, since their size and number often indicate the
degree of vigor. The variability of leaves is usually within limits easily
set and occurs most often in young plants, in extremes of soil and
climate, and on very succulent growths or water-sprouts. Leaf-size is the
most variable character of this organ but is yet dependable in separating
several species, as, for example, Prunus avium from Prunus cerasus, the
leaves being very much larger in the former than in the latter species.
Leaf-forms are very constant in species and varieties, hence especially
valuable in classification.

Much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form
of cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to
reproduce by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite
constant in both species and varieties.

Other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries
are thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat
variable, being greatly influenced by climate and soil. Quite too much
stress is laid upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups,
unless comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same
habitat. Possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade,
in the study of species at least, is the margin. This in the cherry is

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 13

always serrated and often sub-serrated. These serrations are best studied
at the middle of the sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often
being crowded or wanting.

The petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both
species and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slender-
ness of the petiole of leaves of Sweet Cherries, the leaves are always more
or less drooping, while those of the Sour Cherry are usually erect by reason
of the petiole being short and strong. The color of the petiole is said
by some to be correlated with that of the fruit —a statement that needs
verification. The pubescence of the petiole must be noted.

The position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves
must be noted as they are fairly constant guides. They are usually on
the petiole at the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself.
The glands are commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there
are often intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify.

Stipules in this plant have considerable taxonomic value, having some
distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. Cherry leaves spring-
ing from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute
as hardly to be seen, but on the current year’s growth the stipules are
larger, being largest at the tip of the branchlet. There is considerable
difference in the size of these organs in varieties of the same species.
Stipules of the cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. The small stipules,
appearing with the first leaves, drop, at this Station, about the middle of
June while those accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of
the current year remain until in July, there being a difference in varieties
as to how long they remain. All stipules are deeply toothed and bear
glands of varying color and shape on the serrations, the characters of
both serrations and glands offering some distinguishing marks for species
and varieties.

The flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color-
plates of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of
species and helping to distinguish varieties. The flowers are hermaphro-
dites and are borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. Individual
flowers in species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. The
peduncles are long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes
distinctions in size, shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly dis-
tinguished by their glands and the amount and character of the pubescence;
while stamens and pistils offer differences in size, color of their different

14 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

parts and in the number of stamens. In plums the reproductive organs
differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, some varieties being
self-sterile. In New York there seem to be no marked differences in
fecundity in cherries nor are there so frequently the malformations of
reproductive organs which are found in plums. The season of flowering
is a fine mark of distinction between species and varieties, a fact well
brought out by the chart on pages 80-81.

Of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed
conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable
taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. In pomology, in
particular, the fruits must be closely studied. Size, shape, color, bloom,
stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which
note must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh
are usually very characteristic. Both species and varieties are well dis-
tinguished by the time of ripening though there is much variation in
ripening dates. The keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with
cherries but varies a great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the
flesh. The flesh of cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone
or is wholly or partly free — a character of interest both to the systematist
and to the fruit-grower. The color of the juice, whether colorless or red,
is a plain and certain dividing line in both species and varieties.

The pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in
other stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of
considerable value in determination and for this reason have been included
in all of the color-plates of varieties. Cherry-pits from individual trees
are almost lacking in differences except in size but between species and
varieties show many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces,
grooves and ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within.
Cherries of any variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates
tend to have large stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and
there is more flesh with the opposite extremes in environment. As will be
pointed out in the discussion of the group of cherries known as the Dukes,
many varieties have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we
think, from the hybrid origin of these cherries.

The several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries
are in preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and
descriptions of species and varieties. We are now ready for the classifi-
cation of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 15

for cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow
edible cherries. The following is a brief conspectus of the edible species
of Prunus followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus Cerasus to
which cherries belong.

A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic
botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very satis-
factory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus
(Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third
(Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually
considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus
into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters.

A. Leaves convolute, 7. e., rolled in the bud (showing best in the opening buds)."

Euprunus. Plums and apricots.
A.A. Leaves conduplicate, 7. e., folded lengthwise along the midrib in the bud.
B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the blossoms appear
long before the opening of the leaves; fruits without stems.
Amygdalus. Almonds and peaches.
B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with the leaves.
Cerasus. Cherries.

Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus,
to which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as
yet having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year
to year being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to
Cerasus in particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists
placed in this sub-genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species
but Koehne, the most recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species.
Of Koehne’s species at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their
fruits and a score or more are grown as ornamentals.

The following species are listed by Koehne:”

1 The leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of American plums; these species are
intermediate between plums and cherries.

2 The species are given as classified by Koehne, Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:237-271. 1912. The
liberty has been taken of changing the form of Koehne’s citations to conform to that used at this Station.
For the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been omitted. Space does not
permit the publication of Koehne’s system of classification. This may be found in Plantae Wilsonianae
Pt. 2:226-237. 1912.

Conservative botanists will hardly accept all of Koehne’s species, in describing which the author tells
us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material comes to hand there

16

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

SPECIES OF CHERRIES

Div.I. TYPOCERASUS Koehne.

I.

on au

10.

II.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

17.
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.

23.

Sect. 1. CREMASTOSEPALUM Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MAHALEB Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Roemer. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3:79. 1847.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 305. 1893.
Ser. 1. EUMAHALEB Koehne.
Prunus mahaleb Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
Ser. 2. PARAMAHALEB Koehne.

. Prunus mollis Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
. Prunus emarginata Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.

Cerasus californica Greene. Fl. Francis 1:50.

. Prunus pennsylvanica Linnaeus. Syst. ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern North America.

Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus sect. Eucerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 306. 1893.

. Prunus fruticosa Pallas. Fl. Ross. 1:19. 1784. Europe to Siberia.

. Prunus acida C. Koch. Dendr. 1:112. 1869. Southern Europe.

. Prunus cerasus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.

. Prunus avium Linnaeus. Fi. Svec. ed 2:165. 1755. Europe, Western Asia.

Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne.
Ser. 1. APHANADENIUM Koehne.

. Prunus maximowiczii Ruprecht. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 15:131. 1857.

Prunus bracteata Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879.
Prunus apetala Zabel. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 13:60 (not Franchet & Savatier) 1904. Amur,
eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin, Japan from Hokkaido to Kiushiu.
Prunus maximowiczii aperta Komarow. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:5, 48. 1904. Manchuria from the
Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden and northern Korea
Prunus pulchella Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:197. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Ser. 2. MAcCRADENIUM Koehne.
Prunus conadenia Koehne. /. c. 197. Western Szechuan.
Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne. l. c. 198. Western Szechuan.
Prunus macradenia Koehne. 1. c. 199. Western Szechuan.
Prunus discadenia Koehne. I. c. 200. Western Hupeh.
Prunus szechuanica Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:167. 1895. Szechuan.
Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus tatsienensis Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:322. 1897. Szechuan.
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:238. 1912.
Prunus maximowiczti adenophora Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:201. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Prunus variabilis Koehne. J. c. 201. Western Hupeh.
Prunus pilosiuscula (Schneider) Koehne. 1. c. 202.
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66. 1905. Western Hupeh and
Szechuan.
Prunus polytricha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:204. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus rehderiana Koehne. l. c. 205. Western Hupeh.
Prunus venusta Koehne. l. c. 239. Western Hupeh.
Prunus litigiosa Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Hupeh.
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:205. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus clarofolia Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:67. 1905. Szechuan.

must, therefore, be revisions. These species are provisionally accepted in The Cherries of New York
under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by giving names freely so that all forms
to which reference may need to be made may thus be better identified.

The botanical student of Cerasus is referred to Schneider’s comprehensive discussion of Prunus in

his Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1:589-637. 1906 and 2:973-993; also Koehne’s monographs of Cerasus,
Sargent, C. S., Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:197-271. 1912. Profitable though it might be, space does not
permit in The Cherries of New York a botanical discussion of other than the species cultivated for their

fruits.

24.
25.
26.

27.

28.
29.

30.
gi.
32.
33-
34-
35.

36.

37>

38.
39.
40.

41.

42.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 17

Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne.
Prunus yunnanensis Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus macgregoriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:240. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus henryi (Schneider) Koehne. I. c. 240.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.
Prunus neglecta Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.

Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne.

Ser. 1. HETEROCALYX Koehne.
Prunus scopulorum Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus glabra (Pampanini) Koehne.
Prunus hirtipes glabra Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 177:293. 1910; 18:122. 1911. Hupeh.
Prunus involucrata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:206. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus hirtipes Hemsley. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:218. 1887.
Prunus schneideriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:242. 1912. Chekiang.
Prunus duclouxii Koehne. 1. c. 242. Yunnan.
Prunus ampla Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:243. 1912. Szechuan.
Prunus malifolia Koehne. 1. c. 207. Western Hupeh.
Prunus malifolia rosthornii Koehne. 1. c. 243. Szechuan.
Ser. 2. CycLAminium Koehne.
Prunus cyclamina Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:207. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus cyclamina biflora Koehne. 1. c. 243. Western China.
Prunus dielsiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:68. 1905.
“P. sgechuanica, var.?" or “P. szechuanica dielsiana Schneider,” 1. c., not P. szechuanica Batalin.
Hupeh.

Prunus dielsiana laxa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:208. 1912. Western Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana conferta Koehne. /.c. 244. Western Hupeh.
Prunus plurinervis Koehne. /. c. 208. Western Szechuan.
Prunus rufoides Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:55. 1905. Szechuan.
Prunus hirtifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Sect.2. PSEUDOCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Yamasakura Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:183. I9I11.

Subsect 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne.
Prunus glandulifolia Ruprecht & Maximowicz. Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad, Sci. St. Pétersburg 9:87 (Prim.

Fl. Amur.) 1859. Amur.

Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne.,
Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 6:90. 1826. Cultivated in China.
Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 200. 1830.
Prunus sieboldit Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:184. I9gI1.
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus paniculata Ker. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 800. 1824, not Prunus paniculata Thunberg.
Cerasus paniculata De Candolle. Prodr. 2:539. 1825.
Cerasus sieboldtii Carriére. Rev. Hort. 371. ‘1866.
Prunus sieboldit Wittmack. Gartenfl. 51:272. 1902.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908?
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii Makino. 1. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii Koidzumi. 1. c. 182.
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus naden Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri Koehne. /.c. 172. 1909.
Cerasus wattererii, cited by Lavallée Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119. 1885, as a synonym under Cerasus

pseudocerasus ?

Cerasus waterert Goldring. Garden 33:416, fig. p. 420. 1888?
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:75. 1909? (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens Koehne.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

- Prunus paracerasus Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:133. 1909. Japan. (Horticultural)
. Prunus serrulata Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:138. 1830.

Prunus cerasus flore simplict Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68 (Syn. Pl. Oecon.) 1827.
Prunus jamasakura Siebold. 1l.¢. 1827.

2

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 480. 1830.

Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90, (in part, not Wallich) 1865.

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:93. 1809.

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura precox Makino. 1. c. 98. 1908.

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra precox Makino. I. c. 113.

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra Makino. 1. c. 101.

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis Koidzumi. 1. ¢. 23:183. 1909.

Prunus cerasus flore pleno Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.

Prunus serrulata Lindley. cf. supra.

Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. 2:701, fig. 407. 1833.

Cerasus pseudocerasus Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119, t. 36. 1885, (ubi citatur: Cerasus maeda h.).

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:73. 1908.

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea Makino. I. c. 23:74. 1909.

Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:185. I9gII.

Prunus jamasakura speciosa Koidzumi. 1. c. 186. Japan, Korea.

Prunus serrulata albida (Makino) Koehne.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.

Prunus pseudocerasus Stapf. Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8012. 1905.

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908.

Prunus serrulata serrulata albida Makino. 1. ¢. 23:74. 1909.

Prunus serrulata yashino Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.

Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata lannesiana (Carriére) Koehne. Mutt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.

Cerasus lannesiana Carriére. Rev. Hort. 198. 1872.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29: 102.

Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909.

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:187. IgIt.

Prunus serrulata kriegeri Koehne. Gartenfl. 52:2 (nomen nudum) 1902.

Cerasus pendula kriegeri F. Spath ex Koehne.

Prunus serrulata grandiflora A. Wagner. Gartenfl. 52:169, t. 1513a. 1903.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908.

Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora Makino. 1. c. 23:74. 1909.

Cerasus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

Prunus pseudocerasus ukon Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata ochichima Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:169. 1909.

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909.

Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata hisakura Koehne. Gartenfl. 51:2, t. 1494 b. 1902.

Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno Van Houtte. Fl. des. Serres 21:141, t. 2238. 1875.

Cerasus serratifolia rosea Carriére. Rev. Hort. 889, t. fig. B. 1877.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:
699. 1883.

Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus pseudocerasus ‘‘ New Red.” Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata ‘‘W. Kou.’ Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:187. I91I.

Prunus serrulata veitchiana Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 9:122. IgII.

Cerasus pseudocerasus ‘‘James Veitch.” Gartenfl. 51:497. 1902. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata mucronata Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg 29: 102.

Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata flore pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)

Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909.

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29: 102.

Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura Koehne. (Horticultural)

44 x 88 ? Prunus affinis Makino. Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura x incisa? Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:99. 1908. Japan.

45:

66.

67.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 19

Prunus sargentii Rehder. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 172159. 1908.

Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 2:90 (in part, not Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis F. Schmidt. Mém. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg sér.7, 12: No. 2. 124.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

Prunus pseudocerasus Sargent. Garden and Forest 10: 462, fig. 58 (not Lindley) 1897.
Prunus Sp. Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 241. 1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908.

Prunus serrulata borealis Makino. 1. c. 23:75. 1909.

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Koidzumi. 1. c. 182.

Prunus jamasakura elegans compta Koidzumi. /. c. 25:186. IgI1.

Prunus jamasakura borealis Koidzumi. 1. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin, Japan.

. Prunus tenuiflora Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Hupeh.
. Prunus wildeniana Koehne. /.c. 249. Hupeh.

. Prunus leveilleana Koehne. /. c. 250. Korea.

. Prunus sontagie Koehne. /.c. 250. Korea.

. Prunus mesadenia Koehne. /. c. 250. Nippon.

. Prunus parvifolia (Matsumura) Koehne. /. c. 251.

Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:101. 1901.

Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:182. 1909.

Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia Koidzumi. J. c. 25:186. Ig11. Japan.

Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:251. 1912. Northern Nippon.

. Prunus concinna Koehne. /.c. 210. Western Hupeh.
. Prunus twymaniana Koehne. /.c. 211. Western Szechuan.

Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne.

. Prunus conradineg Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.2:211. 1912. Western Hupeh.

. Prunus helene Koehne. /. c. 212. Western Hupeh.

. Prunus saltuum Koehne. /. c. 213. Western Hupeh.

. Prunus pauciflora Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1835.

Chili.

. Prunus sprengeri Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:230. 1911. Hupeh.
. Prunus yedensis Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag.15:100. 1901, Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo.

Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne.

. Prunus majestica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:252. Ig12.

Prunus puddum Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 197 (not Roxburgh following Brandis) 1889.
Prunus cerasoides tibetica Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:54 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.

- Prunus serrula Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.

Prunus serrula tibetica (Batalin) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:213. 1912. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Kocehne.
Prunus campanulata Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29. 103.
Prunus cerasoides Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:181 (in part, mot D. Don) 1909. Fokien.
Cultivated in Japan.

- Prunus hosseusii Diels. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 4:289. 1907. Siam.
. Prunus cerasoides D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 239. 1825.

Prunus silvatica Roxburgh. Hort. Beng. 92. 1814.

Cerasus phoshia Hamilton. De Candolle Prodr. 2:535. 1825.

Cerasus puddum Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:537. 1825.

Prunus puddum Roxburgh. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194. 1874. Nepal.

Prunus rufa Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. 2:404. 1841.

Cerasus rufa Wallich. Cat. No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya.

Prunus trichantha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:254. 1912.

Prunus rufa Hooker. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314 (in part) 1878. Eastern Himalaya.
Subsect. 12. MICROCALYMMA Koehne.

Prunus herincquiana Lavallée. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:214. 1912. Western Hupeh.

Prunus herincquiana biloba (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh.

Prunus biloba Franchet in Herb. Paris. China.

. Prunus subhirtella Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:91. 1865.

Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia Miquel. I. c.

Prunus incisa Maximowicz. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg 29:99.

Prunus pendula ascendens Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.'7:103. 1893?

Prunus herincquiana ascendens Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906.

20

69.

70.
71.

92.

93-

04.
95-
96.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus itosakra subhirtella Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1908. Japan.
Prunus subhirtella fukubana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:118. 1908.
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:181. 1909?
Prunus pendula Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:98.
Prunus itosakura Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No.1. 68. 1830.
Cerasus pendula flore roseo Siebold. Cat. 5:31. 1863, Maximowicz.
Cerasus pendula rosea Dombrain. Floral Mag. 10. t. 536. 1871. -
Prunus subhirtella pendula Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 620. 1895.
Cerasus itosakura Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. J. c.
Cerasus herincquiana Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 117. 1885.
Prunus miqueliana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:609 (not Maximowicz) 1906.
Prunus herincquiana Schneider. /. c. 608.
Cerasus pendula Siebold in herb., Koehne. 7. ¢.
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo Koehne. 1. c. (Horticultural)
Prunus itosakra pendula Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1909. Japan.
Prunus taiwaniana Hayata. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30:87. 1911. Formosa.
Prunus microlepis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:256. 1912. Hondo.
Prunus microlepis ternata Koehne. /. c. 256. Hondo.

Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne.
Ceraseidos Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Miinch. 3:743 t. 5. 1843.

Ser. 1. PHYLLOPODIUM.

. Prunus setulosa Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 12:165. 1892. Eastern Kansu.
. Prunus phyllopoda Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:257. 1912. Northern Shensi.
. Prunus canescens Bois. /. c. 215. Western Hupeh.

. Prunus veitchii Koehne. /. c. 257. Western Hupeh.

Ser. 2. DROSERINA.
Prunus giraldiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Northern Shensi.

. Prunus droseracea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:215. 1912. Western Szechuan.

Ser. 3. OxyopDon.

. Prunus trichostoma Koehne. /. c. 216. Western Szechuan.

Prunus latidentata Koehne. /. c. 217. Western Szechuan.

. Prunus micromeloides Koehne. /. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
. Prunus oxyodonta Koehne. /. c. 218. Western Szechuan.

. Prunus glyptocarya Koehne. /.c. 219. Western Szechuan.

. Prunus podadenia Koehne. /. c. 258. Western China.

. Prunus lobulata Koehne. /. c. 220. Western Szechuan.

. Prunus stipulacea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:689. 1883. Kansu.
. Prunus pleuroptera Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:221. 1912. Western Szechuan.
. Prunus zappeyana Koehne. /. c. 221. Western Hupeh.

Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex Koehne. /. c. 222. Western Hupeh.

. Prunus incisa Thunberg. Fil. Jap. 202. 1784.

Cerasus incisa Loiseleur. Nouveau Duhamel 5:33. 1812.
Ceraseidos apetala Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:93 1865 (in part). Japan.
Ser. 4. EEUCERASEIDOS.

. Prunus caudata Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
. Prunus iwagiensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912. Hondo.
. Prunus nipponica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:99. 1901.

Prunus miqueliana Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:184 (not Maximowicz) 1909.

Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29:103.

Prunus apetala typica Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan.
Prunus autumnalis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. I912.

Prunus subhirtella autumnalis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:117. 1908. Hondo.
Prunus kurilensis Miyabe. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:11. 1910.

Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis Miyabe. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:226 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) 1890.

Prunus incisa kurilensis Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:184. 1909.
Prunus nikkoensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:260. 1912. Japan.

Prunus miqueliana Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:692 (not Schneider) 1883. Japan.

Prunus tschonoskii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:261. Ig12.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103.
Prunus apetala iwozana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 2I

97. Prunus apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879 (not Zabel,
cf. P. maximowicsi1, No. 9).
Ceraseidos apetala Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Miinch. 3:743. +t. 5. 1843.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103. Japan.
Ser. 5. AMBLYODON.
98. Prunus gracilifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:223. 1912. Western Hupeh.
99. Prunus rossiana Koehne. /. c. 223. Western Hupeh.
Div. I. MICROCERASUS (Spach, Roemer) Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. Hist. Vég. 1:423. 1834.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19. 1836-40.
Sect. 1. SPIRAEOPSIS Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MYRICOCERASUS Koehne.
roo. Prunus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. Pl. 75. 1767. Eastern North America.
tor. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Bul. Cor. Ex. Sta. '70:261. 1894. Eastern North America.
Subsect. 2. SPIRAEOCERASUS Koehne.
102. Prunus dictyoneura Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 36, Beibl. 82, 57. 1905. Shensi.
103. Prunus humilis Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833.
Prunus salicina Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7:239. 1830.
Prunus bunget Walpers. Rep. 2:9 (not Moris) 1893. China.
104. Prunus glandulosa Thunberg. Fi. Jap. 202. 1784.
Amygdalus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. 1:74. 1767.
Cerasus glandulosa Loiseleur. Nouv. Duhamel 5:33. 1825.
Prunus glandulosa glabra Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:13. 1879. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica Lindley. Bot. Reg. 8:t. 1801. 1835.
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo Maximowicz, in sched.
Prunus japonica flor. simp. Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 621. 1895.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:136. 1900. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Cerasus japonica multiplex Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Oudemans. Neerlands Plantentuin t. 2. 1865.
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno Lemaire. Til. Hort. 5: t.183. 1858.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54. 14 (in part) 1879.
Prunus japonica multiplec Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:72 (in part) 1908. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa purdomii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912. Northern China.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla Koechne. /. c. 224.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi Koehne. /. c. 224.
Prunus japonica J. Hutchinson. Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8260 (not Thunberg) r909. Shantung.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis (Schneider) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 23264. I9I2.
Prunus japonica packangensis Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:53. 1905. Western Hupeh.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis (Persoon) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Amygdalus indica nana Plukenett. Phytogr. 1: t. 11. f. 4 (1691, new edit. 1769).
Prunus sinensis Persoon. Syn. 2:36. 1807.
Cerasus japonica Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:14 (in part) 1883. Northern Shensi.
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli (Komarov) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 23265. I9QI2.
Prunus japonica salicifolia Komaroy. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:754. 1904. Shing-king.
105. Prunus pogonostyla Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:11. 1879.
Prunus formosana Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:86. 1901.
Prunus pogonostyla globosa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912. Formosa.
Prunus pogonostyla obovata Koehne. J. c. 265. Formosa.
106. Prunus japonica Thunberg. Fi. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus japonica japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:12. 1879.
Prunus japonica typica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:135. 1900.
Prunus japonica eujaponica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei Koehne. 1. c. 266. Japan.
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii Koehne. /. c. 266. Hupeh.

22

107.
108.

109.

Ito.

Iil.

I1I2.

113.

114.

115.

116.
117.

118.

119.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus japonica gracillima Koehne. 1. c. 266.

Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii Koehne. 1. c. 266.

Prunus japonica thunbergii Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:23. 1910. Cultivated in the Spath
Arboretum near Berlin, received from St. Petersburg.

Prunus japonica gracillima engleri Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.

Prunus japonica engleri Koehne. 1. c. 266. Manchuria.

Prunus japonica gracillima minor Koehne. /. c. 267. Cultivated in the Spath Arboretum, Berlin.

Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica (Carriére) Koehne. /. c. 267.

Prunus japonica sphaerica Carriére. Rev. Hort. 468, fig. 163. 1890.

Prunus japonica kerii (Steudel) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912.

Prunus japonica Ker-Gawler. Bot. Reg. 1: t. 27. 1815.

Amygdalus pumila Sims. Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2176. 1820.

Prunus keriit Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 403. 1841, which cites ‘‘ Cerasus " japonica Ker-Gawler.

Prunus japonica typica flore pleno Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 238. 1903.
Chekiang. Cultivated in England.

? Prunus praecox Carriére. Rev. Hort. 488, fig. 142, 143. 1892. Originated from sowings of Prunus
japonica sphaerica and supposed to be Prunus japonica X domestica.

Prunus nakaii Léveillé. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. '7:198. 1909. Korea.

Prunus carcharias Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. Szechuan.

Sect. 2. AMYGDALOCERASUS Koehne.

Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach.

Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19 (1836-50); Schneider J//. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:601. 1906.

Prunus subgen. Microcerasus Focke. Engler & Prantl Natirl. Pflanzenfam. 3:3, 54. 1888.

Prunus sect. Trichocerasus et subgen. Microcerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 302, 306. 1893.

Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 203. 1784.— Siebold & Zuccarini Fl. Jap. 1:51, t. 22. 1826.
Japan, western and northern China.

Prunus tomentosa spaethiana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:269. 1912. Cultivated in European
gardens.

Prunus tomentosa graebneriana Koehne. /. c. 269. Cultivated near the Botanic Garden, Berlin-
Dahlem.

Prunus tomentosa insularis Koehne. 1. c. 269. Japan. Cultivated in Japan.

Prunus tomentosa souliei Koehne. /. c. 269. Szechuan.

Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii Koehne. /. c. 269. Tibet.

Prunus tomentosa endotricha Koehne. /. c. 225. Western Hupeh.

Prunus tomentosa breviflora Koehne. /. c. 270. Northern Shensi.

Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa (Bunge) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. 1912.

Prunus trichocarpa Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:96 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833.
Northern China.

Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis Koehne. Plant. Wils, Pt. 2:270. 1912. Northern Shensi.

Prunus tomentosa heteromera Koehne. /. c. 270. Szechuan.

Prunus batalinii (Schneider) Koehne. /. c. 270.

Prunus tomentosa, (?) Batalinit Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:52. 1905. Szechuan.

Prunus cinerascens Franchet. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. sér. 2, 8:216 (Pl. David. Il. 34) 1885.
Western Szechuan.

Prunus jacquemontii (Edgeworth) Hooke. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314. 1878. Afghanistan, Northwestern
Himalaya, Tibet.

Prunus incana (Pallas) Steven. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3:263. 1812. Armenia, Georgia, Himalaya?

Cf. Cerasus hippophaeoides Bornmiiller. Oester. Bot. Zeit. 49:15. 1899. Cappadocia.

Prunus griffithii (Boissier) Schneider. J/l. Handb. Laubholzsk. 1:606. 1906. Afghanistan.

Prunus prostrata Labillardiére. Jcon. Pl. Syr. 1:15, t. 6. 1791. Southern Europe, Crete, Algier,
Western Asia to Persia and Syria.

Cf. Prunus bifrons Fritsch. Sitz. Akad. Wien 101: pt. 1. 636, t. 3, fig. 1. 1892. Himalaya?

Prunus brachypetala (Boissier) Walpers. Ann. 1:272. 1848-49. Southern Persia.

Prunus microcarpa C. A. Meyer. Vers. Pfl. Caucas. Casp. 166. 1831. Caucasia, Northern Persia.

Cf. Cerasus tortuosa Boissier & Haussknecht. Boissier Fi. Or. 2:647. 1872. Antilibanon, Cappa-
docia, Kurdistan.

Prunus verrucosa Franchet. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, 16:280. 1883. Turkestan.

Cf. Prunus calycosus Aitchison & Hemsley. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:61, t. 8. 1888. Afghanistan.

Prunus diffusa (Boissier & Haussknecht) Schneider. J//. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. South-
western Persia.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 23

The geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting."
From North America come but five species of cherries but two of which,
Prunus besseyi and Prunus pumila, furnish food and these two as yet
are but sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks.

Greene? has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new
species of true cherries from the far west of the type of Prunus emarginata,
some of which at least have furnished food to the Indians, miners and
trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions
in which they are found either for fruit or as stocks.

From the western portion of the Old World, including all of Europe,
northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan and Afghanistan come 14
species. From this region, though the number of species as compared
with East Asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries,
if possibly Prunus tomentosa be excepted. Though nearly all of the species
of this large territory are found — possibly all originated there —in the
southeastern part of Europe and the adjoining southwestern part of Asia,
yet they seem, with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the
species of the eastern half of the Old World — the Himalaya Mountains
separating the two regions. It is probable that when west central Asia
has been as well explored botanically as the east central part of the con-
tinent, many new species will be added to Prunus and its sub-genus Cerasus.

It is in the eastern half of the Old World that the cherry flora is
richest. More than 100 of the 119 species of Cerasus recognized by Koehne
are found in the Himalaya Mountains and the region to the east including
Japan and the Kuril Islands. Yet out of all of this wealth of raw material
only Prunus tomentosa has been truly domesticated as an esculent though
possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. Of the
100 eastern Asiatic species about 75 belong to China — the remainder to

' Koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in Mitt. Deutsch.
Dendr. Ges. 168-183. 1912.

2 Greene (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:55-60. 1905), preferring Cerasus to Prunus as a generic name
for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: Cerasus californica (Fl. Francis. 50. 1891) from
the hills of middle western California; Cerasus crenulata from the Mongolian. Mountains, New Mexico;
Cerasus arida inhabiting the borders of the desert at the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountain,
California; Cerasus prunifolia found in the mountains of Fresno County, California; Cerasus rhamnoides
collected at Mud Springs, Amador County, California; Cerasus kelloggiana from the middle Sierra Nevada
Mountains in California; Cerasus padifolia collected in the foothills near Carson City, Nevada; Cerasus
obliqua described from a single specimen from Oroville, California; Cerasus parviflora known only from
Mt. Shasta, California; Cerasus obtusa from the arid interior of southeastern Oregon; and Cerasus
trichopetala found at Columbia Falls, Montana. The type specimens of these eleven species are in the
National Herbarium at Washington.

24 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Formosa, Siam and Japan with its islands. Happily these Chinese cher-
ries are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to Europe and
America and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horti-
culture as they are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon
which to grow the cherries now known to cultivation. In particular, it
may be expected that cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of
our continent will be evolved from the Asiatic species better suited to
these regions than the cultivated cherries we now grow.

The number and diversity of the species of cherries which this brief
review of Cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora
is but begun. There can be no question but that others of these species
than the few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under
cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. It is just as certain that new
types, as valuable perhaps as the hybrid Dukes we now have, can be
produced through hybridization. In North America, we have no satis-
factory stock for cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries. Both of the stocks
now commonly used, the Mazzard and the Mahaleb, as we shall see, have
weaknesses that unfit them for general use. Surely out of the great num-
ber of forms we have just listed a better stock than either of the two
named can be found. No doubt, too, many of these new species, even
though they do not furnish food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental
trees.

We are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated

species of cherries.
PRUNUS CERASUS Linnaeus.

Linnaeus Spec. Pl. 474. 1753.

. austera, 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 5:160. 1790.

. acida. 3. Ehrhart l. c. 1790.

. aestiva. 4. Salisbury Prodr. 356. 1796.

plena. 5. Poiret, in Lamarck Enc. Méth. Bot. 5:671. 1804.

rosea. 6. Poiret, in Lamarck /. c. 1804.

. Juliana. 7. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 643. 1832, not Poiret in Lamarck, 1805.
. hortensis. 8. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:34. 1807.

. Marasca. 9g. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.

yey

. oxycarpa. 10. Bechstein Forst. Bot. 5:424. 1843.

P. vulgaris. 11. Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 954. 1866.

Cerasus vulgaris. 12. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 1. 1768.

C. hortenses. 13. Miller 1. c. No. 3. 1768.

. acida. 14. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. Bot. 1:11, 38. 1796.
. austera. 15. Borkhausen, in Roemer J. c. 1796.

. Caproniana. 16. De Candolle Fl. Fran. ed. 3, 4:842. 1805.

. nicotianaefolia. 17. Hort. ex De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.

QELS

PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP)

A in
ery ie,

ay
i)

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 25

bigarella. 18. Dumortier Fl. Belg. 91. 1827.

effusa. 19. Host Fl. Austr. 2:6. 1831.

Marasca. 20. Host J. ¢c. 1831.

Bunget. 21. Walpers Rep. 2:9. 1843.

Heaumiana. 22. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.

. tridentina. 23. Roemer /.c. 76. 1847.

. Rhexii. 24. Hort. Gall. ex Van Houtte Fl. Serres, sér. 2,'7:159. 1868.
. cucullata. 25. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:6. 1869.

Qe Me aoa

Tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-headed, round-
topped or spreading, often without a central leader; trunk at maturity a foot in diameter;
bark reddish-brown overlaid with ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches
spreading, slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy, glabrous,
reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-gray; lenticels small, numer-
ous, conspicuous, raised.

Leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to four inches
long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to oval, folded upward, thick and
firm in texture; upper surface dark green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more
or less pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins finely
serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands; petioles from a half-inch
to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with
red; glands from one to four, usually small, variously colored, globose or reniform, usually
at the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate, early caducous.

Winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged singly or in
clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing with or after the leaves, showy,
an inch across, white; borne in dense or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes
and fours on one-year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length, slender,
green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or tinged with red; calyx-lobes
broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red;
petals white, roundish or oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens
about thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils about as
long as the stamens, glabrous.

Fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about three-fourths of
an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity well marked, usually abrupt;
apex usually depressed; color from light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more
or less conspicuous; stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous, with-
out bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored
juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous,
sometimes astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or blunt,
smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually ridged, sometimes smooth.

The numerous synonyms of Prunus cerasus indicate the state of con-
fusion which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the Sour Cherry.
Yet the names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded
or superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. Happily,

26 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

there is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the Sour
Cherry with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the
common names be used. That men, learned or unlearned, speaking in
their mother tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their
common names, is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological
work all of the Latin names of the Sour Cherry that have been used by
the many men who have at one time or another attempted to classify
the plants in Prunus. Those here published are from boanists who have
contributed most to the knowledge of the species.

Prunus cerasus is the Sour Cherry, or Pie Cherry, of many languages —
grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably
the most widely distributed of all tree fruits. The species is found truly
wild, as we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in south-
western Asia and southeastern Europe. It is a frequent escape from
cultivation, multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies
or growing from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make
the species unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated
varieties of Prunus cerasus listed in The Cherries of New York is 270.
Sour Cherries cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each
of which is again divided into many varieties. The two groups vary
more or less in both tree and fruit but have a constant difference only
in a single, very easily distinguished character — the juice in the fruits
of one is red, in the other it is colorless.

The cherries with colorless juice are the Amarelles, from the Latin
for bitter, a term probably first used by the Germans but now in general
use wherever these cherries are grown, though the English often designate
them as Kentish cherries and the French as Cerisier Commun. These
Amarelles are pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite
the derivation of the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the
other group of varieties of the Sour Cherry. They are also less acid than
the darker colored cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out
of hand while the dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary
fruits. The common representatives of this group are Early Richmond,
Montmorency and the various cherries to which the word Amarelle is
affixed, as the King Amarelle and the Spate Amarelle.

The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very
dark fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the
Amarelles, comprises the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of

PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO GROUP)

bee

mT hat a

erty te
vl it,

4 Hen: ay i

ae dhe ae
Kone valk

4
t

oo we ich

: org hy

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK Zi,

the French. The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word
Morello coming from the Italian meaning blackish while Griotte, from the
French, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp,
in reference to the acidity of these cherries. Weichsel is the German
group name for these cherries, rather less commonly used than the other
two terms. The trees of the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller,
bushier and more compact than those of the Amarelles. The branches,
as a rule, are more horizontal, often drooping, are less regularly arranged
and are more slender. The leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner,
a darker green and are pendant while those of the Amarelles are either
inclined to be upright or horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less
deeply and more regularly. These differences in the leaves are well shown
in the color-plates of the varieties of the two groups. There are differ-
ences, also, in the inflorescence and the floral organs in the extreme types
but these disappear in the varieties that connect the two forms. The
typical varieties of this group are English Morello, Ostheim, Olivet,
Brusseler Braune, Vladimir and Riga.

Attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees
of the two groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize
freely making it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to
classify accurately. The group name indicates but little more than whether
the cherries have a colored or a colorless juice —a distinction well worth
while for the fruit-grower.

Ehrhart called Sour Cherries with colorless juice Prunus acida and
those with dark colored juice Prunus austera. To some extent botanists
have followed Ehrhart’s designations. Linnaeus thought the two groups
sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denomi-
nated the cherry with colorless juice Prunus cerasus caproniana and the
one with colored juice Prunus cerasus austera.

A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is
made maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink and
in Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The
Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Austria, where
the trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. In 1831 Host
gave this form the name Cerasus marasca and a year later Reichenbach
described it as Prunus marasca. Botanists now very generally include it in
the species under discussion and Schneider! makes it a botanical variety,

1 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:615. 1906.

28 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus cerasus marasca, a disposition which we believe to be the best.
The Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in
the greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer
stipules and a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller
than in the common Sour Cherries, are deep red or almost black in color
and have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid with a
bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them.

Besides these divisions of the species cultivated for their fruits
botanists describe several botanical forms which either have no horti-
cultural value or are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. It is not
necessary to discuss these in a pomological work. Of these botanical
derivatives of Prunus cerasus, Schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids
between this and other species.!

PRUNUS AVIUM Linnaeus.

1. Linnaeus Fl. Suec. ed. 2:165. 1755.

P. nigricans. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 7:126. 1792.

P. varia. 3. Ehrhart J. c. 127. 1792.

P. sylvestris. 4. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:35. 1807.

P. dulcis. 5. Miller ex Reichenbach Fi. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.

Cerasus nigra. 6, Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 2. 1768.

. Avium. 7 Moench Méth. 672. 1794.

. varia. 8. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. 1., 2:38. 1796.

. Juliana. 9g. De Candolle Fl. Fran. 4:483. 1805.

. duracina. 10. De Candolle /. c. 1805.

. rubicunda. 11. Bechstein Forstb. 160, 335. 1810.

intermedia. 12. Host Fl. Austr. 2:7. 1831, not Loisel. in Duham. 1812.
. decumana. 13. Delaunay ex Seringe, in De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.
. macrophylla. 14. Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 12485. 1827.

dulcis. 15. Borkhausen ex Steudel Nom. Bot. ed. sec., 1:331. 1840.
pallida. 16. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.

. heterophylla. 17. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:106. 1869.

. asplenifolia. 18. Hort. ex Koch /. c. 1869.

. salicifolia. 19. Hort. ex Koch /. ¢. 1869, not Ser. in De Candolle. 1825.

ANEOTOLOSO OCG Qs iar AiG G

Tree reaching a height of thirty to forty feet, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-
topped, semi-hardy, usually with a central leader; trunk a foot or more in diameter
roughened; branches rather stocky, smooth, dull ash-gray, with few small lenticels; branch-
lets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, smooth, with small, inconspicuous
lenticels.

Leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, numerous, four to six inches long,
two to three inches wide, strongly conduplicate, oblong-ovate, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose or sometimes smooth; lower surface dull green, more or less pubescent; apex
acute, base more or less abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole

' Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 221912.

PRUNUS AVIUM (YELLOW SPANISH)

We,
Methite 9

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 29

one and three-fourths inches long, slender, dull red, with from one to three small,
globose, reddish glands on the stalk; stipules small, lanceolate, finely serrate, early caducous.

Buds rather small, of medium length, pointed, appressed or free, arranged singly
or in small, scaly clusters at the tips of branchlets or on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
blooming with or after the leaves; flowers white, one and one-quarter inches across; in
clusters of two or three; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with
a faint red tinge, brownish-yellow within, campanulate; calyx-lobes faintly tinged with
red, long, acute, margin serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire
or crenate, tapering to a short, blunt claw; stamens nearly one-half inch long, thirty-five
or thirty-six; anthers yellow; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit ripening in early July; about an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity deep, wide,
abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed; color ranging from yellow through red
to purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem tinged with red,
one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin toughish, adherent to the pulp;
flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, tender to firm, sweet; stone
semi-clinging, three-eighths of an inch long, not as wide as long, elliptical, flattened, blunt,
with smooth surfaces.

Through its cultivated varieties Prunus avium is everywhere known in
temperate climates as the Sweet Cherry. In the wild state it is variously
called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab and the Gean cherry. It is not as
hardy a species as Prunus cerasus and is, therefore, less generally grown but
still is a favorite orchard, dooryard and roadside plant in all mid-temperate
regions. It refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts
of the temperate zones. Wherever the species thrives as an orchard
plant it is to be found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides
and in open woods from seeds distributed by birds. The fruits of these
wild Sweet Cherries are usually small and the flesh thin and dry, often
unpalatable; but, on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes
from cultivation which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries.
It is from reverted seedlings that the description of the species herewith
given has been made. The number of cultivated varieties of Prunus
avium listed in The Cherries of New Vork is 549.

The habitat of the species and its history as a cultivated plant are
given in the following chapter. A further point of horticultural interest
as regards its habitat is that wherever found truly wild, as in its original
home in southern and central Europe and Asia Minor, it is to be found
in moderately dry, calcareous soils and seldom in the shade, preferring
always warm, sunny sites, as gravelly or stony hillsides. These predi-
lections cling to the species in its cultivated varieties. Prunus avium
differs from Prunus cerasus in an important horticultural character as

30 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

the two species grow spontaneously — the former suckers from the root
little or not at all, making it a suitable plant for a stock in orchard work,
while the latter suckers so much as to make it unfit for use as a stock.

Prunus avium is variously divided by botanists and pomologists.
Whatever distinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they
are now interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. It is
impossible to divide the species into botanical varieties from the characters
of the horticultural varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do.
The species can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the
distinguishing character being the texture of the flesh.

Sweet Cherries with soft, tender flesh form one group known by
pomologists under the French group name Guigne or the English Gean.
These are also the Heart cherries of common parlance. These soft-
fruited cherries may again be divided into dark colored varieties with
reddish juice and light colored sorts with colorless juice. Typical light
colored Geans are Coe, Ida, Elton and Waterloo; dark colored ones are
Black Tartarian, Early Purple and Eagle. It is to this group of cherries
that Linnaeus gave the varietal name Juliana and De Candolle the specific
name Cerasus Juliana.

The second group is distinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the
fruits —the Bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having
reference to the diverse colors of the fruits. This group is further divisi-
ble in accordance with color of fruit and juice into black Bigarreaus and
light Bigarreaus. Chief of the black cherries falling into this division
are Windsor, Schmidt and Mezel; of the light ones, which are much more
numerous, Yellow Spanish and Napoleon are representative sorts. Lin-
naeus called these hard-fleshed cherries Prunus avium duracina; De Candolle
called them Cerasus duracina; K. Koch, Prunus avium decumana; and
Roemer, Cerasus bigarella.

Besides these two orchard forms of Prunus avium several other horti-
cultural forms, quite as distinct or even more so, are grown as ornamentals,
some of which are listed as distinct species or as botanical varieties of
Prunus avium. To add to the confusion, a number of Latinized garden
names are more or less commonly applied to these ornamental Sweet
Cherries. Schneider,! in revising the genus Prunus, names four botanical
forms of Prunus avium and two natural hybrids with other species.

! Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.

PRUNUS AVIUM (DOUBLE FLOWERING)

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 31

PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS

The Duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists
in a botanical variety of Prunus avium, are unquestionably hybrids between
the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry. A study of the characters of
the varieties of the Duke cherries shows all gradations between Prunus
cerasus and Prunus avium, though, in the main, they resemble the latter
more than the former, differing from the Sweet Cherries most noticeably
in having an acid flesh. Sterility is a common attribute of hybridism.
In this respect the Dukes behave like most hybrids. In several Duke
cherries all of the seeds collected at this Station are sterile; in others, most
of them are sterile and in none are the seeds as fertile as in varieties
known to be pure bred as to species. So, too, shrunken pollen grains
indicate hybridity. A study of the pollen of the Duke cherries shows
many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a condition not
found in the pollen of varieties true to species. May Duke, Reine Hortense
and Late Duke are the leading hybrid varieties.

There are dark colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and light
colored sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two parent species. May
Duke is a typical variety with colored juice while Reine Hortense is
probably the best-known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice.
About 65 of the cherries listed in The Cherries of New York are ‘‘ Dukes,”
or hybrids between the Sweet and the Sour Cherry.

The name Duke comes from the variety May Duke which is a cor-
ruption of Médoc, a district in the department of Geronde, France, from
whence this variety came. The cherries of this group are known as Dukes
only in England; in France the name Royale is similarily used.

These hybrid cherries have been placed in a distinct botanical group
by several botanists. They constitute the Cerasus regalis Poiteau and
Turpin (Traite des Arb. Fruit. 123); the Cerasus bigarella regalis Roemer
(Syn. Monogr. 3:69); and the Prunus avium regalis Bailey (Cyc. Am.

Hort. 1453. 1901).
PRUNUS MAHALEB Linnaeus.

1. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. 2. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 3. Schneider Handb.
Laubh. 1:617. 1906.

Cerasus mahaleb. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4. 1759.

Padus mahaleb. 5. Borkhausen Handb. Forstb. 2:1434. 1803.

Tree small, slender, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; branches roughened,
ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets numerous, slender and firm-wooded, with short
internodes, dull gray, glabrous, with very numerous large, raised lenticels.

32 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Leaves numerous, an inch in length, one and one-fourth inches wide, ovate to obovate,
thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface light green,
slightly pubescent along the midrid; apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with
reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, greenish, with none or with
from one to three small, globose, greenish glands variable in position.

Buds small, short, obtuse, appressed or free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
clusters on small, slender spurs; flowers appearing late, after the leaves, small, averag-
ing one-half inch across, white, fragrant; borne in clusters of six to eight scattered on a
main stem an inch in length, with the terminal pedicels one-quarter inch long and basal
pedicels one-half inch long; pedicels slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, entire, glabrous, reflexed; petals white, small,
separated, ovate, tapering to short, narrow claws; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, about equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures about the middle of July; very small, one-fourth inch long, one-third
inch wide, roundish-ovate; cavity shallow and abrupt; suture shallow or a mere line; apex
roundish to slightly pointed, with stigma usually adherent; color black; stem slender,
length of corymb about one and one-half inches; length of fruit-stem about one-quarter
inch; skin thick, tough; flesh reddish-black, with scant reddish-black juice, tender and
soft, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free or nearly so, very small, averaging nine
thirty-seconds inch long and seven thirty-seconds inch wide, ovate, slightly flattened,
with pointed apex; ventral suture prominent.

Prunus mahaleb is now a wild inhabitant of all southern Europe as
far north as central France, southern Germany, Austria-Hungary and
eastward through Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders
of Turkestan. Wherever it grows spontaneously in the Old World it is
said to prefer rocky, gravelly, sunny slopes and the climate in which the
grape thrives best. Wild or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted
plant, a fact that must be taken into consideration in its use as a stock.
Prunus mahaleb is a common escape from cultivation in eastern North
America especially about the nursery centers of central New York.

The Mahaleb, or St. Lucie cherry, is of no importance to fruit-
growers for its fruit but as a consort with nearly all of the Sweet and Sour
Cherries now being propagated in North America it becomes of prime
importance and so receives botanical consideration here. According to
Schneider, in the reference cited, there are several spontaneous forms of
Prunus mahaleb and also several horticultural varieties grown as orna-
mentals. None of these, wild or cultivated, are of interest to fruit-
growers, unless, perchance some one of them should prove to be a better
stock upon which to work orchard cherries. Mahaleb stocks are usually
grown as seedlings but may also be propagated from root cuttings.

PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS (REINE HORTENSE)

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 33

The wood of the Mahaleb tree is of value in cabinet making, possess-
ing among other good qualities a pleasant and lasting odor. The leaves,
too, are odoriferous and are more or less used in France in the manu-
facture of perfumes and in cookery to give savor to sauces.

PRUNUS TOMENTOSA Thunberg.

1. Thunberg Fl. Jap. 203. 1784. 2. Jack Garden & Forest 5:580, fig. 99. 1892. 3. Bailey Cyc.
Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 4. Schneider Handb. Laubh. 1:601. 1906. 5. Koehne Plantae Wilsonianae
Pt. 2:268. 1912.

Cerasus tomentosa. 6. Wallich Cat. No. 715. 1829.

A dwarfish, bush-like plant attaining a height of ten or twelve feet, vigorous, dense-
topped, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets
many, of medium thickness and length, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with
short internodes, roughish, with a few large, raised lenticels near the base.

Leaves numerous, two and one-eighth inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
folded upward or flattened, broad-oval to obovate, velvety; upper surface dull, dark green,
rugose; lower surface thickly pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly
pointed; margin serrate; petiole three-sixteenths inch in length, reddish, pubescent, of
medium thickness, with from twelve to fourteen small, globose, yellow glands, usually
at the base of the blade.

Buds very small, short, pointed, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on
small, short spurs; leaf-scars not prominent; season of bloom early; flowers appear with
the leaves, white, thirteenth-sixteenths inch across; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels
short, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow,
acute, serrate, slightly pubescent, erect; petals white, roundish-ovate, entire, with short
claws; anthers tinged with red; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the stamens,
often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; a half-inch in diameter, roundish, slightly compressed;
cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex depressed, with adherent stigma; color
currant-red; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem thickish, one-eighth to one-
quarter of an inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, adheres slightly to the pulp,
covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red juice, stringy, melting,
sprightly, sour; good in quality; stone clinging, one-quarter of an inch long, one-eighth
inch wide, oval, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces.

The habitat of Prunus tomentosa is probably Central Asia though
it is now to be found growing spontaneously in East Tibet and the Chinese
provinces of Setschuan, Hupe, Kansu and perhaps Tochlii.

This shrub-like cherry is very generally cultivated in central, eastern
and northern China and in Japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. It

has been introduced into cultivation in many widely separated places in
3

34 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

North America and appears to be promising for cold regions, both bud
and wood withstanding perfectly the most rigorous climates of the United
States. As it grows in America it is a bush and never a true tree. It is
a twiggy, close-jointed plant, usually with many stems springing from
the ground and these bearing branches quite to the base. Frequently
these low-growing branches bend to the ground and take root forming
new plants. The bushes are thickly clothed with leaves densely tomentose
on the underside, in this respect and in shape, as well, very unlike the
foliage of common cultivated cherries. The flowers appear in great abun-
dance with the leaves, making a handsome ornamental; they are white,
becoming rose-colored as they fall away. The fruit ripens in mid-season
for cherries, setting profusely from the many blossoms. The cherries
are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red, covered with inconspicuous
hairs and contain a stone of medium size. They are pleasantly acid,
very juicy and withal a decided addition to cultivated cherries. Prunus
tomentosa seems a most promising plant for domestication and of particular
merit for small gardens and cold regions.

Koehne, in his list of cherries, names ten botanical varieties of
Prunus tomentosa. From this the species seems to be most variable and
under cultivation would probably break up into many forms some of which
might prove superior to the type species. Koehne’s botanical varieties
are given under the species on page 22.

PRUNUS PUMILA Linnaeus.

1. Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 75. 1768. 2. Bailey Cor. Bul. Ex. Sta. 38:96. 1892. Bailey /. c. '70:260.
1894. 3. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1450. 1901.

P. Susquehanae. 4. Willdenow Enum. Pl. 519. 1809.

P. depressa. 5. Pursh Fl. Am. 1:332. 1814.

P. incana. 6. Schweinitz Long's Expedition by Keating 2:387. 1824.

Cerasus glauca. 7 Moench Meth. 672. 1794.

C. pumila. 8. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am, 2:286. 1803.

C. depressa. 9g. Seringe, in De Candolle Prod. 2:538. 1825.

Plant a small shrub, five to eight feet in height, willow-like habit, weak, upright when
young but becoming decumbent, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth except for
the raised lenticels; branches slender, smooth, twiggy, very dark, dull reddish-black with
a tinge of gray; lenticels numerous, small, conspicuous; branchlets very slender, short,
twiggy, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with conspicuous, very small,
raised lenticels.

Leaves hanging late in the season, small, averaging one and three-fourths inches
long, one inch wide, flat, abruptly pointed, narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, thin; upper
surface dark, dull green, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent on the

PRUNUS TOMENTOSA

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 35

midrib and veins; midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, teeth tipped
with very small glands; petiole short, one-fourth inch in length, glandless.

Flowers small, in two-to five-flowered umbels, white, appearing with the leaves; pedi-
cels slender, a half-inch in length. Fruit nearly round, pendulous, variable in color but
usually purple-black, without bloom, nearly a half-inch in diameter; flesh thin, variable
in quality but often sour and astringent; season late July; stone turgid, nearly round.

Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, or Dwarf Cherry, of eastern America,
is found on sandy and rocky, inland shores from Maine to the District of
Columbia and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. In
particular it is common on the sand dunes of the Great Lakes. Every-
where in the wild state it grows in light sands suggesting its use in arid
soils and especially on poor soils in cold climates.

As yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry known to
fruit-growers, its nearly related species, Prunus besseyi, offering greater
opportunities to both the fruit-grower and the experimenter. Both the
plants and fruits are so variable, the size, color and quality of the crop
on some plants being quite attractive, that it is certain an opportunity
to domesticate a worthy native plant is being overlooked. The species
ought to have value, too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for
sandy soils, dwarf trees and exacting climates.

PRUNUS CUNEATA Rafinesque.
1. Rafinesque Ann. Nat. 11. 1820. 2. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 38:101. 1892. 3. Britton and
Brown Jil. Flora 2:250. 1897. 4. Gray Man. Bot. ed. '7:498. 1908.
P. pumila cuneata. 5. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901.

Prunus cuneata, sometimes called the Appalachian cherry, is not
growing at this Station but is described in the references given as very
similar to the Sand Cherry, differing in the following respects:

The plant is dwarfer but is more erect never having prostrate branches;
the branches are smoother and lighter colored; the leaves are shorter, more
oval, more obtuse, thinner, less conspicuously veined, teeth fewer and
the points more appressed; the flowers are larger, petals broader and are
borne on slightly curled stems in umbels of two to four; the fruit and
stone in the two species are much the same, possibly averaging smaller
in this species.

The habitat of Prunus cuneata is from Maine to North Carolina and
northwest to Minnesota, being most commonly found in wet, stiff soils
near lakes and bogs but often found on rocky hills if the soil be not too dry.

36 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

It is doubtful if this cherry is as promising for cultivation as the
foregoing species and not nearly as worthy attention as the next cherry.

PRUNUS BESSEYI Bailey.

1. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. '70:261. 1894. 2. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3:156. 1895. 3. Bessey
Neb. Hort. Soc. 26:168. 1895. Bessey 1. c. 37:121. 1906. 4. Britton and Brown JIl. Flora 3:251.

1897.
P. pumila Besseyi. 5. Waugh Vt. Ex. Sta. Rpt. 12:239. 1898-99. 6. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort.

3:1451. 1901.

Plant a small shrub, spreading or diffuse, one to four feet in height, open-centered,
slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, smooth, very dark brownish-
black, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with short internodes, dull
grayish-brown becoming almost black, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, small, raised
lenticels.

Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, two and three-eighths inches long, one inch
wide, thick, stiff, slightly folded upward or nearly flat; apex with a short taper-point,
broadly lanceolate to nearly oval-lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth;
lower surface very light green, not pubescent; midrib distinct, glabrous; veins small but
distinct; margin serrate, teeth appressed, tipped with indistinct, sharp glands; petiole
thick, three-eighths inch in length, glandless or with from one to two very small, light
colored, globose glands on the petiole at the base of the leaf; stipules very prominent,
almost leaf-like.

Flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than a half-inch across,
white; fruit more than a half-inch in diameter, globose, sometimes oblong-pointed,
yellowish, mottled or more often purple-black; variable in quality but always more or less
astringent; ripening in early August; stone large, globose, slightly flattened.

The habitat of Prunus besseyi is not yet definitely bounded but it
can, at least, be said that this species is to be found on the prairies from
Manitoba and Minnesota to southern Kansas and westward into Montana,
Wyoming and Utah. In its natural range it undoubtedly runs into that
of Prunus pumila to the east, and Waugh, in the reference given, holds
that the two species grade into each other and he, therefore, makes this
a variety of the eastern species. Certainly Prunus pumila and Prunus
besseyi are as distinct as are many other of the more or less indefinite
species of this genus — few, indeed, are the species of Prunus that do not
have outliers which overlap other types and, as we shall see, there are
hybrids between this and species of other cherries, plums and even peaches
and apricots, showing that the lines of demarcation between the members
of this genus are difficult to define.

Although Prunus besseyi has received attention from horticulturists
less than a quarter-century it has aroused much interest, best indicated

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 37

by the fact that now a considerable number of varieties of the species
are under cultivation and there are more than a score of hybrids dis-
seminated in which it is one of the parents. Indians, trappers and
early settlers have long used the wild fruit under the name of Western
Sand Cherry, Bessey’s Cherry and Rocky Mountain Cherry. Among
pioneers this cherry was held in high esteem for sauces, pies and preserves
and, where there was a dearth of cultivated cherries, was eaten with relish
out of hand. The flesh is tender, juicy and, while astringent as commonly
found, plants bearing aromatic and very palatable cherries are often found
growing wild while some of the domesticated plants bear very well-flavored
fruits. All speak of the Sand Cherry as wonderful in productiveness
and as having remarkable capacity to withstand the vicissitudes of the
exacting climate in which it grows. A valuable asset of Prunus besseyi
is its great variability. Fruit from different plants varies in size, color
and flavor suggesting that, under cultivation, amelioration will proceed
rapidly. The plants of this species root freely from layers or root-cuttings
and are therefore easily propagated and multiplied.

But it is in its hybrids that this western cherry has proved most
valuable in horticulture. There are now hybrids under cultivation
between this species and the Sand plum (Prunus augustifolia watsoni),
the Hortulana plum (Prunus hortulana), the Simonii plum (Prunus simonii),
the Japanese plum (Prunus triflora), the American plum (Prunus ameri-
cana), the Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera), the Sweet Cherry (Prunus
avium), the peach (Prunus persica), the apricots (Prunus armeniaca and
Prunus mume), and the common plum (Prunus domestica). It would
almost seem that this species is the ‘‘ go-between’”’ of the many and
varied types of the genus Prunus. It is true that few of these hybrids
yet shine as orchard plants but, given time, it seems certain that some
will prove valuable in general horticulture and that many will be grown
in the special horticulture of the northern Mississippi Valley and the adjoin-
ing plains to the west. Credit must be given to Professor N. E. Hansen
of the South Dakota Experiment Station for most of our present knowl-
edge of hybridism between this and other species.!

In his work with this species Hansen has also found that Prunus besseyi
makes a very good stock for peaches, apricots, Japanese and native plums
and that, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet

See bulletins 87 (1904), 88 (1904), 108 (1908) and 130 (1911) from the South Dakota Experiment
Station, Brookings, S. D.

38 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

it can be used as a stock for them. On the other hand larger fruits of
the Sand Cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the
American plum, Prunus americana.

MINOR SPECIES

Besides these well-recognized species of cultivated cherries there are
several others that play a much less conspicuous part in horticulture.
Prunus fruticosa Pallas, the Dwarf Cherry of Europe, is much cultivated,
more especially its botanical variety pendula, as an ornamental and some-
what for its fruit. According to Wilson,! Prunus involucrata Koehne is
grown for its fruit in the gardens of China; the fruits, he says, are ‘‘ small
and lacking in flavour.” The fruits of Prunus emarginata Walpers are
eaten by the Indians on the Pacific Coast and the early settlers used the
species as a stock for orchard cherries. Prunus jacquemontii Hooker,
the Dwarf Cherry of Afghanistan and Tibet, is occasionally in culture
for its fruit and as a park plant; so also is another dwarf cherry from
southwestern Asia, Prunus incana Steven. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley,
the Flowering Cherry of Japan, is a well-known ornamental the world
over and in Japan is used as a stock for orchard cherries for which purpose,
as we have suggested in the discussion of stocks, it ought to be tried in
America.

‘Wilson, E. H. A Naturalist in Western China 2:27. 1913.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 39

CHAPTER I
THE HISTORY OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
THE ANCIENT USE OF CHERRIES

History casts no direct light upon the period when the cherry first
came under cultivation. Undoubtedly primitive men in all parts of the
North Temperate Zone enlivened their scanty fruit fare with wild cherries.
Cultivated cherries, we know, had their origin in the Old World. But
history tells us nothing of the period when Europe and Asia were unbroken
forests inhabitated by savages who eked out a precarious subsistence by
the pursuit of the chase and from meagre harvests of wild grains, fruits
and vegetables. On these continents agriculture and rude civilization
began in ages immemorial and cultivated plants diversified, enriched and
adorned the landscapes long before the first written records. Our knowl-
edge of how wild cherries have been remodeled into the orchard and garden
varieties of to-day — of what the methods and processes of domestication
have been — is, therefore, doubtful and limited, for the mind and hand
of man had been deeply impressed upon the cherry long before the faint
traditions which have been transmitted to our day could possibly have
arisen.

The history of the cherry, then, goes back to primitive man. Direct
proof of the ancient use of cherries is furnished by the finding of cherry-
pits of several species in the deposits of Swiss lake-dwellings, in the mounds
and cliff-caves of prehistoric inhabitants of America and in the ancient
rubbish-heaps of Scandinavian countries. There are but few regions in
which cultivated cherries are grown in which the inhabitants in times of
stress, or by choice in times of plenty, do not now use as food wild
cherries, some species of which grow in abundance and under the most
varied conditions, almost from the Arctic Circle to within a few degrees
of the Tropic of Cancer in a belt encircling the globe. It is probable that
all of the wild species which have furnished fruit to the aborigines or to
the modern inhabitants of a region have been sparingly cultivated — at
the very least if they possessed any considerable food value they have
been more or less widely distributed by the hand of man. But, curiously
enough, out of the score or more of species of which the fruit is used as
food as the plants grow wild, but two may be said to be truly domesti-
cated. These are the Sour, or Pie Cherry, Prunus cerasus, and the Sweet

40 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Cherry, Prunus avium, with the histories of which we are now to be
concerned.

Pliny is generally accredited as the first historian of the cherry.
Nearly eighteen and a half centuries ago he gave an account of the cherries
of Rome with the statement that Lucullus, the Roman soldier and gourmet,
had brought them to Rome 65 years before Christ! from the region of
the Black Sea. This particular in the account proves to be a good illus-
tration of the adage that old errors strike root deeply. Though disproved
beyond all question of doubt time and time again by botanists and
historians, Pliny’s inadvertence is still everywhere current in text-books,
pomologies and cyclopaedias—a mis-statement started, repeated and
perpetuated from-medieval days when to be printed in Pliny was sufficient
proof. That Lucullus brought to Italy a cherry and one which the
Romans did not know there is no reason to doubt, but other cherries there
must have been, not only wild but cultivated, of Prunus cerasus at least
and probably of Prunus avium, and in comparative abundance long before
Lucullus, returning from the war in Pontus with Mithridates, brought to
Rome a cherry. With this brief mention of Pliny’s inaccuracy, we pass
to more substantial facts in the history of the cherry.

The domestication of one or the other of the two generally cultivated
species of cherries followed step by step the changes from savagery to
civilization in the countries of Europe and of western Asia. For, as one
sorts the accumulated stores of botanical and historical evidence, it becomes
quickly apparent that both the Sweet and the Sour Cherry now grow wild
and long have done so in the region named and that, from the time
tillage of plants was first practiced in the Old World, this fruit has been
under cultivation, feeble, obscure, and interrupted by war and chase
though its cultivation may have been. Certainly the history of the cherry
is as old as that of agriculture in the southern European countries and is
interwritten with it.

In beginning the history of a cultivated plant the first step is to
ascertain where it grows spontaneously — where it may be found unplanted
and unattended by man. This is the task now before us for Prunus
cerasus and Prunus avium, discussing them in the order named.

1See quotation on page 45.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK AI

THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

Prunus cerasus, of which the Montmorency is the commonest repre-
sentative in America, is now to be found wild wherever Sour Cherries are
much grown, for it is a favorite food of many birds which quickly scatter
its seeds from centers of cultivation. Nearly all of the botanies of tem-
perate regions in which agriculture is carried on name this cherry as an
escape from cultivation into woods and hedgerows and along roadsides.
The Sour Cherry, then, is now to be found truly wild in many parts of
several continents. It is not so easy to say where the habitat and what
the condition before the species was cultivated. But botany, archaeology,
history and philology indicate that the original habitat of the Sour Cherry
is southeastern Europe and the nearby countries in Asia.

After saying that this cherry has been found wild in the forests of
Asia Minor, the plains of Macedonia, on Mount Olympus and in neigh-
boring territories, De Candolle, however, limits its habitat to the region
“from the Caspian Sea to the environments of Constantinople.’’’ But
as a wild plant this cherry must have spread over a far greater area. Even
the broadest boundaries of the habitat of Prunus cerasus as set by
De Candolle show over-caution. Thus, the Marasca cherry, a botanical
variety of Prunus cerasus, is most certainly wild in the Province of Dalmatia
on the Adriatic Sea in Austria; so, too, it is certain that this species is
feral as far away from De Candolle’s center of distribution as northern
Austria and southern Germany and has been so for untold ages. It is safe
to say that the original source of the Sour Cherry was the territory lying
between Switzerland and the Adriatic Sea on the west and the Caspian
Sea and probably somewhat farther north on the east. That is, our
savage forefathers must have found this cherry in the region thus outlined,
probably in a much more extended territory, into which it was brought
in more or less remote times by agencies other than human from De
Candolle’s smaller area of origin.

It is easier to define the geographic range of the wild Sweet Cherry.
Botanists very generally agree that Prunus avium as a wild plant inhabits
all of the mainland of Europe in which the cultivated varieties of the
species can be grown — that is, most of the continent south of Sweden
and may be found wild well into southern Russia. The species is reported
sparingly wild in northern Africa and is a very common wild plant in

' De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 207. 1885.

42 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

southern Asia as far east as northern India. It must not be thought that
the plant is everywhere abundant in the great area outlined as its habitat.
To the contrary, the Sweet Cherry is an uncommon wild plant in Spain,
Italy and other parts of southern Europe. All authorities agree that the
region of greatest communal intensity for Prunus avium is between the
Caspian and Black Seas and south of these bodies of water. It might
suffice to say that from about these seas the Sweet Cherry came — that
here grew the trunk from which branches were spread into other lands
by birds and animals carrying the seeds from place to place. The most
important fact to be established, however, is that this cherry has long
grown spontaneously over a widely extended territory and may, therefore,
have been domesticated in several widely separated regions.

THE CHERRY IN GREECE; THE FIRST RECORD OF CULTURE AND THE NAME

Having established the habitats of the two cultivated cherries we
may next ask when and where their cultivation began. The domesti-
cation of plants probably began in China — certainly Chinese agriculture
long antedates that of any other nation now in existence of which we have
records. Agriculture in China, historians roughly approximate, goes back
4,000 years. But while the Chinese have many other species of cherry,
as we have seen, some of which may be said to be partially domesticated,
Prunus cerasus and Prunus avium are not found wild in China and were
only in recent years introduced there as cultivated plants. Neither does
the cherry of our civilization seem to have been known in the second
great agricultural region of the world — Egypt and the extreme south-
west of Asia. At least there are no words for the cherry in the languages
of the peoples of that region and cherry pits have not been found with
the remains of other plants in the tombs and ruins of Egypt, Assyria and
Babylon. Nor does the cherry seem to have been cultivated in India
until comparatively recent times.

These very brief and general statements show that cherries were
not cultivated in the first agricultural civilizations and serve to fix the
time and the place of the domestication of the cherry a little more
definitely. Records of cherries as cultivated plants begin, so far as the
researches of botanical historians now show, with Greek civilization though
it is probable, for several reasons, that some cultivated cherries came to
Greece from Asia Minor.

Theophrastus, to whom Linnaeus gave the title ‘‘ Father of Botany,”

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 43

writing about 300 years before the Christian era in his History of Plants,
is, according to botanical historians, the first of the Greek writers to
mention the che ry. His statement is as follows:—

‘The cherry is a peculiar tree, of large size, some attaining the height
of twenty-four cubits, rather thick, so that they may measure two cubits
in circumference at the base. The leaf is like that of the mespilus, rather
firm and broader, the color of the foliage such that the tree may be
distinguished from others at a good distance. The bark, by its color,
smoothness and thickness, is like that of tilia. The flower [meaning, the
cluster of flowers] is white, resembling that of the pear and mespilus, con-
sisting of small [separate] flowers. The fruit is red, similar to that of
diospyros [but what his diospyros was no one knows] of the size of a
faba [perhaps nelumbo seed], which is hard, but the cherry is soft. The
tree grows in the same situations as tilia; by streams.’’!

From this passage we gather that the cherry Theophrastus knew was
the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium; the description shows it to be the same
large, tall treee now naturalized in open woods and along roadsides in
many parts of the United States. From the fact that Theophrastus
describes the tree and the bark in more detail than the fruit we may
assume that the cherry was more esteemed in ancient Greece as a timber-
tree than as a fruit-tree. Curiously enough the name the Greeks at this
time used for the Sweet Cherry is now applied to Prunus cerasus, the Sour
Cherry.

“ Kerasos ’’ was the Sweet Cherry in ancient Greece and from kerasos
came cerasus, used by many botanists as the name of the genus. That
the Sweet Cherry should by the use of avium be denominated the “ bird
cherry ”’ is clear since birds show much discrimination between cherries,
but why the Sour Cherry should be given the specific name cerasus, first
applied to the Sweet Cherry, is not apparent.

Pages are written in the old pomologies and botanical histories as
to the origin of the word cerasus. Pliny’s statement that Lucullus called
the cherry cerasus from the town from which he obtained it, Kerasun in
Pontus, on the Black Sea, is, in the light of all who have since looked into
the matter, a misconception. To the contrary, commentators now agree
that the town received its name from the cherry which grows most abun-
dantly in the forests in that part of Asia Minor. The name, according
to all authorities, is very ancient —a linguistic proof of the antiquity of
the cherry.

1Theophrastus, Book III, Chap. 13.

44 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

To sum up, the cherry comes into literature first from Greece in the
writings of Theophrastus. There can be but little doubt, however, but
that it had been cultivated for centuries before Theophrastus wrote.
Whether one or both of the two cherries were domesticated by the
Greeks, beginning with their civilization, or whether cultivated cherries
came to Greece from Asia Minor, is not now known. It is very probable
that some of the several varieties grown in Greece came under cultivation
through domestication of wild plants; others were introduced from regions
farther east.

THE SWEET CHERRY POSSIBLY THE PARENT OF THE SOUR CHERRY

A digression may be permitted here to state a hypothesis suggested
by De Candolle’ which should interest both fruit-growers and plant-
breeders. De Candolle, while considering the two species of cultivated
cherries to be now quite distinct, suggests that, since they differ essentially
but little in their characters and since their original habitats were in the
same region, it is probable that one species came from the other. He
surmises, since Prunus avium is the commoner in the original home,
is generally the more vigorous of the two, has spread much farther and
probably at a much earlier date from the primal habitation in Asia Minor
than Prunus cerasus, that the latter, the Sour Cherry, is derived from
the Sweet Cherry. In the future breeding of cherries confirmatory evidence
of such a relationship may be obtained though, should none be found,
the negation should go for naught and the supposition can only remain
an interesting and plausible hypothesis.

THE CHERRY IN ITALY

Pliny attempts to give the first full account of cultivated cherries
and, even though among his statements are several inaccuracies, yet he
may be said to have made a very good beginning of a flora of cultivated
cherries for he names and describes ten varieties. The fact that there
were as many as ten cherries in Italy at the time Pliny wrote, less than
a century after the return of Lucullus from Pontus, is strong evidence
that the cherry in Italy antedates Lucullus. Besides, it is hardly probable
that Pliny knew and described all of the cherries to be found in the whole
of his country. But even if these ten comprise the entire number, those
who know how extremely difficult it is to introduce new plants in

1 De Candolle, Alphonse Origin of Cultivated Plants 210. 1885.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 45

a country with the facilities we have in our day, will doubt that all of the
cherries in Pliny’s account could have been introduced in Italy 1900
years ago and have come under general cultivation, as according to Pliny
they had, within the short space of a century. The following quotation,
then, must be taken as an account of the cherries grown in Italy in the
first century after Christ with little weight given to the historical evidence
presented."

“The cherry did not exist in Italy before the period of the victory
gained over Mithridates by L. Lucullus, in the year of the City 680. He
was the first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now, in the course
of one hundred and twenty years, it has travelled beyond the Ocean, and
atrived in Britannia even. The cherry, as we have already stated, in
spite of every care, has been found impossible to rear in Egypt. Of
this fruit, that known as the “ Apronian”’ is the reddest variety, the
Lutatian being the blackest, and the Caecilian perfectly round. The
Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour, but only, so to say, when eaten
beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate that they will not
bear carrying. The highest rank, however, has been awarded to the
Duracinus variety, known in Campania as the “‘ Plinian”’ cherry, and
in Belgica to the Lusitanian cherry, as also to one that grows on the banks
of the Rhenus. This last kind has a third colour, being a mixture of
black, red, and green, and has always the appearance of being just on
the turn to ripening. It is less than five years since the kind known as
the “ laurel-cherry ”’ was introduced, of a bitter but not unpleasant flavour,
the produce of a graft upon the laurel. The Macedonian cherry grows
on a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height;
while the chamaecerasus is still smaller, being but a mere shrub. The
cherry is one of the first trees to recompense the cultivator with its
yearly growth; it loves cold localities and a site exposed to the north.
The fruits are sometimes dried in the sun, and preserved, like olives, in
casks.”

How are the cherries described in the passage from Pliny related
to those of modern culture? <A score or more of commentators have tried
to tell but when the comments are compared Pliny’s disorder becomes
confusion worse confounded. Here, as in his historical statements, Pliny
seems to have prepared the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings.

he speculations as to what particular cherry each of the descriptions
fits quickly show the futility of specification. A few generalizations only
are warranted.

Thus, if we assume, as most commentators do, that Apronian, the

1 Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 3:322. 1855.

46 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

first of Pliny’s varieties, was named after Apronius, a Roman praetor of
Pliny’s day, there is nothing to indicate the character of the cherry except
the word “‘ reddest ’”’ which means but little for it is no more possible to
distinguish cherries by redness than by its blackness to tell a pot from
a kettle.

It is as impossible to distinguish the second variety as the first. The
name given is Lutatian, the variety having been dedicated, as all com-
mentators agree, to Lutatius Catulus, a contemporary of Lucullus, revered
by Romans for having rebuilt the capitol after it had been destroyed by
fire. It is described as ‘‘ being the blackest ’’ but whether Prunus avium
or Prunus cerasus, sweet or sour, who can tell ?

The third variety is called the Caecilian cherry, which we are told
is “perfectly round ’’—a character possessed in like degree by many
cherries. The name, on the authority of Latin scholars, commemorates
the Caecilius family, rich and powerful Romans, friends of Lucullus at
the time he was promoting cherry culture.

We may be a little more certain of the identity of the fourth cherry,
called the Junian, and said to have been possessed of ‘‘ an agreeable flavor
but only, so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remark-
ably delicate that they will not bear carrying.’’ Whether the name was
given in honor of the Roman Republican, Junius Brutus, who died 42
A. D. or from Junius, the month of their ripening, cannot be said. The
description, as practically all agree, fits very well the French Guigne or
English Gean group of cherries. It is probable that ‘‘ Guigne”’ is a per-
version of ‘‘ Junian.”’

There can be little question as to the cherry Pliny next describes,
“the Duracinus variety’’ which he says has been awarded “highest
rank’’ and to which he paid the compliment of giving it his own name,
for he tells us that it is ‘“known in Campania as the Plinian cherry.”
This hard-fleshed cherry of delectable quality can be no other than
a Bigarreau — some protean Napoleon, Yellow Spanish, Windsor or the
older Oxheart and Elkhorn.

The sixth cherry is the Lusitanian, which, if the translations read
aright, the Belgians rank highest. Ancient Lusitania is modern Portugal
and the Lusitanian cherry may be the Griotte of Portugal grown from
time immemorial in that country. The identity of the variety is not
so important in this passage as is the connection that Pliny establishes
in cherry culture at this early time between Portugal, Italy and Belgium.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 47

By such tokens does our author cast doubt upon his statement that
Lucullus had but yesterday, as it were, brought the cherry from Pontus.
The seventh cherry is one “‘ that grows on the banks of the Rhenus ”’
(Rhine), further described as ‘‘ being a mixture of black, red and green,”’
and of having ‘“‘ always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripen-
ing.’”’ It is useless to add another guess to those of the many commentators
as to what this tri-colored cherry from the banks of the Rhine may be.
The eighth description, that of the ‘‘laurel-cherry,’”’ applies to a graft
and not to a variety. Of it, Pliny says, “It is less than five years since
the kind known as the laurel-cherry was introduced, of a bitter, but not
unpleasant flavor, the produce of a graft upon the laurel.” It is barely
possible that a cherry could be made to grow on a laurel five years but it is
extremely doubtful, as all modern horticulturists who have tried it say, and
it is impossible to have such a graft bear fruit. Pliny was misinformed.

The ninth and tenth of Pliny’s cherries, the Macedonian and the
Chamaecerasus, are probably one and the same, since but one cherry
that could possibly answer to the descriptions given could have been in
Italy at the time Pliny wrote. The cherry described, then, was almost
beyond doubt Prunus fruticosa Pallas, a synonym of which is Prunus
chamaecerasus Jacquin, perpetuating the name used by Pliny. This is
the European Dwarf Cherry, or Ground Cherry, which is now and was
probably then a wild plant in parts of Italy and which is very well
described by ‘“‘a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits
in height.”

We have accredited Pliny with having first described cherries in Italy
and discredited his account of their introduction in his own country, but
chiefly on inferential evidence. Just a few words of direct proof that
the cherry was long in cultivation by the Romans before Lucullus and
we have done with the introduction of the cherry into Italy and have
filled another gap between Theophrastus and our own times. Marcus
Terentius Varro (B. C. 117-27), one of the illustrious scholars of ancient
Rome, sometimes called the father of Roman learning, in his eightieth
year, as he tells us in his first chapter, wrote a book on farming — one,
which, by the way, may be read with profit by modern farmers.!. In book
I, chapter XX XIX, he tells when to graft cherries, discussing the process
not as if it or the cherry were new or little known but as if the cherry were

1A very good translation of Varro on farming is one by Lloyd Starr-Best, published by G. Bell
& Sons, London. 1912.

48 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

as commonplace as the other agricultural crops of the times. Varro
effectually disproves Pliny to whose mis-statement we have given so much
space only because for nearly 2000 years it has been generally accepted as
the truth.

The gaps in the history of the cherry are long. Athenaeus,! Ter-
tullian,>, Ammianus,? and St. Jerome,t Roman writers of the Third and
Fourth Centuries, mention cherries but chiefly to repeat and perpetuate
Pliny’s errors. It was not until the Sixteenth Century —a lapse of
1400 years—that an attempt was again made to describe in full cultivated
cherries. Sometime in this century, Matthiolus (1487-1577), a Tuscan and
one of the eminent naturalists not only of Italy but of the world in the
Middle Ages, in translating and annotating the medical works of the Greek
writer Dioscorides, made a list of the fruit-trees then grown in Italy. As
the second descriptive list of cherries this contribution of Matthiolus
might be worth reprinting were it not, as in Pliny, that but few of his
varieties can be certainly made out. He does, however, make a number
of additions to Pliny’s list but space does not permit a consideration of
these; especially since Gerarde, writing less than a century later in English,
so well amplifies Matthiolus that we shall print his account.

CHERRIES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Pliny mentions the cherry as growing in several countries and, by
reading between lines, we may assume that cultivated cherries were dis-
tributed throughout all parts of Europe where agriculture was practiced,
by Christ’s time or shortly thereafter. Pliny speaks of the cherry in
some connection with England, Germany, Belgium and Portugal. Surely
we may assume that the cherry was being grown at the same time in at
least the countries in Europe which are between or border on those named.
But from Pliny to the Sixteenth Century the current of progress in cherry
culture was immeasurably slow. In the intervening 1600 years not a score
of new cherries were brought under cultivation. Attention was probably
given during these dark ages to this and to all fruits as species and as
divisions of species which came nearly or quite true to seed. It was only
in the refinements of horticulture and botany brought about by the her-
balists that true horticultural varieties came into common cultivation.

1 Athenaeus Dipnosophiste Book II, Chap. XXXIV-V.

* Tertullian A pologeticum Chap. XI.

3 Ammianus History of the Roman Emperors Book 22, Chap. XVI.
‘St. Jerome Epistulae Book I, Letter XX XV.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 49

Thus, the first of the German herbals, the Herbarius, printed at
Mainz in 1491, does not describe or even name varieties of cherries but
groups them in the two species as Sweets and Sours, the statement run-
ning:! ‘“‘The cherries are some sweet, some sour, like the wild apple;
the sours bring to the stomach gas and make the mouth fresh (frisch),
those too sweet or too sour are of little use.’”’ A wood-cut in this old herbal
illustrates a Sour Cherry.

According to Miiller,? not until 1569 did the Germans attempt to
give names to varieties, when, in a medical herbal, the Gart der Gesundheit,
cherries were roughly divided into four groups: (1) The Amarellen, sour,
dark red cherries with long stems. (2) The Weichselkirschen, red cherries
with white juice and short stems. (3) The Stsskirschen, red or black
Sweet Cherries withlong stems. (4) ‘ Beside these yet more ”’ distinguished
by their shape and the province in which they are grown. Not until well
into the Eighteenth Century do the Germans seem to have given names
to more than a few of the most distinct varieties of cherries. Yet the
cherry was more largely cultivated in Germany, one, two, or three centuries
ago, as it is now, than in any other European country. This, one readily
gleans from what has been written on cherries in different countries and
from the acknowledgments of foreign pomologists to those of Germany
for most of what has been printed regarding cherries. Not only has the
cherry been a favorite orchard plant in Germany but since the Sixteenth
Century it has been largely planted along the public roads.

Of cherries on the continent, for this brief history, nothing more
need be said. Most of the varieties that have been imported from Europe
to America have come from England and we must, therefore, devote rather
more attention to the history of the cherry in England than in other
European countries.

CHERRIES IN ENGLAND

Cultivated cherries came to England with the Romans. Prunus
avium is indigenous in Great Britain but probably no care worthy the
name cultivation was given these wild trees by the ancient Britons. Pliny
states that the cherry was carried from Rome to Britain before the middle
of the First Century — meaning probably some improved variety. In no
part of the world does the cherry take more kindly to the soil than in

1 Quoted from Muller, Hugo M. Obstziichter 8:3. 1g10.
2 Ibid.
4

50 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

England and no doubt this fruit became firmly established in Kent, where
the Romans settled, before the downfall of the southern invaders. With
the expulsion of the Romans and the subsequent influx of barbarians,
agriculture, especially gardening and fruit-growing, became almost a lost
art but still it is not probable that the cherry was wholly lost to cultivation
during the Teutonic invasions of Britain.

Fruit-growing could not have greatly prospered, however, in the
centuries of strife with the barbarians which succeeded Roman rule in
England; and a revival of cherry culture did not take place until the rein-
troduction of Christianity and the establishment of monasteries where,
undisturbed by wars, the monks became notable horticulturists. They
not only had opportunity in the comparative peace in which their lives
were cast to grow fruit but many of them were men of superior intelligence
and skill and from intercourse with the continental countries learned what
plants were worth growing and how to grow them —the monasteries
were the experiment stations of the times. Undoubtedly the monks in
bringing to England treasures from the continent did not forget fruits
and among them cherries.

Passing by a considerable number of references which could be cited
to show that cherries of one kind and another were cultivated in Britain
from at least as early a date as the Ninth Century, we come to the dis-
cussion of this fruit by the herbalists of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries. Of the three great English herbalists, Turner published his
work in 1538; Gerarde’s, printed in 1596, was revised and greatly improved
by Johnson in 1633; Parkinson’s Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, or
Park-in-Suns Earthly Paradise—the author evidently a punster — was
published in 1629. All of these contain as full botanical and pomological
discussions of cherries as knowledge then permitted.

It must not be thought, by those unacquainted with the plant-lore
of the times, that the cherry received consideration only from the pens
of Turner, Gerarde, and Parkinson. During the time covered by the
lives of these three men a score or more of books were written in English
on botany and pomology in which accounts were given of the cherry, all
showing the esteem in which this fruit was held in England during and
before the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Space permits comments on the
account of the cherry given by but one of these Elizabethan herbalists,
and of the several Gerarde’s seems best suited to our purpose.

We have chosen Gerarde because he treats the cherry more fully

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 51

than do the other writers of the period and because he was a compiler
and a translator, having, as he quaintly says, ‘‘ perused divers Herbals
set fourth in other languages;”’ thus from Gerarde we obtain a conception
of cherries growing on the continent as well as those growing in England.
Students of the English herbals say that Gerarde translated, copied and
adapted from Matthiolus, whose book we have noted, but more particularly
from Dodoens who in 1554 published in Antwerp A History of Plants.
These two worthies, in turn, had borrowed very freely from still more
ancient writers — Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Columella and others. As
might be suspected, errors centuries old were passed down, yet each new
translation or compilation contains much added information and is far
freer from error. In particular, Gerarde seems to have been a wise com-
piler and adapter and to have combined a large measure of first-hand
practical knowledge with his borrowings from others. This is especially
true of what he writes concerning cherries, a fruit with which he seems
to have been very familiar.

The following is Gerarde’s account, with interpolations by the
author:

‘The ancient Herbalists have set down four kinds of Cherry trees;
the first is great and wild, the second tame or of the garden, the third
hath sour fruit, the fourth is that which is called in Latin Chamaecerasus,
or the dwarfe Cherry tree. The later writers have found divers sorts
more, some bringing forth great fruit, others lesser; some with white fruit,
some with blacke, others of the colour of black bloud, varying infinitely
according to the clymat and country where they grow.”

The four cherries which Gerarde says the ‘ ancient herbalists have
set down” are, it is easy to see: first, the wild Prunus avium; second,
cultivated sweet varieties of Prunus avium; third, the sour Prunus cerasus;
fourth, the Dwarf Cherry, Prunus fruticosa.

“The English Cherry tree groweth to a high and great tree, the
body whereof is of a mean bignesse, which is parted above into very many
boughes, with a barke somewhat smooth, of a brown crimson colour, tough
and pliable; the substance or timber is also brown in the middle, and the
outer part is somewhat white: the leaves be great, broad, long, set with
veins or nerves, and sleightly nicked about the edges: the floures are white,
of a mean bigness, consisting of five leaves, and having certain threds
in the middle of the like colour. The Cherries be round, hanging upon
long stems or footstalks, with a stone in the middest which is covered

with a pulp or soft meat; the kernell thereof is not unpleasant to the
taste, though somewhat bitter.”

52 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This is Prunus avium, which is very generally wild in Britain — the
Gean of the English.

“The Flanders Cherry tree differeth not from our English Cherry
tree in Stature or form of leaves or floures, the only difference is, that
this tree brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other, where-
fore it may be called in Latine, Cerasus praecox, sive Belgica.’

A cherry which “brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than
the other’ can be no other than one of the early varieties of the Sweet
Cherry.

“The Spanish Cherry tree groweth up to the height of our common
Cherry tree, the wood or timber is soft and loose, covered with a whitish
scaly barke, the branches are knotty, greater and fuller of substance than
any other Cherry tree; the leaves are likewise greater and longer than
any of the rest, in shape like those of the Chestnut tree: the floures are
like the others in form, but whiter of colour; the fruit is greater and longer
than any, white for the most part all over, except those that stand in
the hottest place where the sun hath some reflexion against a wall: they
are also white within, and of a pleasant taste.”’

We have in this description a very good pen picture of Yellow
Spanish, one of the Bigarreaus, of which there must have been several in
common cultivation in Gerarde’s time.

““The Gascoin Cherry tree groweth very like to the Spanish Cherry
tree in stature, flours and leaves: it differeth in that it bringeth forth very
great Cherries, long, sharp pointed, with a certain hollownesse upon one
side, and spotted here and there with certain prickles of purple color as
smal as sand. The taste is most pleasant, and excelleth in beauty.”

Gascoin, sometimes ‘‘Gaskin”’ in England, is a corruption of Gas-
coigne, a name applied by the French to cherries produced in Gascony
and said to have been brought to England by Joan of Kent when her hus-
band, the Black Prince, was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. The
variety is a very good Sweet Cherry, no doubt the one described in this
text under the name Bleeding Heart.

“The late ripe Cherry tree groweth up like unto our wild English
Cherry tree, with the like leaves, branches and floures, saving that they
are sometimes once doubled; the fruit is small, round, and of a darke bloudy
colour when they be ripe, which the French-men gather with their stalkes,
and hang them up in their houses in bunches or handfulls against Winter,
which the Physitions do give unto their patients in hot and burning fevers,
being first steeped in a little warme water, that causeth them to swell and
plumpe as full and fresh as when they did grow upon the tree.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 53

“The Cluster Cherry tree differeth not from the last described either
in leaves, branches, or stature: the floures are also like, but never commeth
any one of them to be double. The fruit is round, red when they be ripe,
and many growing upon one stem or foot-stalke in clusters, like as the
Grapes do. The taste is not unpleasant although somewhat soure.”’

These two cherries, one sees at once, are varieties of Prunus cerasus.
The first, Gerarde identifies for us on a succeeding page as the Morello.
He says of it: ‘The late ripe cherries which the Frenchmen keepe dried
against the winter, and are by them called Morelle, and wee after the
same name call them Morell Cherries.

“This Cherrie-tree with double floures growes up unto a small tree,
not unlike to the common Cherrie-tree in each respect, saving that the
floures are somewhat double, that is to say, three or foure times double;
after which commeth fruit (though in small quantitie) like the other com-
mon Cherry.

“The double floured Cherry-tree growes up like unto an hedge bush,
but not so great nor high as any of the others, the leaves and branches
differ not from the rest of the Cherry-tree. The floures hereof are exceed-
ing double, as are the flours of Marigolds, but of a white colour, and
smelling somewhat like the Hawthorne floures; after which come seldome
or never any fruit, although some Authors have said that it beareth some-
times fruit, which my selfe have not at any time seen; notwithstanding
the tree hath growne in my Garden many yeeres, and that in an excellent
good place by a bricke wall, where it hath the reflection of the South Sunne,
fit for a tree that is not willing to beare fruit in our cold climat.”’

These two are double-flowered cherries, several of which seem to
have been grown as ornamentals. Both belong to Prunus cerasus and
as we gather rather better elsewhere than here, both are of the Amarelle
type of tree.

“The Birds Cherry-tree, or the blacke Cherry-tree, that bringeth
forth very much fruit upon one branch (which better may be understood
by sight of the figure, than by words) springeth up like an Hedge tree
of small stature, it groweth in the wilde woods of Kent, and are there used
for stockes to graft other Cherries upon, of better tast, and more profit,
as especially those called the Flanders Cherries: this wilde tree growes
very plentifully in the North of England, especially at a place called
Heggdale, neere unto Rosgill in Westmerland, and in divers other places
about Crosbie Ravenswaith, and there called Hegberrie-tree: it groweth
likewise in Martome Parke, foure miles from Blackeburne, and in Harward
neere thereunto; in Lancashire almost in every hedge; the leaves and
branches differ not from those of the wilde Cherry-tree: the floures grow

54 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

alongst the small branches, consisting of five small white leaves, with some
greenish and yellow thrums in the middle: after which come the fruit,
greene at the first, blacke when they be ripe, and of the bignesse of Sloes;
of an harsh and unpleasant taste.

“The other birds Cherry-tree differeth not from the former in any
respect, but in the colour of the berries; for as they are blacke; so on the
contrary, these are red when they be ripe, wherein they differ.”

The cherries described in these two paragraphs, one black and one
red, ‘that bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch’’ and
““ groweth in the wilde woods ”’

yy

and “of an harsh and unpleasant taste
are of course the Prunus padus of Britain and most of Europe — not
a true cherry but the racemose Bird Cherry, or Choke Cherry.

“The common blacke Cherry-tree growes up in some places to great
stature: there is no difference between it and our common Cherry-tree,
saving that the fruit hereof is very little in respect of other Cherries, and
of a blacke colour.”

This must be some wild Gean or Mazzard.

“The dwarfe Cherry-tree groweth very seldome to the height of
three cubits: the trunke or body small, covered with a darke coloured
blacke: whereupon do grow very limber and pliant twiggie branches: the
leaves are very small, not much unlike to those of the Privite bush: the
floures are small and white: after which come Cherries of a deepe red
colour when they be ripe, of taste somewhat sharpe, but not greatly
unpleasant: the branches laid downe in the earth, quickely take root,
whereby it is greatly increased.”

Here we have Prunus fruticosa very well described.

‘““ My selfe with divers others have sundry other sorts in our gardens,
one called the Hart Cherry, the greater and the lesser; one of the great
bignesse, and most pleasant in taste, which we call Luke Wardes Cherry,
because he was the first that brought the same out of Italy; another we
have called the Naples Cherry, because it was first brought into these
parts from Naples: the fruit is very great, sharpe pointed, somewhat like
a man’s heart in shape, of a pleasant taste, and of a deepe blackish colour
when it is ripe, as it were of the colour of dried bloud.”’

Gerarde’s Hart is probably one of the Heart cherries, while “ Luke
Wardes Cherry ”’ is one of the oldest named Sweet Cherries known in
England, having been mentioned by Parkinson and other of the herbalists
as well as in this list.

““We have another that bringeth forth Cherries also very great,
bigger than any Flanders Cherrie, of the colour of Jet, or burnished horne,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 55

and of a most pleasant taste, as witnesseth Mr. Bull, the Queenes Majesties
Clockmaker, who did taste of the fruit (the tree bearing onely one cherry,
which he did eat; but my selfe never tasted of it) at the impression hereof.
We have also another, called the Agriot Cherry, of a reasonable good
taste. Another we have with fruit of a dun colour, tending to a watchet.
We have one of the Dwarfe Cherries, that bringeth forth fruit as great
as most of our Flanders Cherries, whereas the common sort hath very
small Cherries, and those of an harsh taste. These and many sorts more
we have in our London gardens, whereof to write particularly would greatly
enlarge our volume, and to small purpose: therefore, what hath beene
said shall suffice. I must here (as I have formerly done, in Peares, Apples,
and other such fruites) refer you to my two friends, Mr. John Parkinson,
and Mr. John Millen, the one to furnish you with the history, and the
other with the things themselves, if you desire them.”’

One can only roughly surmise as to what the cherries mentioned in
this paragraph are with the exception of the Agriot which is, if the
synonymy of several European pomologists be correct, the Griotte Com-
mune, a sort supposed to have been brought from Syria by the crusaders
and to have been recorded under the last name in France as early as
1485.

The end of the Seventeenth Century saw a great revival of agriculture
in all of its branches on the continent; in England the revival began with
the fall of the commonwealth. From this time the progress of cherry
culture has been so rapid and so great that it would be an endless task
to give even a cursory view of it —a task unnecessary, too, for succeeding
the herbalists a great number of botanies, pomologies and works on agri-
culture were published to many of which reference is still easy. Moreover,
the histories of varieties in this text carry us back quite to the beginning
of the Eighteenth Century.

There now remains for the history of the cherry but to sketch its
introduction and culture in North America, an undertaking that can be
done briefly and to the point, for the data are abundant, recent and reliable.
Here, too, accounts of the origin of varieties and the development of the
cherry may be looked for in the chapters which comprise the main part
of the book.

CHERRIES IN AMERICA

The cherry was one of the first fruits planted in the fields cleared
and enriched by our hardy American ancestry. From Canada to Florida
the colonists, though of several nationalities and those from one nation

56 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

often representing several quite distinct classes, were forced alike to turn
at once to the cultivation of the soil as a means of subsistence. And while
in all of the colonies the early settlers must have been busily engaged in
the cultivation of cereals for the staff of life, in the South in growing
cotton and tobacco for money and for purposes of barter, in the North
in harvesting forest and fish products for bartering; yet the historians
of the colonies notice so often and describe so fully and with such warmth
of feeling the vegetables, flowers and fruits in the orchards and gardens
of the New World that it is certain that the ground was tilled not only
as a means of subsistence but because the tillers loved the luxuries of the
land.

What fruit better adapted to the uses of colonists than the cherry?
It possesses in a high degree, especially the Sour Cherry, the power of
adaptation to new environment and thrives under a greater variety of
conditions than any other of our fruits unless it be the apple, which it
at least equals in this respect. The cherry is easily propagated; it comes
in bearing early and bears regularly; of all fruits it requires least care —
gives the greatest returns under neglect; and the product is delectable
and adapted to many purposes. We shall expect, then, in examining the
early records of fruit-growing in America to find the cherry one of the
first planted and one of the most widely disseminated of fruits.

CHERRIES PLANTED BY THE FRENCH IN AMERICA

While written records are lacking, the plantations of old trees and
the development of cherry culture indicate that the French early planted
cherries in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and in the
early settlements on the St. Lawrence River. The cherry is a favorite
fruit of the French and the venerable trees that survived on the sites of
their settlements when the English came into possession of Canada are
proof sufficient that the émigrés from Provence or Normandy, fruit dis-
tricts of France from which many French settlers came, brought with
them seeds of the cherry with those of other fruits. Peter Kalm in his
Travels into North America in 1771, records the very general culture of
all the hardy fruits in Canada and leaves the impression that such had
been the case from the first settlements.

1Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1771.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 57

CHERRIES IN NEW ENGLAND

The cherry came to New England with the first settlers. This we
are told in all the records of early New England in which the conditions
of the country are described and of it we have confirmatory proof in many
enormous cherry trees, Sweet and Sour, both about ancient habitations
and as escapes from cultivation in woods, fields and fence rows, all pointing
to the early cultivation of this fruit. The early records are very specific.
Thus, to quote a few out of an embarrassment of references: Francis
Higginson writing in 1629, after naming the several other fruits then under
cultivation in Massachusetts, notes that the Red Kentish is the only cherry
cultivated.!. In the same year, the 16th of March, 1629, a memorandum
of the Massachusetts Company shows that ‘ Stones of all sorts of fruites,
as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells ’’ were
to be sent to New England.”

These seeds, provided by the home company with forethought of
the need of orchards in the colony, evidently produced fruit trees suffi-
cient to supply both hunger and thirst; for John Josselyn, who made
voyages to New England in 1638, 1639 and 1663, writing of ‘‘ New Eng-
land’s Rarities Discovered,” says:* ‘Our fruit Trees prosper abundantly,
Apple-trees, Pear-trees, Quince-trees, Cherry-trees, Plum-trees, Barberry-
trees. I have observed with admiration, that the Kernels sown or the
Succors planted produce as fair and good fruit, without grafting, as the
tree from whence they were taken: the Countrey is replenished with fair
and large Orchards. It was affirmed by one Mr. Woolcut (a magistrate
in Connecticut Colony) at the Captains Messe (of which I was) aboard
the Ship I came home in, that he made Five hundred Hogsheads of Syder
out of his own Orchard in one year. Syder is very plentiful in the Countrey,
ordinarily sold for ten shillings a Hogshead.

‘““The Quinces, Cherries, Damsons, set the Dames a work, Marmalad
and preserved Damsons are to be met with in every house. It was not
long before I left the Countrey that I made Cherry wine, and so may
others, for there are good store of them both red and black. Their fruit
trees are subject to two diseases, the Meazels, which is when they are
burned and scorched with the Sun, and lowsiness, when the woodpeckers
jab holes in their bark: the way to cure them when they are lowsie is to
bore a hole in the main root with an Augur, and pour in a quantity of
Brandie or Rhum, and then stop it up with a pin made of the same Tree.”

1 Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections ist Ser. 1:118.
2 Mass. Records 1:24.
3 Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. 233337.

58 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

As early as 1641, a nursery had been started in Massachusetts and
was selling among other trees those of the cherry. Troublesome pests
had made their appearance, too, as may be seen from the following letter,
probably from the first American nurseryman. The letter is written
by George Fenwith of Saybrook, Connecticut, under date of May 6, 1641,!
to Governor John Winthrop, Jr.

““T haue receaued the trees yow sent me, for which I hartily thanke
yow. If I had any thing heare that could pleasure yow, yow should frely
command it. I am prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees, & did
hope I had had a good nurserie of aples, of the aples yow sent me last
yeare, but the wormes have in a manner distroyed them all as they came
vp. I pray informe me if yow know any way to preuent the like mis-
chiefe for the future.”’

These early plantations of cherries in New England were undoubtedly
grown from seed; for buds, cions and trees could not have been imported
unless the latter were brought over potted out as was not commonly done
until a century and a half later —at least, the records make mention
of seeds and not of trees as was the case just before and after the
Revolutionary War. A statement left by one of the Chief Justices of
Massachusetts, Paul Dudley, living at Roxbury, at as late a date as 1726,
indicates that varieties were few. In a paper in the Philosophical Trans-
actions’ on agricultural conditions in Massachusetts, among many other
interesting things, Justice Dudley says:

“Our apples are without doubt as good as those of England, and
much fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the
sorts. Our peaches do rather excel those of England, and then we have
not the trouble or expence of walls for them; for our peach trees are all
standards, and I have had in my own garden seven or eight hundred fine
peaches of the Rare-ripes, growing at a time on one tree. Our people,
of late years, have run so much upon orchards, that in a village near Boston,
consisting of about forty families, they made near three thousand barrels
of cyder. This was in the year 1721. And in another town of two hundred
families, in the same year I am credibly informed they made near ten
thousand barrels. Our peach trees are large and fruitful, and bear com-
monly in three years from the stone. Our common cherries are not so
good as the Kentish cherries of England, and we have no Dukes or Heart
cherries, unless in two or three gardens.”

1 Mass. Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI: 499.
? Abridgment 6:pt. II:341, in Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 14-15. 1829-1878.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 59

CHERRIES IN NEW YORK

Though settled at about the same time and having a more congenial
climate, New York made progress in fruit-growing more slowly than
Massachusetts. The early Dutch settlers in New York were transient
traders and not home makers. Actual settlement with homes in view
did not begin until after the historical bargain in which thrifty Peter
Minuit had acquired Manhattan Island for $24.00 and the country became
New Amsterdam. But troublesome times followed under the rule of
Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller and Kieft, quarrels and actual war, or the
fear of it, with colonists to the north and south as well as with the savages,
preventing the planting of orchards and farms until in 1647 when the
reins of government were taken in hand by Peter Stuyvesant.

Governor Stuyvesant was a farmer as well as a soldier and there is
something in history and much in tradition of the Bowery Farm, which
flourished on the site of the present Bowery in New York. This farm was
planted and tended by “ Peter, the Headstrong’ when he was not dis-
puting with his burgomasters, watching the Yankees and fighting Swedes
and Indians. The orchards and gardens, according to all accounts, were
remarkably fine and were kept in a high state of cultivation. Stuyvesant
founded the farm during the stormy times of his governorship but did
not live on it until the English took possession of New Amsterdam in
1664 when he retired to the land and devoted the eighteen remaining years
of his life to agriculture. From the neighboring colonies and from abroad
he brought many fruits, flowers, farm and truck crops. Fruits came to
him also from Holland and were disseminated from his orchard up the
Hudson.

The cherry was one of the fruits much grown by the Dutch. It would
be wearisome and would serve little purpose even to attempt a cursory
review of the literature of colonial days in New York showing the spread
and the extent of fruit culture by the Dutch. Travel up the Hudson
and its branches was easy and within a century after the settlement of
New York by the Dutch, cherries were not only cultivated by the whites,
according to the records of travelers, naturalists and missionaries, but
were rudely tilled by the Indians.

For a long time after its introduction in New York, the cherry, in
common with other fruits, was grown as a species — varieties and budded
or grafted trees were probably not known. Fruit-growing as an industry
began in New York and in America, with the establishment of a nursery

60 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

at Flushing, Long Island, in 1730, by Robert Prince, founder of the nursery
which afterwards became the famous Linnaean Botanic Garden. At what
date this nursery began to offer named cherries for sale cannot be said
but advertisements appearing in 1767, 1774 and 1794 show that budded
or grafted named cherries were being offered for sale by the Princes. In
1804, William Prince, third proprietor of the famous Flushing nursery,
prepared a list of the named cherries then under cultivation in America
for Willich’s Domestic Encyclopaedia, an English work which was being
edited and made “ applicable to the present situation of the United States ”
by Dr. James Mease. The following is Prince’s list:!

“May Duke, ripe in May and June: long stem, round and red, an
excellent cherry, and bears well.

“Black Heart, ripe in June: a fine cherry.

‘“White Heart (or Sugar Cherry) ripe in June: white and red.

‘Bleeding Heart, ripe in June; a very large cherry of a long form and
dark colour; it has a pleasant taste.

‘‘Ox Heart, ripe in June: a large, firm, fine cherry.

“Spanish Heart, ripe in June.

“Carnation, ripe in July, it takes its name from its colour, being red
and white, a large round cherry, but not very sweet.

“Amber, ripe in July.

“Red Heart, do.

“Late Duke, do.

‘Cluster, planted more for ornament, or curiosity than any other
purpose.

““Double Blossoms, ripe in July.

‘““Honey Cherry, do. small sweet cherry.

‘“‘ Kentish cherry, ripe in July.

“*Mazarine, do.

“Morello, do. and August; a red, acid cherry, the best for preserving,
and for making cherry-brandy.

‘Early Richmond Cherry. This fruit originated near Richmond in
Virginia, and is the earliest cherry in America, and valuable on that
account; it is the size of a May Duke, and resembles it in form.

‘‘Red Bigereau, a very fine cherry, ripe in July, of a heart shape.

“White Bigereau, ripe in July and August: remarkably firm, heart
shaped.

‘“Large Double Flowering Cherry. This tree produces no fruit but
makes a handsome appearance in the spring, when it is covered with
clusters of double flowers as large as the cinnamon rose; it differs from

1 Willich Domestic Encyclopaedia 105. 1804.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 61

the common double flowering cherry which never forms a large tree, and
has small pointed leaves.

“The three last were imported from Bordeaux in 1798.

‘“‘Small Morello Cherry, called also Salem Cherry, because it came
originally from Salem County, N. J., is cultivated by Mr. Cooper of that
state, who values it highly. The fruit has a lively acid taste. The tree
produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms of any cherry
trees.

‘Mr. C. says that the Bleeding Heart suits a sandy soil, but that the
May-duke will not flourish in it.”

CHERRIES IN THE SOUTH

It would be interesting but hardly of sufficient profit to trace further
the history of cultivated cherries in the states of the Atlantic seaboard.
References to the cherry abound in the colonial records of Pennsylvania,
New Jersey and Delaware but they bring out no facts differing materially
from those abstracted from the records of the northern colonies. The
Quakers and the Swedes in the states watered by the Delaware and the
English in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, all early grew cherries
as one of the easiest fruits to propagate and cultivate.

Space can be spared for but two brief quotations to show the con-
dition of cherry culture in the South in Colonial days. The first is from
Bruce’s Economic History of Virginia.’

“In the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were few
plantations in Virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and peach
trees, pear, plum, apricot and quince. The number of trees was often
very large. The orchard of Robert Hide of York* contained three hundred
peach and three hundred apple trees. There were twenty-five hundred
apple trees in the orchard of Colonel Fitzhugh.‘ Each species of fruit
was represented by many varieties; thus, of the apple, there were mains,
pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens and bachelors; of
the pear, bergamy and warden. The quince was greater in size, but less
acidulated than the English quince; on the other hand, the apricot and
plum were inferior in quality to the English, not ripening in the same
perfection.’ Cherries grew in notable abundance. So great was the
productive capacity of the peach that some of the landowners planted

1 Bruce Economic History of Virginia 1:468. 1895.

2 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
3 Records of York County vol. 1694-1697, p. 71, Va. State Library.
4 Letters of William Fitzhugh April 22, 1686.

5 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI—XII, p. 628.

62 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using the fruit to fatten their
hogs;! on some plantations, as many as forty bushels are said to have
been knocked down to the swine in the course of a single season.’’?

The second quotation is from Lawson’s History of Carolina.’

““We have the common, red and black cherry, which bear well.
I never saw any grafted in this country, the common excepted, which
was grafted on an indian plum stock, and bore well. This is a good way,
because our common cherry trees are very apt to put scions all around
the tree for a great distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the tree
and fruit. Not only our cherries are apt to do so, but our apples and
most other fruit trees, which may chiefly be imputed to the negligence
and unskillfulness of the gardner. Our cherries are ripe a month sooner
than in Virginia.”

CHERRIES IN THE MIDDLE WEST

At a surprisingly early date the cherry, with the apple, peach, pear
and plum, was being grown far inland in the New World. Southeastern
Michigan was settled in 1701 at Detroit and within a half-century settle-
ments had been made at Vincennes, Indiana; Kaskaskia and Cahokia,
Illinois; and at Saint Louis and several other points in Missouri. The
orchards and gardens of the early French settlers in these states live in
the traditions of all the settlements; but much more substantial evidence
was to be found a century ago, and in the case of the apple and pear may
still be found, in the venerable trees of all the tree-fruit in and about
these old French posts. ‘‘ The homes of these pioneers,’ so good an
authority as Parkman tells us, ‘‘ were generally placed in gardens sur-
rounded by fruit trees of apples, pears, cherries and peaches.’’ Were
proof lacking of these early plantations, it might be assumed that people
so fond of horticulture as the French would not long be unmindful of the
value to themselves and their posterity of plantations of fruit trees.

CHERRIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST
The history of the cherry in America is not complete without some
mention of its introduction, culture and the development of new varieties
on the Pacific coast. Indeed, it is not too much to say that at no time
nor at any place in its whole history has the cherry made greater advance-
ment than during the last half-century in Oregon, California and Wash-
ington — naming the states in order of their contribution to cherry culture.

‘ Beverley History of Virginia p. 260.
? Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
3 Lawson History of Carolina 183. 1714. (Reprint of 1860.)

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 63

At about the time the colonies were beginning their struggle with the
mother country for independence, Franciscan monks were establishing
missions in California. To these they brought seeds of fruits, grains,
flowers and vegetables, as several historians of the missions tell us, and
as the trees found by Americans a few decades later make certain as regards
fruits. It is probable that by the close of the Revolutionary war all sub-
tropical and temperate fruits of Europe were to be found cultivated in
the missions of California. Among these, in an enumeration of the products
of the missions, the cherry is listed by E. S. Capson.t| From its introduc-
tion at approximately the close of the Eighteenth Century, the cherry con-
tinued to be cultivated, at times more or less sparsely to be sure, until,
by conquest in the war with Mexico, California passed into the possession
of the United States. A new era in horticulture began in California soon
after the influx of gold-seekers in 1849, some of whom, noting the oppor-
tunities of fruit-growing, at once began the importation of seeds and plants.

Modern fruit-growing on the Pacific Coast, however, began in Oregon.
The California Argonauts of ’49 were much too busily engaged in digging
gold to think of getting it indirectly by tilling the soil, whereas the men
who were then crossing the plains from Missouri or sailing around the
Horn from New England to Oregon were home-makers and true tillers
of the soil. These early Oregonians were the forerunners in the zeal and
enterprise which have made horticulture on this coast the marvel of modern
agriculture. But one of the several early horticulturists of Oregon can
be mentioned here, he deserving special mention by virtue of his work
with cherries.

Until 1847 the few cultivated fruits to be found in Oregon were seed-
lings mostly grown by employees of the Hudson Bay Fur Company. In
that year there was a notable importation of cultivated fruits across the
plains —a venture which quickly proved pregnant with results in fruit
harvests which have not ceased and give promise long to continue.
Henderson Lewelling crossed the plains from Henry County, Iowa, and
brought with him a choice selection of grafted fruits. These he transported
in boxes of soil which he hauled in a wagon drawn by oxen. Arriving
in Oregon late in the fall of 1847 he found that he had 300 trees alive which
he planted at what is now Milwaukee, a few miles south of Portland on
the east side of the Willamette River. Later, seeds were brought for

1 History of California 111. 1854.

64 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

stocks, though for the cherry the wild species, Prunus emarginata and
Prunus virginiana, were used and very successfully, until Mazzard and
Mahaleb seeds could be obtained. In this travelling nursery, Lewelling
brought to Oregon cherries of the Bigarreau, the English Morello and
probably of several other types. The label of one of the cherries was lost
and this unknown was renamed Royal Ann. Unfortunately, it was one of
the best known of all cherries that for the time being lost its identity —
the Napoleon, which probably has been cultivated for three centuries and
since 1820 has borne the name of the great General. With dogged
perseverance the West Coast fruit-growers continue the name “ Royal
Ann” to the great confusion of systematic pomology.

But of chief import to cherry culture were the subsequent operations in
the Lewelling nursery at Milwaukee. Lacking proper stocks, Seth Lewell-
ing, who had succeeded Henderson in the nursery business, grew a great
many cherries from seeds. From these he afterward selected and dis-
seminated varieties that have made Oregon famous not only for what
are probably the finest sweet cherries in the world but for a long list of
new and desirable varieties — as Republican, Lincoln, Willamette Seedling
and Bing. We call to mind no greater success in bringing into being new
fruits from a few lots of seedlings than in the case of Lewelling and his
cherries. Lewelling’s work stimulated others to breed cherries and among
many seedlings that have since been named in the Northwest the Lambert
and Oregon are well worthy of mention.

The facts of time and place in the beginning of cherry culture which
we have tried to set forth in this chapter have, we think, some historical
and narrative interest. Yet, the main value of the facts are not in history
and story. Rather, at least so we hope they will be interpreted, these
brief records show what the crude material was out of which our present
cultivated cherry flora has been developed; what the steps were in the
domestication and development of the cherry; what economic purposes
they have served; and who the peoples are and what the methods were
in bringing the cherry to its present state of development. In a word,

the chapter will not have served the purpose for which it is mainly intended
if it does not furnish facts and inspirations toward the further evolution
of the cherry.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 65

CHAPTER III
CHERRY CULTURE

The magnitude of the cherry industry in the United States is not
generally appreciated. This is because cherries are very largely grown
in small home plantations and the product is either consumed at home
and in local markets, or is sent to canning factories and is therefore disposed
of without the display attending the production and marketing of fruits sold
in the general market. The following figures from the last census show the
importance of the industry. There were in 1909, according to the census
taken in I910, 11,822,044 bearing cherry trees in the United States and
5,621,660 trees not of bearing age. The bearing trees bore 4,126,099
bushels of fruit valued at $7,231,160. When this, the thirteenth census,
was taken the cherry ranked fifth in commercial value among orchard fruits,
being surpassed in the order named by the apple, peach, plum and pear.

The yield of fruit was 43.6 per centum greater in 1909 than in 1899.
This high percentage of increase has been brought about in several ways.
The recent development of rapid transportation, refrigerator service and
of marketing facilities has greatly stimulated the culture of this as of all
other fruits in the United States. An increased demand for canned and
preserved cherries has sprung up so that cherries are much more used
now than formerly, the trade in preserved cherries for confections and
various drinks in particular having greatly increased. Lastly, better care
of orchards and better means of combating insects and fungi have increased
the yields during the last decade.

Cherries are grown in greater or less quantities in every state in the
Union but commercially the industry is confined to a few states having
especial advantages in climate, soil and markets. In but six states, accord-
ing to the last census, was the value of the cherry crop more than a half-
million dollars, the states being: California $951,654, Pennsylvania $909,975,
Ohio $657,406, Michigan $590,829, New York $544,508, Indiana $508,516.
In New York in particular, recent plantings of this fruit have been so
great that at this writing, July, 1914, the figures given for this State could
be increased by a quarter at the very least, and no doubt they could be
largely increased also for California and Michigan. The great growth
of the canning industry is most largely responsible for the large plantings
of cherries in recent years in regions especially suited to this fruit.

a

66 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

In the several states named, the cherry industry is further localized.
Thus, in the 61 counties in New York, the cherry is grown largely in but
12, the number of trees in each of these being: Columbia 78,526, Niagara
61,786, Monroe 49,831, Ontario 36,394, Wayne 35,385, Erie 29,483, Onon-
daga 25,932, Seneca 27,063, Chautauqua 24,483, Steuben 15,412, Orleans
14,682 and Cayuga 14,319. If the figures just given, the total number
being 413,296, are compared with the number of trees in the State, 674,000,
it will be seen that the industry is quite localized, two-thirds of the cherries
being grown in 12 of the 61 counties, though the fact is brought out in the
census that cherries are grown on 59,408 farms in New York, showing
that this fruit is much grown for home use. Further figures of interest
as regards New York are that the cherry crop in 1909 amounted to 271,597
bushels which sold for $544,508. The plantings in the State cover in
the neighborhood of 9,500 acres.

A canvass of the leading cherry-growers and nurserymen in the United
States shows that, in all parts of the country excepting California, Oregon
and Washington, Sour Cherries are much more commonly grown than
Sweet Cherries. In New York at least 90 per cent of the cherry trees are of
sour varieties and this proportion will hold for the region east of the Rockies.
The leading commercial varieties of Sour Cherries, in order named, are
Montmorency, Early Richmond and English Morello. No other variety
is nearly as commonly grown as is even the least well known of these three.
No one of the Duke cherries is mentioned as of commercial importance,
but May Duke, Late Duke and Reine Hortense are frequently grown in
home plantations.

Growers of Sweet Cherries are not nearly as closely in accord as to
the best varieties as are those who grow sour sorts. The most popular
Sweet Cherries in the East seem to be Windsor, Black Tartarian, Napoleon
and Wood with a very insistent statement of the few who have tried it
that Schmidt is better than any of these for the market. On the Pacific
Coast honors go to Napoleon, which the Westerners continue to call Royal
Ann despite the fact that it has been cultivated for three centuries and
had been called Napoleon for nearly a half-century before Lewelling took
it to Oregon in 1847. Other popular sorts on the Pacific seaboard are
Bing, Lambert and Republican — all western productions.

Rather more important than the information obtained from growers
of cherry trees as to varieties was that as to the stocks on which cherries

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 67

are grown in America. This brings us to a discussion of the whole subject
of stocks for cherries.
STOCKS FOR CHERRIES

Cherries have been grown in America for over 200 years and for 50
years the crop has been important commercially. Yet despite the extent
and the importance of the industry and the years it has been in existence,
curiously enough so fundamental a question as the best stock upon which
to grow cherries has not yet been settled; indeed, though cherries behave
markedly different on the several stocks, interest as to which is the best
seems but recently to have been aroused. Now there is a rather warm
controversy as to which is the better of the two leading stocks, the Maz-
zard or the Mahaleb.

Fruit-growers on one side hold that the Mazzard is the best stock
for all orchard varieties of this fruit while nurserymen controvert this
view and say that the Mahaleb is at least a fit stock for sweet sorts and
is the best one for Sour Cherries, and, moreover, that it is now impossible
to grow cherries on Mazzard roots at prices that fruit-growers are willing
to pay. Since no systematic attempts seem to have been made to deter-
mine the peculiarities and values of these two and other cherry stocks
both sides dispute without many facts. Meanwhile, a fine crop of mis-
understandings has grown up about the whole matter of cherry stocks.
It is worth while to attempt to clear up some of the misunderstandings.
The first step toward this end is to describe and give the botanical and
horticultural relationships of the Mazzard and Mahaleb cherries to orchard
cherries.

The Mazzard, as we have seen, is a common name, of uncertain origin,
of the wild Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from which has come all culti-
vated Sweet Cherries. It is important to recall that the trees of the
Mazzard reach a height of thirty or forty feet and the trunk often attains
a diameter of eighteen or twenty inches. Other characters to be kept
in mind are that the Mazzard lacks hardiness to cold but grows vigorously
and is usually healthy, though susceptible to several fungi, one of which,
the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, makes it a most difficult plant
to grow in the nursery. Trees and fruit coming from the Mazzard used as
a stock are very uniform, a fact easy to ascertain in New York where this
stock has been largely used for nearly a century. The Mazzard is almost
always grown from seed for stocks though suckers are occasionally used —
a poor practice.

68 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

The Mazzard, or at least the Sweet Cherry, has probably been more
or less used as a stock since the earliest cultivation of this fruit. The
Greeks and Romans practiced budding and grafting centuries before Christ’s
time and when the cherry came to them as a domesticated fruit, at least
three or four centuries before Christ, they undoubtedly made use of bud-
ding and grafting! to maintain varieties and in the case of the Sour Cherry,
if they had it, and they probably did, to avoid the suckers that spring
from the roots of the trees. The literature of fruit-growing is scant and
fragmentary during the Middle Ages but beginning with the herbals in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries there are many treatises on fruits
and botany and in several of these the use of the wild Sweet Cherry, the
Mazzard, is mentioned.”

In America the Mazzard as a stock probably came into use soon after
the establishment of Prince’s nursery at Flushing, Long Island, about 1730,
budding and grafting seeming to have been little practiced in the New
World before the founding of this nursery. The use of the Mazzard
as a stock is mentioned probably for the first in Coxe’s Fruit Trees,‘ the

1 Varro (B. C. 117-27), as we have seen on page 47, tells when to graft cherries and discusses the
process as if grafting cherries were a common operation.

2In The Country-Man's New Art of Planting and Grafting, written by Leonard Mascall, 1652, the
writer says, ‘‘Sower Cherries . . . will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small Cions
which do come from the roots; then plant them.

“Ye must have respect unto the Healme Cherry, [a sweet cherry of the time] which is graft on the
wild Gomire [Mazzard] which is another kind of great Cherry, and whether you do prune them or not,
it is not materiall; for they dure a long time.”

R. A. Austen, in his Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653, writes, ‘‘ Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-trees,
I account the black Cherry stock (Mazzard) the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon. Yet some say
the red Cherry stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are goodly straight Plants
full of sap and become greater trees than the red Cherry trees.’

John Reid, The Scots Gard'ner, 1683, writes, ‘‘ Dwarfe Cherries on the Morella, or on the common
Red Cherrie. Or on that Red geen which is more Dwarffish than the black.”’

John Lawrence, The Clergyman’s Recreation, 1714, declared that, ‘‘ Black Cherries (Mazzard) are
the only Stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of Cherries.”

3“ The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of modern date. It was introduced
by Mr. Prince, a native of New York, who erected a Nursery in its neighborhood about forty years ago.
But since the late American revolution, others have been instituted in this and some other parts of the
United States. Mr. Livingston has lately established one, not far from the city of New York, which can
vie with some of the most celebrated ones in Europe. May he, and others, who have undertaken in that
useful branch of business, meet with encouragement and success. Nothing in the extensive field of Horti-
culture can afford more agreeable amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage.’’ Forsyth
on Fruit Trees, Albany, N. Y., 1803:278.

4“The cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting —from its disposition to throw out gum
from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. The heart cherries
do not succeed well on any but the black Mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries do as well on Morello

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 69

second American treatise on fruits, published in 1817, and again in
Thacher’s American Orchardist, published in 1822.' Both authors, as
the footnotes show, speak of the use of this stock as if it were in common
use in American nurseries. Neither mentions the Mahaleb.

The Mahaleb, Prunus mahaleb, it will be remembered from the
description previously given, is a bush or bush-like cherry, sometimes
but not often attaining the height and port of a tree. The top is thick,
with rather slender ramifying branches bearing small, green, smooth,
glossy leaves, which resemble those of the apricot more than they do the
leaves of either species of orchard cherries. The fruits are at first green,
then yellowish, turning to red and at full maturity are shining, black and
so hard, bitter and astringent as to be scarcely edible. This brief
description of Prunus mahaleb shows that it is quite distinct from either our
commonly cultivated Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, or the Sour Cherry,
Prunus cerasus, differing from either much more than the two edible species
differ from each other. It is quite as far removed from the Sweet or the
Sour Cherry botanically as the apple is from the pear, the quince, or the
thorn and if anything more distantly related than orchard cherries are
to plums. One would expect the wood structure of the Mahaleb to differ
from that of Sweet or Sour Cherries very materially and that even if the
union proved in budding or grafting wholly normal that there would
be some difficulty in the proper passage of nutritive solutions between
stock and cion. This cherry, as we have seen, is propagated almost entirely
from seed though it may easily be grown from layers, cuttings and suckers.
The American supply of Mahaleb stock comes from France.

The Mahaleb seems to have come into use as a stock for other cherries

stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the cracks in the bark, from frost and sun
on the south-west side; this injury may be almost effectually prevented by planting on the east side of
board fences or buildings, or by fixing an upright board on the south-west side of each tree in open
situations.

“The best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. Stocks raised from suckers of
old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens: diseases of
old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for stocks.’’ Coxe Fruit
Trees 18172253.

1“ The cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the variety
of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on cherry stocks: budding
is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing of the gum than when grafted. The
stocks are obtained by planting the seeds in a nursery, and the seedlings are afterwards transplanted.
Those kinds which are called heart cherries are said to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for
the round kind, the Morello stocks are preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms,
or to cracks in the bark, from frost and heat of the sun.” Thacher American Orchardist 1822:212.

70 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

in France having been first mentioned for this purpose by Duhamel du
Monceau in his 7raite des Arbres Fruitiers in 1768.'

Miller in his Gardener's Dictionary, 1754, describes the Mahaleb cherry
and says it was ‘‘ Cultivated in 1714 by the Duchess of Beaufort.’’ This
seems to be the first mention of its culture in England though Gerarde
in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes describes it. Neither mentions
its use as a stock. In fact, it seems not to have been mentioned as a stock
in England until 1824 when Loudon in the Encyclopedia of Gardening
speaks of it as “‘ the most effectual dwarfing stock.’’?

It was not until after the middle of the Nineteenth Century that
the Mahaleb came into use in America, none of the horticultural writers
in the first half of the last century, as Cobbett, 1803; McMahon, 1806;
Coxe, 1817; Thacher, 1822; Prince, 1828; Kenrick, 1833; Manning, 1838;
Thomas, 1846; Floy, 1846, nor Cole, 1849, having mentioned the Mahaleb
though nearly all speak of the Mazzard as the stock upon which cherries
are budded. Downing, in 1845, makes first mention of the Mahaleb as
a stock in the New World;*? Thomas in his second edition, 1851, recom-
mends it as a stock to dwarf cherries;* Barry, 1852, says that Mahaleb
stock is imported from Europe;’ while Elliott, in 1854, also speaks of it as

?“So the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the
Merisier, upon the Cerisier with round fruit, and upon the Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie [Mahaleb]. All the
Cerisiers succeed well upon the Merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to the high-headed trees.
It has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. The Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie has the
same advantage. It receives very well the graft of all species of cherries and adapts itself to the worst
soils.” Duhamel Traite des Arbres Fruitiers 1:197. 1768.

2“ Varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild red
cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds. Some graft
on the Morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific; but the most effectual
dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the generality of soils in Britain.
Dubreuil of Rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of
a light, sandy or chalky nature. The stones of the cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly,
substituted for those of the wild sort, as being more easily procured.”” Loudon Enc. of Gard. 1824:924.

3°“ When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks; or when very dwarf trees
are wished the Perfumed Cherry, (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed; but as standards are almost universally
preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in
order to form lateral shoots near the ground.” Downing Fruit Trees of America 1845:164.

’

*“The stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the ‘ Perfumed Cherry ” or Prunus
Mahaleb, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts will usually
grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes.” Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 1849:351.

° “The principal stocks used for the cherry are the mazzard for standard orchard trees, and the mahaleb
for garden pyramids and dwarfs.

“The Mahaleb (Cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. The fruit is black,

PRUNUS MAMALEB

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 7

a dwarfing stock.! From this date on the Mahaleb is mentioned in all
American works on pomo ogy in which stocks for cherries are discussed.

Pains have been taken to show the exact date the Mahaleb began
to be used as a stock in America. The quotations show that this was
about 1850. They show, too, that at first and for a long time its only
use was as a dwarfing stock. But now the Mahaleb has almost wholly
superseded the Mazzard as a stock for all Sweet and Sour Cherries. Not
many cherries were propagated on the new stock until after 1860 when
its use, if we may judge from the accounts of fruit-growing, began to be
general and it grew so rapidly in favor that by 1880 it was more popular
than the Mazzard and in another decade had almost wholly taken the
place of the latter. Probably 95 per centum of the cherries grown in
this country are budded on the Mahaleb. Why has the Mahaleb sup-
planted the Mazzard? This is the question that immediately comes to
mind and to the discussion of which we proceed.

There is no question but that it is much easier to grow cherry trees
on Mahaleb stock in the nursery than on Mazzard and that usually a better
looking tree can be delivered to the fruit-grower on the first-named stock.
Seedlings of both stocks are imported from Europe and those of the
Mahaleb are usually cheaper. These reasons are sufficient for the
exclusive use of Mahaleb by nurserymen, and, were it certain that the
Mahaleb is the best stock for the fruit-grower, all hands might forthwith
renounce the Mazzard. In what respects is it easier to grow cherries on
the Mahaleb in the nursery than on the Mazzard ?

All know that the Sweet Cherry is a little difficult to grow — is capri-
cious as to soils, climates, cultivation and pruning, and as to diseases
and insects. The Mazzard now used for stocks has the faults of the species
to which it belongs. The Mahaleb, on the other hand, is adapted to
a greater diversity of soils; is hardier to either heat or cold; less particular
about cultivation; will stand more cutting in the nursery if pruning be
necessary; is less susceptible to aphids which in many parts of the United

about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. It blossoms and bears fruit when about three years
old. It is considerably cultivated in many parts of Europe, as an ornamental lawn tree. There are very
few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the stocks used are imported, or grown from
imported seeds.”’ Barry The Fruit Garden 1851:115, 117.

'“ Dwarf Trees —— Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or
Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union
is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30) they should be made to form heads branching
immediately from the ground.”’ Elliott Fr. Book 1854:185.

fz. THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

States trouble cherries in the nursery row; and, more to the point than all
else, in New York at least, is not nearly as badly infested with the shot-
hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, which often ruins plantations of Maz-
zard stock. Mahaleb stock, too, is more easily ‘‘ worked” than the
Mazzard both in the actual work of budding and in having a longer season
for this nursery operation. Cherries on Mahaleb ripen their wood earlier
than those on Mazzard and may thus be dug earlier in the fall.

Nurserymen and fruit-growers alike agree to this statement of the
superior merits of the Mahaleb as a nursery plant. The facts set forth
are matters of common observation —so well known that it is not neces-
sary to verify them experimentally. A half-century of experience in America
on many soils, in many climates and under widely varied conditions has
demonstrated that it is easier to grow cherries in the nursery on the Maha-
leb than on the Mazzard stock.

From experience in the orchard, fruit-growers have established several
facts as to the relative value of Mazzard and Mahaleb stocks from their
standpoint. These are:

1. Cherries on Mahaleb are hardier to cold than those on Mazzard
stocks. This hardiness is due, in part at least, to the fact that cherry
wood on Mahaleb ripens sooner than on Mazzard. This superior hardi-
ness of the Mahaleb is evident in the nursery-row as well as in the
orchard and is a matter of great importance in northern nursery regions.
In this connection it should be said that the Mahaleb is not as hardy as
might be wished and that there are, as we shall later show, still hardier
stocks.

2. There is no question but that the Mahaleb is a dwarfing stock.
It came into use and in Europe continues to serve almost the sole purpose
of dwarfing varieties worked upon it. This retarding effect is not fully
realized by American cherry-growers because for the first few years the
diminution in size is not apparent and even at the close of a decade the
difference in size is not as marked as it would be between standard and
dwarf apples or pears of the same age.

3. Cherry-growers who have tried both stocks agree that most varie-
ties come in bearing earlier on Mahaleb than on Mazzard stocks. From
the known effects of dwarfing on other fruit trees this would be expected.

4. The size of the cherries is the same on trees grown on the two
stocks. The claim is made that apples and pears are a little larger on
dwarf trees and that when peaches and plums are dwarfed the fruit is

PRUNUS AVIUM (MAZZARD)

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 73

smaller. No one seems to have seen or to have thought that there are
differences in the size of cherries grown on Mazzard or Mahaleb stock.

5. Better unions are made with Mazzard than with the Mahaleb.
This would be expected because of the close relationship of the Mazzard
to orchard cherries.

6. The Mahaleb is probably the more cosmopolitan stock — will thrive
on a greater diversity of soils than the Mazzard stock. In particular it
is somewhat better adapted to sandy, light, stony, and arid soils that are
not well adapted to growing cherries. Its root system is much nearer
the surface of the ground and it is, therefore, better adapted to shallow
soils than the Mazzard.

7. Though the evidence is somewhat conflicting on this point it is
probable that cherries on Mazzard live longer than on Mahaleb. It may
be that the frequent statements to this effect arise from the knowledge
that dwarf fruit-trees are generally shorter lived than standard trees since
there seem to be no records of actual comparisons.

8. Lastly, in climates where the cherry can be grown with reasonable
certainty and in soils to which this fruit is adapted, varieties on Mazzard
are more productive and profitable than on the Mahaleb stock. This
seems to be the concensus of opinion among growers in the great cherry
regions of California, Oregon, Washington, Michigan and New York.

Several other stocks have been more or less successfully used for
cherries and a great number have never been tried that might make good
stocks. In a country as diversified as ours and in a state as variable in
soil and climate as New York and with the manifold varieties of Sweet
and Sour Cherries, it is almost certain that under some conditions there
are stocks more desirable than either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The resources
of the cherry-grower in this direction are so great that in this account
we can but briefly outline them, describing but a few of the many stocks
that might be used.

In the colder parts of New York and of the United States, undoubtedly
seedlings of Russian cherries would make hardy and in most other respects
very desirable stocks. These Russian cherries, too, as a rule, come nearly
or quite true to seed, making very good orchard plants on their own roots.
Some of them, if not most of them, sprout rather badly — not so serious
a fault as one might think, especially in a cultivated orchard. For budding
over to other varieties only sour sorts should be used, taking for trial such
varieties as Bessarabian, Brusseler Braune, Double Natte, George Glass,

74 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Lutovka, Early Morello, Ostheim and Vladimir. Probably most of these
would dwarf standard varieties more or less but in no case is it to be sup-
posed that they would have the dwarfing effect of Mahaleb. In the North
Mississippi Valley some of these, especially of the Ostheim or Morello
type, have been very successfully used as stocks.

The small, wild, red cherry locally known as the Bird, Pin and as
the Pigeon Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica, found from the Atlantic to
the eastern slopes of the Coast Range on the Pacific in northern United
States and southern Canada, is often used as a hardy stock. The writer
has seen it so used in northern Michigan but from his observation can
recommend it only for cold regions and as a makeshift since it dwarfs
standard varieties and usually suckers badly. W.T. Macoun, Ottawa,
Canada, Dominion Horticulturist, states that this stock is commonly
used in the colder parts of Canada and with good results. This cherry
is not as distantly related to orchard varieties as the Mahaleb and unites
with Sour Cherries at least as readily as does the Mahaleb.

In the West and Northwest the Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila, is used
very successfully in cold, dry regions as a stock for Sour Cherries. The
following is a very good account of its behavior from the pen of the late
Professor J. L. Budd, a pioneer cherry grower in the Middle West."

“Those who have seen acres of the Sandy Cherry in the northwest
loaded with fruit have not been ready to believe it a good stock for the
cherry on account of its sprawling bushy habits of growth. But those
who have watched its growth when young under culture on rich soil can
comprehend the fact that it is as easy to work as the Mahaleb. As with
the Mahaleb the seedlings grown in seed bed will be large enough to set
in nursery row the next spring, and of good size for August budding. To
illustrate its rapidity and uprightness of growth I will state that we rooted
a few cuttings in plant house last winter. When set in nursery they had
made a show of growth of from two to four inches, yet at budding time,
the middle of August, they were fully as large, stocky and upright as the
Mahalebs, and in all respects in as perfect condition for budding.

“This hardiest of all cherries is very closely related to our garden
cherries, so nearly indeed that our botanists long ago decided that valu-
able crosses on it might be made.

‘““As yet its use for stocks is somewhat experimental, but we can say
positively that it united well with our hardy sorts in budding, and it does
not dwarf the sorts worked upon it to a greater extent during the first
five years of growth than does the Mahaleb.”’

1 Towa Sta. Bul. 10:425. 1890.

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK AS)

There are records of the Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana,! and of the
Rum, or wild Black Cherry, Prunus serotina, having been used as stocks
but these long-bunch, or racemose, cherries are so distantly related to the
short-bunch, or fascicled, orchard cherries that it would seem that their use
would be desirable only under great stress.

In Japan a horticultural variety of Prunus pseudocerasus is used
as a stock. Of this cherry for this purpose, Professor Yugo Hoshino of
the Tohoku Imperial University at Sapporo, Japan, writes as follows:

“You wish to know about the cherry stocks used in this country.
It is very rare to use our common wild cherry as a stock for European
cherries. In Hokkaido (Yozo Island), we commonly use the seedlings of
European Sweet and Sour Cherries as stocks. But in the northern part
of Japan proper (Main Island), it is a common practice to graft European
cherries on a special kind of our cherry. This cherry has particular char-
acters which fit it for propagation; namely, it roots very easily either from
cuttings or by layering (mound). Its botanical position is not certain,
but it is probable that it is a cultural variety of Pseudocerasus, especially
bred for stock purposes. It is grown by nurserymen only and called Dai-
Sakura. (Dai means stock: Sakura means cherry.) It has a somewhat
dwarfing influence on cions and hastens their fruiting age.”

This stock ought to be tried in America if, indeed, it is not already
under cultivation from introductions made by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

These are but a few of many cherries that have been or might be
tried as stocks for orchard varieties. There are many species of cherries
more closely related to the cultivated edible sorts than the Mahaleb.
Many of the cherries from Asia, not now known to growers, will eventually
find their way to America; a few have already been introduced by the
United States Department of Agriculture; some of them can undoubtedly
be used as stocks and from them we may hope to find a better stock than
either the Mazzard or Mahaleb.

Cherries are now grown almost wholly as budded trees but they can
be more or less readily root-grafted, depending upon the variety. Under
some circumstances it might be profitable to propagate them by grafting.
Usually it is necessary to use a whole root and to graft at the crown of
the stock. Budd recommends this practice for Iowa, using Mazzard stock

| Prunus virginiana was used as a stock in Oregon in 1850 as there were no other stocks available.

The union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. Seth Lewelling N. W.
Horticulturist Nov. 1887.

76 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

but with the expectation that the cion will take root and eventually the
tree will stand on its own roots." We cannot believe, however, that graft-
ing can ever take the place of budding as a nursery practice or that it can
be profitably used except in very exceptional cases.

Buds in propagating are usually taken from nursery stock, a practice
of decades, and there is no wearing out of varieties. Old varieties have
lost none of the characters accredited to them a century, or several
centuries, ago by pomological writers. Nor does it seem to matter, in
respect to trueness to type, whether the buds be taken from a vigorous,
young stripling, a mature tree in the hey-day of life or some struggling,
lichen-covered ancient — all alike reproduce the variety. The hypothesis
that fruit-trees degenerate or, on the other hand, that they may be improved
by bud-selection, finds no substantiation in this fruit. There seems to
be no limit to the number of times its varieties can be propagated true
to type from buds.

CHERRY CLIMATES AND CHERRY SOILS

Climate and soil have been the chief determinants of location for
cherry-growing in New York. Both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries
are profoundly influenced by the natural environment in which they are
grown — Sweet Cherries rather more so than any other fruit, either climate
or soil dictating whether they may or may not be grown.

The Sour Cherry is at home in a great variety of climates, the vagaries
of weather affecting it but little. It is probably the hardiest to cold,
in some of its varieties at least, of all our tree fruits, thriving almost to
the Arctic Circle and from there southward, in some of its forms, quite
to the limits of the Temperate Zone. The blossoming season is relatively
late so that fruit-setting is seldom prevented by spring frosts. Yet, even
with this hardy fruit, it is necessary to take thought of heat and cold in
growing commercial crops; for spring frosts may wither the bloom or

1“ T will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on Mazzard roots as we
do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. In some cases since the
appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the cherry than with the
apple. This success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding rules, founded on the nature
of cherry wood: (1) Keep the scions dry until used. If given an opportunity they will absorb water
enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. In this condition they will fail to unite with the
root. (2) After grafting, pack in boxes with sand or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool
by opening at night and keeping closed during the day. If the buds start prior to the time of planting
in nursery they will usually fail to grow. It may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set
trees on Mazzard root will always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized
for root cuttings, as noted on a future page.”’ Ja. Sta. Bul. 10:424. 1890.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK We

summer heat and wind blast the crop if the orchard site be not well selected
as regards local weather.

The Sweet Cherry, on the other hand, must be coddled in every turn
of the season, in climatic requirements being particularly sensitive to
heat and cold. This cherry stands with the peach in not being able to
survive temperatures much below zero and in suffering greatly from spring
frosts because of early blooming. It is even more susceptible to heat than
the peach, and especially cannot endure long-continued heat, both fruit and
foliage suffering. The Sweet Cherry is at its best in a warm, sunny, genial,
equable climate. The Duke cherries, hybrids between the Sweet and the
Sour species, in the matter of hardiness are midway between the hardy Sours
and the tender Sweets though this is but a very general statement applying
to the group as a whole and not to individual varieties. Some of these
withstand cold and heat well while others are tender in either extreme.

Cherries are more at the mercy of moisture than of temperature con-
ditions. Continued rain at blossoming time will almost surely prevent
a proper setting of fruit; and the cherries crack, and brown-rot becomes
exceedingly aggressive if there is wet weather in harvest time. Late
summer rainfall to supply moisture to the trees is a matter of small concern to
the cherry-grower, for growth begins early and the crop is off the trees before
summer droughts usually begin. Where irrigation is practiced water for
the cherry is safely supplied at most seasons of the year except when har-
vest is in swing at which time the cherries will swell and crack if there be
too much water.

As with all fruits the direction, temperature and humidity of winds
are factors which decree whether or not cherries can be grown profitably
either in a locality or a region. A pocket in the hills filled with dead air
or a wind-swept highland would be unsatisfactory extremes; for, in the
first case, fungi, especially the dreaded brown-rot, would take too great
toll, and, in the second, blossoms would be blasted or foliage frazzled and
the fruit whipped. The harsh, drying winds of winter, too, would be
disastrous to Sweet Cherry culture and if extreme, as on the Great Plains,
wood and buds of Sour Cherries would suffer. Artificial wind-breaks have
not been found profitable in the hilly and wooded East, entailing too many
disadvantages, but if cherries be planted at all in the prairies of the Middle
West, some protection from the winds must usually be provided.

The two species from which cultivated cherries come grow with proper
vigor in quite different soils. The Sour Cherry and most of its hybrid

75 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

offspring, the Dukes, may be made to grow in almost any arable soil, but
the Sweet Cherry is fastidious ——to be pleased only by particular soils.

Sour Cherry orchards in New York most excel on strong, even-tem-
pered, loamy soils, naturally or artificially well drained yet retentive of
moisture. There is possibly a shade of difference in favor of clay loams
and some thriving plantations may be found on stiff clays having good
depth and good drainage. Wet, sticky clays underlaid with a cold, clammy
subsoil — a combination all too common in Central New York — furnish
conditions which defy the best of care and culture.

Sweet Cherry orchards are found excelling on lighter, and less fertile
soils than those we have described for the grosser feeding Sours. Growers
of Sweet Cherries conceive a perfect soil for this fruit to be a naturally
dry, warm, deep, free-working, gravelly or sandy loam. If the soil is not
naturally dry, it must be made so by artificial drainage, for this fruit is
most impatient of too much moisture or a root-run restricted by water.
In Sweet Cherry soils, as will be surmised, it is difficult to supply humus
yet this must be done either by cover crops or by manure to make the
soil sufficiently retentive of moisture. Sweet Cherries can be grown on
other soils than those under discussion but, for a large, firm, finely finished
product for the markets, only the soils described are suitable.

The conditions of soil and climate, as we have briefly defined them, that
favor cherry culture are to be found in several parts of New York. Briefly
we may name and describe the cherry regions of the State as follows:

The undulating, maritime plains of Long Island, covered with a thick
deposit of sand, are very well adapted to cherries where the soil is rich
enough to come under the plow. The genial climate, with its rather heavy
rainfall, is precisely that in which the cherry thrives, the region falling
short in the poorness of the soil—a fault easily remedied, where there
is good bottom, by manuring. Despite the fact that occasional trees and
plantations show that this fruit thrives on Long Island the cherry is not
much grown here, the industry needing some leader to show the way.

The valley of the Hudson from where the river leaves the mountains
on the north to its entrance into the highlands of its lower stretch is
admirably adapted to cherry-growing, both climate and soil meeting the
requirements of this fruit. In parts of the valley the industry has been
developed, Columbia County taking first place among the counties of the
State, with its 78,526 trees in 1909. The product of this region goes
chiefly to the great city market near at hand. Unfortunately the standard

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 79

of cultivation is low in the Hudson Valley and the handling and marketing
of the crop is also on a lower level than westward in the State. The cherry
harvest is earlier here than elsewhere in New York, if we except the small
crop of Long Island, an advantage, for prices usually fall rather than
stiffen as the season advances.

The great basin in which lie the Central Lakes of New York is far
famed for its Sour Cherry industry, the product going largely to canneries.
Some Sweet Cherries are grown — more and more are being planted —
about these lakes; but the rich, heavy soils which mostly prevail here-
abouts are more fit for varieties of the Sour Cherry; though the equable
climate makes almost certain the Sweet Cherry crop on soils suited to
its culture. Here, as elsewhere in the State, the acreage at this writing
is greatly on the increase though it is doubtful if the advance will much
longer weather the present depression in prices. All through this region,
as in that to the north, the Sweet Cherry grows wild, thriving like the
Biblical bay — seemingly a sheer gift of the soil and, like other gifts,
generally neglected.

The high plain along the shore of Lake Ontario from the St. Lawrence
River to the Niagara River, extending from the lake on the north from
ten to fifteen miles inland, is the region of greatest possibilities for the
cherry in New York. The climate of this great stretch of territory is
nearly perfect for this fruit and the soils are sufficiently diversified to furnish
a suitable habitat for any of the many varieties of either Sweet or Sour
cherries. In the past there have been so many ups and downs in the
cherry industry that fruit-growers in this favored belt have given more
attention to other fruits but for the last decade, until the recent down-
ward turn in the cherry market, the plantings have been greatly increased,
both Sweet and Sour cherries finding favor.

Not unlike the Ontario shore in climate, but quite unlike it in its
soils, is the shore of Lake Erie, the most westward topographical division
of New York in which cherries are grown. The mainstay of this region
is the grape, but, in seeking for a more diversified agriculture, Sour Cherry
culture was introduced some twenty years ago and has become a thriving
industry with prospects of continued growth. Here, as is so often the
case in agriculture, credit must be given to some one leader for the develop-
ment of a crop and the cherry orchards that dot the landscape for miles
about the home of the late John Spencer speak eloquently of his leader-
ship in this region.

80 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

A necessary accompaniment to a discussion of climate is a statement
of the dates of blooming of the various sorts of cherries; for often, through
selection with reference to this life event of the plant, injurious climatal
influences may be escaped at blooming-time. In the accompanying table
averages of the blooming dates of varieties of cherries for the years just
past, 1912 to 1914, are given.

In making use of these dates, consideration must be given to the
environment of the orchards at Geneva. The latitude of the Smith
Astronomical Observatory, a quarter of a mile from the Station orchards,
is 42° 52’ 46.2”; the altitude of the orchards is from five hundred to five
hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level. The soil is a stiff and
rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a mile west of Seneca Lake, a body
of water forty miles in length and from one to three and one-half miles
in width and more than six hundred feet deep. The lake has frozen over
but a few times since the region was settled, over a hundred years ago,
and has a very beneficial influence on the adjacent country in lessening
the cold of winter and the heat of summer and in preventing early blooming.

The dates are those of full bloom. They were taken from trees grown
under normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and as to all other
factors which might influence the blooming period. An inspection of
the table shows that there is a variation of several days between the time
of full bloom of the different varieties of the same species. These differ-
ences can be utilized in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost.

TABLE SHOWING BLOOMING DATES AND SEASON OF RIPENING

HE SoHE OE Season of ripening
May
Mid
4.5) Caos Om 10) Wl 12) 13a Om tes: Bary) season ay
P. avium
Bani gianiaavars cis esi perenstes . *
Black Tartarian.. ... * *
California Advance. . * *
Centennial......... “a *
Gleveland&. esc. * *
(CE ie ott eoe * x
Dikemanlss:... 0.2% * *
DOWNER * *
IBapless.c cite ois: ~ :
Early Purple....... * *
Bikhorn pe. cove * 7
Eltonhaseieociee cme e e

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 8I

TABLE SHOWING BLOOMING DATES AND SEASON OF RIPENING — Concluded

Blooming cate Season of ripening

May
Early Le Late
AS Onno melO Mime 2 atau TAs ES TO) 07.18 season

P. avium

IMercersici: oeisiostotie
Mezeliit: cairn aystass*
Napoleon. .). cy. «<
Republican.........
Rockport. << <is05.\

*
A)

* *
* *

*
*

n
ie)
Sa
5
ey
A
ct
*
*

P. cerasus
Bourgueileecye eee: *
Brusseler Braune... .

*

Early Morello...... <
Early Richmond..... *
English Morello... .. = =
George Glass....... * *
Heart-Shaped Weich-

* * & *

King Amarelle...... *
Large Montmorency. *

* © & &

=
i}
5
ot
B
3
®
3
8
<
*
*

n
U
p:
ro
Pa
3
p
5
oe
o
*

P. avium X P. cerasus
Abbesse d’Oignies. . . 2
Double Natte....... ~
Empress Eugenie.... s
ate Dukes epner ee - Z
May Duke......... *
Nouvelle Royale... . oe
Reine Hortense..... sd
Royal Duke........ A

* *

7) Hh

82 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

THE POLLINATION OF CHERRIES

We cannot complain in New York of much uncertainty in the setting
of the cherry crop. Late spring frosts occasionally catch the blossoms
of Sweet varieties but seldom those of the Sour sorts. Cold weather,
especially if accompanied by wet weather, not unfrequently cuts
short the cherry crop by preventing proper setting. There is, however,
no general complaint of poor crops through self-sterility. In fact from
the behavior of perfectly isolated trees in all parts of the State it would
be premised that the cherry is most nearly self-fertile of all tree-fruits.

Yet there may be orchards or seasons in which cross-pollination cuts
a figure, for Gardner’, of the Oregon Station, found in experiments carried
on by him in various parts of Oregon that many varieties of Sweet Cherries
in the Pacific Coast environment are self-sterile. The work seems to
have been very carefully done and the conclusions are worth reprinting
in full, bearing in mind that they would be much modified under New
York conditions. Gardener found:

““1, All the varieties of the Sweet Cherry tested are self-sterile. This
self-sterility is in no case due to a lack of germinability of the pollen pro-
duced. On the other hand, the pollen of each of the varieties studied
is capable of producing a set of fruit on the variety or varieties with which
it is inter-fertile. The list includes Bing, Black Republican, Black Tar-
tarian, Coe, Early Purple, Elton, Knight, Lambert, Major Francis, May
Duke, Napoleon, Rockport, Waterhouse, Willamette, Windsor, Wood.

“2. Certain of these varieties — Bing, Lambert, and Napoleon are
mentioned especially — are inter-sterile. Mixed plantings of these three
varieties cannot be expected to set fruit unless the trees are within the
range of influence of some other variety or varieties that are inter-fertile
with them.

‘3. Among those studied, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, and
Waterhouse seem to be the most efficient pollenizers for this group of
varieties.

‘““ 4. Other good pollenizers that may be mentioned are: Elton, Wood,
Coe, Major Francis, Early Purple. These, however, proved somewhat
variable in their pollenizing abilities.

‘“5. Some of the seedling trees found in and about cherry orchards
are efficient pollenizers for the three varieties — Bing, Lambert, Napoleon.
Probably many of these seedling trees are efficient pollenizers, though
the value of any particular seedling can be determined only by experiment
or very careful observation.

1Gardner, V. R. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry, Ore. Sta. Bul. 116236. 1913

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 83

‘““6, At least some members of the Duke group of cherries are capable
of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.

‘“7. At least some of the varieties of the Sour Cherry (P. cerasus) are
capable of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.

“8. Inter-sterility of Sweet Cherry varieties is apparently not corre-
lated with their closeness of relationship.

‘9. The ability of a variety of cherry to set fruit is not entirely
dependent upon the kind of pollen available. Environmental factors are
important.”

It is doubtful if New York cherry-growers will need to pay much atten-
tion to cross-pollination but, in case cherry trees are not setting full crops,
and for no other apparent reason, the fertility of the blossoms may well
receive attention. Should varieties be found self-sterile, sorts must be
chosen which come into blossom at the same time, in which case the pre-
ceding table shows the sorts which bloom together or nearly enough so to
make cross-pollination possible.

CHERRY ORCHARDS AND THEIR CARE

It is patent to the eye of every passer-by that cherry trees are com-
monly set too thickly in most of the orchards in New York. While close
planting is a universal fault, the amount of room differs greatly in
different cherry centers, depending mostly upon the custom in the com-
munity, though, as all confess, it should depend upon the variety and
the soil. The very erroneous notion seems to have prevailed in set-
ting the plantations now reaching maturity that a large return could
be skimmed from a small area by close setting, Sour Cherries often being
put only twelve feet apart each way and Sweet Cherries, considering their
great size, even closer, at sixteen feet. Experienced growers now put such
dwarf kinds as the Morellos at from sixteen to eighteen, the Montmorencies
and their kind at eighteen to twenty-two; and the large growing Sweet
Cherries at from twenty-four to thirty feet.

Cherries are usually planted two years from the bud. Spring is the
season for setting, though the hardy Sour sorts might often be set
advantageously in late autumn. The losses at setting time are greater
with the cherry than with any other fruit, old hands in fruit-growing losing
trees as well as beginners. An experiment at the Station shows that these
losses are greatly mitigated by a change in the usual method of trans-
planting. The custom is to shorten-in all branches of transplanted fruit-
trees but this, with the cherry in particular, removes the largest and

84 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

presumably the best nourished buds — certainly those from which would
soonest develop the leaves so necessary to sustain the breath of life in
the young plant and to give it a start. In the experiment at this Station
it was found that, if the top of the young tree was reduced by thinning
the branches instead of cutting all back, a much larger proportion of the
trees would strike root and live through our parching summers.

Cherry trees in the past have been headed three or four feet above
the ground but in new plantations they are now usually started lower —
at half of the above distances. Two forms of top are in vogue, the spire-
shape and the vase-shape. Sour Cherries are almost universally grown
with closed centers but some growers prefer the form of the vase for Sweet
varieties, though the majority hold to trees with central trunks and many
subsidiary branches. Little pruning is done in cherry orchards after the
first two or three years, by which time the sapling has been shaped. Sub-
sequent pruning consists in removing dead, injured or crowded branches
and an occasional superfluous one. MHeading-in finds little favor with
experienced growers. These few statements indicate that the cherry, as
now grown, is pruned but little, and that that little must be done very care-
fully, the pruning knife in the hands of a careless man being, with this
fruit, ‘a sword in the hands of a child.”

The general tuning-up in the cultivation of fruits during the past
quarter-century has had its influence on cherry culture. Commercial
orchards are no longer kept in sod and the clean, purposeful cultivation
that has taken the place of grass has doubled the output of cherries, tree
for tree, throughout the State, the difference in yield being especially
noticeable in seasons when drought lies heavy on the land. Cultivation,
as practiced by the best growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring
and then frequently stirring the soil until the first of August, at which
time a cover-crop is sown. If the soil is light, and therefore hungry and
thirsty, the plowing should be done early and the cultivator kept con-
stantly at work until cherry-picking. Cherry orchards often, without
apparent cause, have an indefinable air of malaise —look dingy and
unhappy — such require almost week-to-week cultivation to tide them over
their period of indisposition.

Grain, as well as grass, is discountenanced in cherry orchards, but
cultivated truck and farm crops in young plantations, or, under some con-
ditions, small fruits, are looked upon as permissible and often pay for
the keep of the young trees until they come into profitable bearing.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 85

Cover-crops are in common vogue in cherry orchards in New York and,
since with this fruit they can be sown earlier in the season, are used to
better advantage than in other orchards to furnish a full supply of humus
and to provide nitrogen. Brown-rot, an annual scourge in most cherry
orchards, takes less toll from trees cultivated and cover-cropped, these
operations covering the mummied fruits and keeping the spores they carry
from coming to light and life.

Cherry growers as a rule are not now using fertilizers for their crops.
It would seem that this is not doing duty by the land; but it must be
remembered that the cherry grows vigorously and that over-feeding may
stimulate the growth too much, laying the orchard open not only to unfruit-
fulness but to winter injury of bud and tree. Among those who use
fertilizers there is little accord as to what fertilizing compounds are best
or as to what the results have been. There is common agreement, how-
ever, that Sour Cherries respond more generally to fertilizers than the
Sweet sorts. Until there are carefully carried out fertilizer experiments
with this fruit the vexatious problems of fertilization cannot be solved.
Nitrate of soda seems to be a great rejuvenator in orchards laid down to
grass. Whatever the cause, when leaves lack color and hang limp, this
fertilizer is a sovereign tonic. Heavy dressings of stable manure are much
used in grassed-over orchards, as they are, also, in such as have had none
or but scant crops.

THE COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CHERRY-GROWING IN NEW YORK

Cherry growing is a specialist’s business in which, under the best
of conditions, there are more ups and downs than with other fruits.
Because of the great profits that have come to a few in the years just past
many growers have been drawn into the business in a small way or have
planted an acreage beyond their means to manage. The inevitable depres-
sion that follows over-planting is, at this writing, at hand and spells ruin
to some and disgust and discouragement in the industry to others.
Perhaps no fruit can better be left to men of reserve capital than the
cherry, and even with men of substance cherry-growing should largely
be incidental to the culture of other fruits — an industry to fit in to keep
land, labor and machinery employed.

Cherry trees begin to bear in the climate of New York when set from
three to five years. The varieties of Prunus cerasus first produce profit-
able crops but, at from six to eight years from setting, both Sweet and

86 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Sour sorts are in full swing as money-making crops. The limits of profit-
able age are not set by the life of the tree but, rather, by its size. Thus, .
cherry trees of either of the species commonly cultivated are not infre-
quently centenarians but the profitable age of an orchard is not often
more than from thirty to forty years. After this time the trees become
large and the expense of caring for them and of picking the fruit becomes
so great as to prevent profits. Moreover, disease, injuries and inevitable
accidents will have thinned the ranks of trees until the orchard is below
profit-making.

Cherry-picking begins in New York about the first of July, following
the rush in harvesting strawberries, and lasts, if the orchard contains both
Sweet and Sour varieties, from four to six weeks. Workers may in this
way fill in a gap between small-fruits and other tree-fruits and the crop
becomes one in which the grower may often take small profits to keep
his help employed; though, in the long run, if the more or less frequent
depressions can be weathered, the cherry may prove as profitable as other
fruits.

The problem of labor is a most vexatious one under present conditions,
it being impossible to obtain casual men laborers for cherry-picking and
women and children are unsatisfactory, since the fruit must be carefully
picked or both cherries and trees suffer. The problem is solved, unsatis-
factorily in most cases, in various ways by different growers. Most of
the crop is now picked by children in the teens under the eyes of men
or women supervisors. In picking for the market the stem is left on
and only the stem is touched by the fingers. Cherries for canning
factories are less laboriously picked. The picking package is usually an
eight-pound basket. The rate paid is one cent per pound. Pickers earn
$1.50 to $2.00 per day in good seasons. Close watch is kept on pickers
to prevent the breaking off of fruit-spurs, thereby destroying the succeeding
year’s crop, varieties fruiting in clusters suffering especially from careless-
ness in this respect. Cherries are picked a few days before full ripeness.

Cherries are sent to canneries in various packages but chiefly in
half-bushel baskets or paper-lined bushel crates, the container being often
supplied by the cannery. The six- and eight-pound baskets are the favored
receptacles for Sour Cherries in city markets but the Sweet sorts are rather
oftener sent in four-pound baskets and still more frequently in quart boxes.
In the larger packages not much effort is made to make the fruit attractive
but in the smaller ones, stemless and bruised cherries are thrown out and

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 87

the package filled, stem down, with the best fruits. In fancy grades all
of the fruit in the box is layered. The demands of the market, of course,
determine the package and the manner of packing. Cherries are seldom
stored longer than a few days at most in common storage and a week or
two weeks in cold storage.

There is a marked difference in the shipping and keeping qualities
of varieties of cherries, the sorts that keep longest and ship best, quite
at the expense of quality, having the call of the markets. Undoubtedly
this must remain so, though it is to be desired that local markets, at least,
be supplied with the best, irrespective of handling qualities. A further
factor that prevents the placing of choicely good cherries in distant
markets at all times is brown-rot, to be discussed later, which more often
attacks the juicy and usually the best-flavored varieties, oftentimes ruining
the pack on the way to market — one of the most discouraging events
incidental to cherry-growing.

Marketing machinery for cherries is at present very costly, inadequate
and frequently sadly out of gear. The fruit passes first from the grower
to a local buyer who ships to a center of consumption, transportation
companies taking heavy toll on the way. Jobbers or commission com-
panies, who in some cases receive the fruit direct from the grower, then
distribute the crop to retailers in the consuming centers. Lastly, the
retailer parcels out the quantities and the qualities demanded by the
housewife. The whole business of selling the crop is speculative and the
grower is fortunate to receive half of what the consumer pays and not
infrequently has all of his pains for nothing or may even be forced to
dip into his pocket for transportation. The perishableness of the product
and the present defects of distribution go far to make the crop the hazard-
ous one it is but all look forward to better times coming under an improved
system of marketing.

Up to the present, it must be said, but little effort has been made
in New York to ship far and to develop a trade in cherries other than at
the canneries. The canners have until the last year or two taken the
cream of the crop but with recent greatly increased plantings are now
over-supplied. The average grower, possessing a mixture of mental inertia
and business caution, has not sought other sources for the surplus fruit.
Bolder and more energetic spirits are now developing new markets and
opening up those to which other tree-fruits more generally go so that the
present over-production may prove a blessing in disguise. The greatly

88 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

increased demand, for Sour Cherries in particular, brought about by the
development of markets in 1913-14, are most hopeful signs for the future
of the cherry industry.

CHERRY DISEASES

Cherries, without preventive or remedial intervention, are at the mercy
of two or three fungus diseases and sometimes several others are virulent,
depending upon locality, season, weather and variety. One of these
diseases, brown-rot, in spite of the great advances in plant pathology of
recent years, is almost beyond the control of preventive or remedial
measures. Happily, all the others yield better to treatment.

Brown-rot! (Sclerotinia fructigena (Persoon) Schroeter), sometimes
known as fruit-mold or ripe-rot, very frequently attacks flowers and shoots
but is most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening cherries where its presence
is quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards
partly or wholly covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores.
The decayed fruits usually fall to the ground but sometimes hang to the
tree, becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of
fungus threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next
crop. The disease, in some seasons, like a withering blight, attacks twigs,
flowers and leaves early in the spring doing great damage to the young
growth and often wholly preventing the setting of fruit. The rot spreads
with surprising rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather either before
the fruit is picked or in baskets while being shipped or stored. Preventive
remedies have so far met with but indifferent success; probably the best
method of control is to destroy the mummy-like fruits and all other sources
of infection either by picking them from the trees, or much better by
plowing them under deeply. Varieties of cherries show various degrees
of susceptibility to brown-rot. All Sweet Cherries are more subject to
the disease than the Sour sorts. But with either of the two species there
are great variations in the susceptibility of the varietal hosts — a matter
specially noted in a later chapter in the discussion of varieties.

Another serious disease of the cherry, and probably the most striking
one in appearance, is the black-knot? (Plowrightia morbosa (Schweinitz)
Saccardo), characterized by wart-like excrescences on shoots and branches.

1Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight, Journ. Myc. 5:123-134. 1889. Quaintance, A. L.
The Brown Rot, etc., Ga. Sta. Bul. 50:237-269, figs. I-g. 1900.

2Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, Bulletin Bussey Institution 440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D.
Destroy the Black Knot, etc., N. J. Sta. Bul. 78:1-14. 1891.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 89

Black-knot looks more like the work of an insect than a fungus and was
long supposed to be such even by those who were studying the trouble.
The knots begin to form early in the summer and are of characteristic
color and texture — dark green, soft and velvety, but in the fall, as the
fungus ripens, the color changes to coal-black and the knots become hard
and more or less brittle. The excrescences usually form on one side of
a twig or branch so that death seldom follows quickly. The disease attacks
both wild and cultivated plants in every part of this continent where
cherries are grown but is epidemic only in the East, the cherry regions
of the West being practically free from the disease. Up to the present
time the fungus has not been found elsewhere than in America. Happily,
black-knot may be controlled by cutting out the diseased wood. To
completely eradicate the fungus, if it is especially virulent, however, the
orchard must be gone over several times during a season. In New York
the removal of black-knot is ordered by law, the results showing that
when the law is obeyed, especially if there be hearty co-operation among
growers, eradication is usually possible. Sweet Cherries are much less
attacked by black-knot than the Sour sorts but the differences in immunity
between varieties in either of the two species are not very marked — at
least such is the case on the grounds of this Station where the disease
is always present and is often very prevalent.

Exoascus cerasi Fuckel! is the cause of a very striking deformity of
the cherry in Europe, both Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus being
attacked. The disease has been reported in America but has not yet
become virulent. The fungus attacks the branches, causing a clustering
of the twigs in the form of a broom, giving it the name witches’ broom.
The leaves on the diseased twigs usually take on a crinkled shape and a
reddish color. The malady may be readily prevented by the destruction
of affected branches.

In common with other species of Prunus the foliage of cherries is
attacked by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the
dead areas usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot.
Thus we have “shot-hole fungus,’’ “‘ leaf-spot’’ and “ leaf-blight ” as
effects of these diseases. Three fungi are in the main responsible for these
leaf troubles; these are Cylindrosporium padi Karsten,? Mycospherella

1 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 185, fig. 68. 1909.
*Higgins, B. B. Contributions to the Life History and Physiology of Cylindrosporium on Stone
Fruits, Am. Jour. Bot. 1:145-173. 1914.

gO THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

cerasella Aderhold' and Cercospora circumscissa® Saccardo. The ravages of
these fungi are prevented by the proper use of bordeaux mixture and lime
and sulphur, remedies which, however, must be used with some care to
avoid spray injury. With these, as with other fungi, cultivation has
a salutary effect as it destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi
during their resting period.

Cherry leaves are often covered with a grayish powder which in
severe cases causes them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. This
powdery substance consists of the spore-bearing organs of a mildew *
(Podosphera oxyacanthe De Bary). Powdery mildew is much more
common on nursery stock than on fruiting trees and in New York is a
serious pest on young cherry trees. In the nursery, injury may be pre-
vented by the use of copper sprays or lime and sulphur, either of which
is also an efficient preventive in the orchard but the mildew is seldom
prevalent enough on orchard plants to require treatment.

Wherever cherries are grown in either the nursery or orchard, crown
gall‘ (Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend) has obtained a footing.
In the North at least, it seldom greatly injures old trees, but if the galls
girdle a nursery plant serious injury results. Therefore, badly infected
young trees showing galls should not be planted. However, but little
harm is liable to result under most conditions. When infected plants
have been planted it has been found that galls vary greatly in duration,
sometimes disappearing within a year or two and at other times persisting
indefinitely. The tumor-like structures are usually at the collar of the
plant and vary from the size of a pea to that of a man’s fist, forming at
maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored masses. Neither prevention nor
cure has been discovered, though it is known that soils may be inoculated
with the disease from infected stock and that, therefore, diseased trees
should not be planted in soils virgin to the galls. It is probable that there
are differences in the susceptibility of Sweet and Sour cherries to the
fungus and that the varieties of the two species vary in their resistance

1 Aderhold, R. Mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die Perithecienform von Cercospora cerasella Sacc.
und ihre Entwicklung, Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 18:246-249. 1900.

2 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 314. 1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond Trees,
Jour. Myc. 7:66-67, Pls. 11-14. 1892.

3 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 226. 1909.

4Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C.O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin, Science 25:671-673. 1907.
Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown Gall, Ariz. Sta. Bul. 33: 1-64, figs. I-31. 1900. Hedgcock,
G. C. Crown Gall, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 90:15-17, Pls. 3-5. 1906.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK gI

but as yet no one seems to have reported on the differences in suscepti-
bility of cherries to the disease.

The leaf-rust! (Puccinia pruni-spinose Persoon) of stone-fruits, occur-
ring rarely on the fruit, sometimes attacks cultivated cherries and is a rather
common disease of the wild Prunus serotina. Thisrust is troublesome only,
however, in warm, moist climates. It is most apparent in the fall and is
easily recognized through its numerous rust-colored sori on the underside
of the leaves. Defoliation takes place in severe infestations. Either bor-
deaux mixture or lime and sulphur may be used as a preventive.

Old cherry trees are often attacked by a fleshy fungus or “ toadstool ’”
(Polyporus sulphureus (Bulliard) Fries). This fungus is said to be world-
wide in its distribution and to occur upon a large variety of trees. It is
very striking in appearance, the clusters appearing during late summer
or early autumn in large, shelving branches, the sporophores fleshy and of
cheese-like consistency when young but becoming hard and woody with
age. At first the “ toadstools’’ are all yellow but later only the under
surfaces are yellow while the upper surface is orange-red. The plants
are more or less odoriferous, the odor increasing with age. Happily, the
fungus is not very virulent but is often the cause of decay in the tree-trunk—
the brown-rot of the wood of this and other orchard and forest plants.
In localities where the fungus thrives it may usually be controlled by
covering all wounds with tar or other antiseptic materials.

At least two other fleshy fungi have been found injuring cherries.
These are Clitocybe parasitica Wilcox* and Armillaria mellea Vahl.,* the
latter the honey agaric, more or less abundant in both Europe and America.
Both are associated with and are probably a cause of the root-rot of the
cherry and other orchard fruits. Neither is a common enough pest in
this country, however, to receive extensive description in texts on diseases
of plants. Control measures are different in localities where fungi occur,
consisting in the main of getting rid of stumps and roots in orchard lands
and planting to field crops before using for orchard purposes. Infected
trees should be removed or isolated by trenching about them.

1 Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 353-355, Pl. 3. 1887.

? Atkinson, Geo. F. Studies of Some Shade Tree and Timber Destroying Fungi, Cor. Agl. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 193:208-214. 1901. Schrenk, H. von. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl. 25:40-52,
Pls. 11 (in part), 13. 1900.

3 Wilcox, E. M. A Rhizomorphic Root-Rot of Fruit Trees, Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49:1-32, Pls.
I-II. Igor.

4 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 473. 1909.

Q2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

All stone-fruits suffer more or less from an excessive flow of gum.
The name gummosis’ is generally applied to these troubles. Gumming
is much more prevalent in the far West than in the East but is to be
found wherever stone-fruits are grown. This excessive gumming is a
secondary effect of injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, frost, sun-
scald, and mechanical agencies. There is a good deal of difference in the
susceptibilities of varieties and species to this trouble, the Sweet Cherry
suffering much more than the Sour sorts and varieties of other species
having hard wood suffering less than those having softer wood. There is
less gummosis, too, on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood; under
conditions where sun and frost are not injurious; and, obviously, in
orchards where by good care the primary causes of the diseases are kept
out.

A number of diseases of the trunk arise from mechanical injuries
from wind, sun, frost and hail. Few, indeed, are the fruit-growers whose
trees are not occasionally damaged in one way or another in the vicissitudes
of a trying climate. Very often these mechanical injuries are followed
by fungal parasites or insects so as to make it difficult to distinguish the
primary from the secondary trouble. There is a wide difference in the
susceptibility of Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus to such injuries, the
Sweet Cherry, with its softer wood, being much more easily injured by
any and all stresses of weather than the Sour Cherry. In the main the
elements cannot be combated but low heading of the trees is a preventive
from sunscald, at least, and sometimes may have a favorable effect in
preventing wind and frost injuries.

CHERRY INSECTS

Insects troubling cherries are numerous but hardly as destructive as
with other tree-fruits. Entomologists list about 40 species of insects
attacking cherries and about as many more occasionally attack the varie-
ties of one or the other of the two cultivated species. The majority of
these pests came with the tree from its habitat over the sea but several
have come from the wild cherries of this continent.

Of the pests peculiar to the cherry alone, possibly the cherry fruit
maggot? (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew) is, the country over, as troublesome
as any. The adult insect is a small fly with barred wings which lays eggs

1 Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree, Ore. Sta. Bul. 45:68-72. 1897.
?Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cor. Ag. Ex. Sta. 172: 1899.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 93

under the skin of the cherry in mid-summer. From these eggs small,
whitish maggots about one-third of an inch long hatch and eat out a cavity
in the ripening fruit. These maggots when full grown pupate in the ground
and remain there until the following season. The only effective pre-
ventive or remedial measure to take against the pest in large orchards is
to spray with a sweetened arsenical, but in small plantations chickens are
fairly effective in scratching up and eating the pupating maggots.

The cherry fruit maggot is probably responsible for most of the
““wormy ”’ cherries in New York but the plum curculio is also a cause of
“wormy ”’ fruits and in some seasons is a most formidable pest. This
curculio! (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) is a rough, grayish snout-beetle
somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, so familiar an insect
as scarcely to need further description. The female beetle pierces the
skin of the young cherries and places an egg in the puncture. About
this cavity she gouges out a crescent-shaped trench, this cut or sting being
a most discouraging sign to the cherry-grower, for he well knows that
from the eggs come, within a week or two, white and footless grubs which
burrow to the stone and make ‘‘ wormy fruit.”” Some of the infested
cherries drop but many remain eventually to distract the housewife and
those who eat cherries out of hand. Jarring the beetles from the trees,
a method employed by plum-growers, is quite too expensive and ineffective
for the cherry-grower and poisoning with an arsenate is the only practical
means of combating the pest. Rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places
for the insects and, therefore, cultivated orchards are freer from curculio
than those laid down to grass. There are no curculio-proof cherries but,
as with plums, the thin-skinned varieties are damaged most by the insect.

The grub of the plum curculio is easily distinguished from the cherry
fruit maggot. This ‘‘ worm”’ is the larva of a beetle, a true grub, footless
and with a brownish, horny head while the cherry fruit maggot, the larva
of a two-winged insect, is a true maggot like that which comes from the
common house-fly and hardly to be distinguished from the apple maggot.
It is important to be able to distinguish in wormy cherries the grub of
the curculio from the cherry fruit maggot in order to know and understand
the nature of the two enemies in combating them.

Another pest of this fruit is the cherry leaf-beetle (Galerucella cavicollis
Le Conte) the larvae of which sometimes do much damage to cherry
foliage. The adult insect is an oval, reddish beetle about one-fourth of

1 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 1:50-56. 1869; 3:11-29. 1871.

94 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

an inch long with black legs and antennae. Both the adult and the larvae
feed on the leaves and do much damage if abundant. Usually there are
two broods, the insect pupating in the ground. Fortunately the pest is
easily controlled with the arsenical sprays.

The cherry scale (Aspidiotus forbest Johnson) is commonly found on
this fruit and occasionally on others as well. To the unaided eye it is
very similar to the well-known San José scale, differing chiefly in being
lighter in color. The remedy is the same as for the San José scale, which
we next discuss.

The dreaded San José scale! (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) is
rather less harmful to cherries than to other tree-fruits and yet is some-
times a serious pest on Sweet Cherries. Sour Cherries are almost immune.
The insect is now so well known in all fruit-growing regions that it needs
no description. It is usually first recognized by its work, evidence of its
presence being dead or dying twigs — oftentimes the whole tree is mori-
bund. Examination shows the twigs or trees to be covered with myriads
of minute scales, the size of a small pin-head, which give the infested bark
a scurfy, ashy look. If the bark be cut or scraped a reddish discoloration
is found. Leaves and fruit as well as bark are infested, the insidious pest,
however, usually first gaining a foothold on the trunks or a large branch.
Cherry-growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime and sulphur
solution the most effective spray in combating this insect.

Several other scale insects feed on the cherries and, now and then,
become pestiferous; among these the following may be named: The
European fruit lecanium? (Lecanium corni Bouché) occasionally does a
great deal of damage in New York and now and then destroys the whole
crop in an orchard. The winter treatment for San José scale is used to
control this pest, but usually such treatment is supplemented by a summer
spray about July first with such contact sprays as whale oil soap and
kerosene emulsion. The fruit pulvinaria (Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell),
the mealy bug (Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni), the scurfy scale
(Chionaspis furfura Fitch), the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pen-
tagona Targioni), the Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam), the
walnut scale (Aspidiotus juglans-regie Comstock), Howard’s scale (A spid-
lotus howardii Cockerell), the European fruit scale (Aspidiotus ostreeformis
Curtis), the red scale of California (Chrysomphalus aurantii Maskell), the

1 Marlatt, C. L. The San José or Chinese Scale, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 62:1-89. 1906.
2 Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 1362583. 1897.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 95

oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linnaeus), and the soft scale (Coccus
hesperidum Linnaeus), are all more or less common.

Several borers occasionally infest cherry trees of which the peach
borer! (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.) is the most troublesome. Larvae of the
peach borer are frequently found in both Sweet and Sour Cherries, more
particularly in Sweet Cherries, in eastern orchards. Fortunately this
pest is not as rife with the cherry as with peaches and plums. Its work
may be prevented by thorough cultivation, by mounding the trees and,
according to some, by the use of a covering of tar or of obnoxious or
poisonous washes. Usually preventive measures are not effective, however,
and the borer must be destroyed — best done by digging it out with a knife
and wire. Since the pest is easily discovered through the exudation of
gum mixed with sawdust or excreta, close to the surface or just beneath
the ground, its presence can be detected in time to prevent its doing much
damage. The lesser peach borer? (Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson) often
attacks old or weakened cherry trees, working in the growing tissues of
the trunk anywhere from the ground to the main branches. The worm
is much like the common peach borer, known by all, but is smaller, rarely
reaching the length of four-fifths of an inch when full grown. The flat-
headed apple tree borer* (Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius) is a common
pest in wild cherries and sometimes seriously attacks the cultivated species.
It is treated as is the peach borer.

The shot-hole borer’ (Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratzeburg), though
seldom injuring healthy trees, is very often a serious menace in old or
decrepit cherry trees. It may be looked upon, however, as an effect
rather than a cause. The peach bark-beetle® (Phleotribus liminaris
Harris) is very similar in its work to the shot-hole borer and like it attacks
only diseased and decrepit trees.

All cherry-growers are familiar with the small, dark green, slimy slugs
which feed on the surface of the leaves of the cherry, possibly more com-
mon on the foliage of pears, eating out the soft tissues and leaving but
the skeleton of the leaf. If the slugs are numerous the tree may be
defoliated or if the leaves remain the foliage looks as if scorched. The
adult of this slug is a sawfly (Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerasi Linnaeus)

‘ Beutenmiller, W. Sesiidae of America, etc. 266-271. 1901.

* Ibid. 291-292. 1901.

*Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entoml. Mo. 1:46-47. 1869.

4Lowe, V. H. WN. Y. Sta. Bul. 180:122-128. 1900.

5 Wilson, W. F. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul, 68:91-108. 1909.

96 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

which lays its eggs within the tissue of the leaves. Despite the fact that
it is easily destroyed by any of the arsenical sprays or by dusting with
lime this slug everywhere does much damage to cherries.

Wild cherries suffer severely from the tent caterpillar’ (Malacosoma
americana Fabricius) and occasionally cultivated trees are attacked. The
arsenical sprays are fatal to the pest. The spring canker-worm? (Palea-
crita vernata Peck) and the fall canker-worm® (Alsophila pometaria Harris),
the white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and
Abbot), the rusty tussock moth (Hemerocampa antiqua Linnaeus), and
the definite-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa definita Packard) are all
occasional cherry pests and all succumb to poisonous sprays. The two
now notorious European pests recently introduced into America, gypsy
moth (Porthetria dispar Linnaeus) and the browntail moth (Euproctis
chrysorrhea Linnaeus), attack cherry trees in common with other deciduous
trees and may often do considerable damage. Sometimes, but not often,
the buds of the cherry are attacked by the bud-moth (Spilonota (Tmetocera)
ocellana Schiffermitller), the caterpillars of which bind the young leaves
together as they expand so that small, dead, brown clusters of foliage
are to be seen here and there where the pests are at work. Spraying with
arsenicals is effective if done just as the buds begin to open.

In sandy soils the cherry is sometimes attacked by hordes of the
common rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabricius), leaves, flowers
and even the fruit suffering from the pest. It is a difficult insect to con-
trol but a spray of arsenate of lead with molasses is fairly effective. It is
important to know that the insect does not often breed in ground kept
in clean cultivation.

1Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 152:279-293. 1898.

2 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 2:94-103. 1870.
3 Ibid. 7283-90. 1875.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 97

CHAPTER IV
LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
ABBESSE D’OIGNIES

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus
1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:161, 162 fig. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 276, 277. 1884. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:284.
1903. 6. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:62 fig. 1907. 7. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 385:307, 308, Pl. 1914.

Abbesse d’Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth
trying commercially wherever cherries are grown in the United States.
Curiously enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle
West, Professor Budd having introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883.
In the unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the Mississippi
Valley, Abbesse d’Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if we
may judge from the accounts of it. We do not know of its having been
tried elsewhere in the East than on our grounds and here we find it, in
competition with practically all of the varieties of its class, one of the
best of the Dukes. At this Station it does so well that we described it,
in the reference given, as one of the noteworthy fruits in our collection.
The trees are large, vigorous, hardy, fruitful and very free from fungus
diseases. The cherries are large, dark red, of most excellent quality,
combining the flavor of the Dukes with a firmer and yet tenderer flesh
than the Montmorency. The high quality, handsome appearance and
good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined with the splendid characters
of the tree, ought to make Abbesse d’Oignies a very good commercial
variety.

This cherry probably originated in Belgium about the middle of the
Nineteenth Century. At least it was first listed in Belgian nursery cata-
logs in 1854. It is now a greater or less favorite wherever cherries are
grown in the Old World, Professor Budd having found it, as we have said,
in 1883, in Russia and immediately transported it to America.

Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped but with
drooping branchlets, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, with shaggy bark; branches thick,
smooth, ash-gray over reddish-brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with short
internodes, brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and by numerous conspicuous,
small, raised lenticels.

Leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches long, folded upward,

/

98 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark green; lower surface light green, slightly pubes-
cent, distinctly ribbed by the larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin with
small, black glands, coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-quarter inches long,
thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange
glands.

Buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated clusters at the ends of
long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium, averaging five days in
length; flowers white, one and three-sixteenths inches across; borne in dense clusters at
the ends of long spurs or spur-like branches, well distributed, varying from one to three;
pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat acuminate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch at the
apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick, roundish-oblate, slightly
compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, slightly
depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem slender,
one and one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh yellowish-white, with
colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender and soft, sprightly subacid; of very good quality;
stone free, about three-eighths inch in diameter, roundish, turgid, slightly pointed, with
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture.

ARCH DUKE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135. 1832.
4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 189, 190. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 97, 98. 1846. 6. Mag.
Hort. 13:398 fig. 1847. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 8.U. S. D. A. Rpt. 135. 1867. 9. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 278, 279. 1884.

Griotte de Portugal. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:190, 191, Pl. XIII. 1768. 12. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:297, 298 fig. 1877.

Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum. 13. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. I. 1792.

Herzogskirsche. 14. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. 15. Christ Worterb. 282. 1802. 16. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 371-376. 1819.

Portugiesische Griotte. 17. Christ Handb. 674. 1797.

Cerise Royale de Hollande. 18. Ann. Pom. Belge. 1:81, Pl. 1853.

Cerise de Portugal. 19. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:148 fig. 37, 1 49, 150. 1866.

Parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the Arch Duke
“one of the fairest and best of cherries.’”’ It is now, however, quite sur-
passed by several others of the Dukes. The concensus of opinion of those
who have known the true fruit of this name is that either May Duke or
Late Duke is better. We give it prominence only because of its worthy
past and that it may be better distinguished from May Duke with which
it is often confused. As compared with the last-named variety it is two
weeks later; the tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the branches

ABBESSE d’OIGNIES

KOA
wy

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 99

are larger, more divergent and more pendulous. The cherries are not as
well flavored but are larger and have a shorter stalk.

This old English variety was first mentioned by Parkinson in Paradisus
Terrestris, 1629. For many years previous to the middle of the last century
the true Arch Duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused with
other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the May Duke; others,
the Late Duke. In 1847, however, the true Arch Duke cherry was dis-
covered in the nurseries of Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
having been grown there, according to Mr. Rivers, by his ancestors for
nearly a century. It was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that
of either May Duke or Late Duke, though the habit of the tree was similar.
It is not known when Arch Duke was introduced into America but the
American Pomological Society placed it upon its fruit list in 1871.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy, productive; trunk stocky,
smooth; branches slender, long, smooth, reddish-brown, marked with considerable scarf-
skin, with numerous, rather large lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with
short internodes, brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with few small, slightly
raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded upward, short-
oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green,
very slightly pubescent; apex acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or two, rarely three small,
globose, brownish glands at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters
of variable size; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one
and one-sixteenth inches across; borne in clusters of twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths
inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic,

glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of mediyam Jength and breadth, acute, serrate,

glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals r&/Adish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex
entire or with a shallow, wide notch; anthers yel lowish: filaments three-sixteenths inch
long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter, obtuse-cordate,
slightly compressed, flattened at the extremities; cavity of medium depth, narrow, some-
what obtuse; suture distinct; apex flattened or depressed; color light red becoming dark
red or almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, of medium size, russet, rather incon-
spicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, rather stout at its point of insertion
in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin moderately thick; flesh light to dark red, firm,
crisp, slightly astringent at first, becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy,
good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths inch long, three-eighths
inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth surfaces.

JOO THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

BALDWIN

Prunus cerasus
1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23:81. 1898. 2. Kan. Hort. Soc. Cherry, The, 15, 16, Pl. 1900. 3. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:63. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which
Early Richmond had been budded on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca,
Kansas. The Early Richmond bud was in some manner broken off and
the sprout, springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited
in 1891. On the grounds of this Station Baldwin trees which came fairly
direct from the originator turned out to be Olivet. The published
descriptions that can be found are so scant and fragmentary that we cannot
make out whether the variety is really distinct or, as in the case of our
trees, is Olivet renamed. The variety has been rather widely disseminated
in the Middle West but has not shown much merit either for home or for
commercial orchards in the rather lengthy probationary period it has had
in the East. The American Pomological Society added Baldwin to its
fruit list in 1909. The description we give is a compilation.

Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers white, changing
to pink.
Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium length, rather

thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor slightly acid, yet considered
one of the sweetest and richest of the Morello class.

BAUMANN MAY
Prunus avium

1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168 fig. 60. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 279. 1884.

Frihe Matherskirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 1. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
140, 141, 142. 1819. 6. Jil. Handb. 49 fig., 50. 1860. 7. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348, 349. 1889.

Stisse Matherskirsche. 8. Christ Handb. 662. 1797.

May Bigarreau. 9g. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 10. Mag. Hort. 7:288. 1841. 11. Cultivator
N. S. 4:280 fig. 1. 1847. 12. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:55, 56, Pl. 1851.

Guigne Précoce de Mai. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:54 fig. 2, 55, 56. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen.
II:51, 52, fig. 26. 1882.

Bigarreau Baumann. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:176 fig., 177. 1877.

Guigne de Mai. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 102 fig., 103. 1904.

Baumann May is an early Sweet Cherry which at one time held high
place among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little

value except for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at
all grown either in America or abroad. If the variety could be obtained it

ARCH DUKE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK IOI

might be worth growing for breeding work because of its earliness and
great productiveness. At one time this variety was rather largely grown
in central and western New York and specimens of it must yet remain in
this region.

From the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, when we first find
an account of this variety in Kraft’s Pomona Austriaca, to the last of the
Nineteenth, writers have described Baumann May under many different
names. From all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century, in Germany. From Germany it was introduced into
Alsace where F. J. Baumann, a nurseryman at Bollweiler, grew it in his
nursery under the name Bigarreau Baumann and disseminated it through-
out the French provinces. The cherry was received in America, with
several others, by Colonel M. P. Wilder of Boston, Massachusetts, from
Messrs. Baumann, about the year 1838. The American Pomological
Society listed the variety, in 1862, in its fruit catalog as Bauman’s May
but dropped it again in 1871. The following description is a compilation:

Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very productive;
branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved downward; branchlets with short
internodes, reddish-brown nearly covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to
large, dark green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather short, with
two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf; buds large, ovate; flowers of medium
size, opening very early.

Fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate, angular, irregular
in outline; color dark red becoming nearly black. when fully ripe; stem one and three-
quarters inches long, rather thick; flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and tender,
sweet, well flavored; of good quality; stone medium in size, roundish-ovate.

BESSARABIAN
Prunus cerasus
1. Ja. Agr. Col. Bul. 53. 1885. 2. Ja. Sta. Bul. 2:38. 1888. 3. Ibid. 19:549. 1892. 4. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6. 1892. 5. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1894. 6. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39, 40.
1895. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.17. 1897. 8. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 123122, 123 fig. 8,124. 1900. 9. Wash.
Sta. Bul. 92:12. Ig10.

By general consent Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the
colder parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very
hardy and is said to thrive even under neglect — standing as much abuse
as a forest tree. As compared with standard commercial cherries of the
East the fruit is distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly fit to
eat out of hand, and is sour and astringent even when cooked. The trees,
though hardy and healthy, are dwarfish and not productive because of the

102 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

smallness of the cherries. It is an early cherry but the fruit hangs long.
The variety is said to root well from cuttings, which, if true, might make
it worth while trying as a stock. Bessarabian is a variant of English
Morello, the fruit of which sort greatly excels it wherever the trees can
be equally well grown.

This variety was brought to America from Russia about 1883, by
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who believed it to belong to a race
of cherries originally found in central Asia.

Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading, compact, healthy,
unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant,
medium to small, oval, coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on
the stalk at the base of the leaf.

Fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time in good condition,
medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright red becoming dark red;
stem long, varying from one and three-fourths to two inches in length, slender, curved;
skin tender; flesh light to dark red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness,
sprightly sub-acid becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone variable in
size, roundish-oval, semi-clinging.

BIGARREAU PELISSIER
Prunus avium
1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 92 fig., 93. 1904. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 30 fig. 1906.
P élissiers Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.

This variety originated in France as a chance seedling about 1883 and
fruited first in 1891. It was introduced a few years later by M. Auguste
Pélissier, a nurseryman at Chateau-Renard, Bouches-du-Rhéne, France.
Although not yet well established even in France, this cherry is considered
promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome appearance,
high quality and good tree-characters. It is included among the major
varieties in The Cherries of New York that the attention of American
cherry-growers may be called to it. As yet it seems not to have been tried
in this country. The following description is compiled:

Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long, large, bearing large,
oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open; blooming season early.

Fruit matures from early June to the last of June; large or very large, obtuse-cordate,
slightly depressed at the apex, with a shallow yet distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin
rather thick, firm, yellowish almost entirely overspread with vivid red which becomes
darker at maturity but often showing streaks of clear red; flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy,
red with streaks of white, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; stone of medium

size, oval, with a pronounced suture.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 103

BING

Prunus avium

1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 4 fig. a. 1892. 2. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 126,128. 1893. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 4. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1900. 5. Ibid. 26. 1904. 6. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 192. 1907. 7 Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 9. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:23. 1910.

Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the Pacific
Northwest. But few Sweet Cherries equal it in size and attractiveness
and none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to be as good as any
of the dessert cherries. It is, too, a very good shipping fruit, ranking with
the best of the Bigarreaus, to which group it belongs, as a cherry for distant
markets. Another quality commending the variety is that it hangs well on
the trees and the crop ripens at one time so that the harvest consists of but
one picking. While many cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortu-
nately we cannot do so from their behavior on the grounds of this Station.
They have not been as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees
should be in a commercial variety of first rank. The cause, however, may
be in the location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few
miles distant Bing does much better than on these grounds. The variety,
though comparatively new, is no longer on probation. It has a niche in
the cherry flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of every
amateur by virtue of its splendid fruit. When it is happy in soil and
climate, Bing is bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries.

Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, the originator of several of our
finest cherries, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. The variety
was named after a Chinese workman. In 1899 the American Pomological
Society placed the variety on its fruit list.

Tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather open, productive;
trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches brownish with numerous, small lenticels;
branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with
small, raised, conspicuous lenticels.

Leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium thickness;
upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent; apex abruptly
pointed, or acute, base abrupt; margin slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent,
thickish, tinged red, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in diameter, broadly cor-
date, somewhat compressed, slightly angular; cavity deep, of medium width, abrupt,
regular; suture a dark line; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color very dark red,

104 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

almost black; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem variable in thickness, one and one-
fourth inches long; skin of medium thickness, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh purplish-
ted with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good
quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate to oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

BLACK GUIGNE

Prunus avium

1. Prince Pom. Man, 2:112. 1832.

Scheur- Kers. 2. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.

Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802.

Guigne Bigaudelle. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.

Coburger Matherzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 51 fig., 52. 1860. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 377. 1881.
7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 1, Pl. 1882.

Guigne Noire Commune. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:328, 329 fig., 330. 1877.

Noire Hative de Cobourg. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:123, 124, fig. 62. 1882.

There is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. It
undoubtedly originated in France and in that part of the country later con-
quered by the Germans, though Mas, in his Pomologie Générale, mentioned
it as probably of German origin. In the time of Louis XIII this variety
was known as the Guigne Noire Commune and was cultivated quite
extensively in France and northern Italy. It was esteemed both for its
earliness and its fine quality and was known as Guigne Guindoulle by the
peasants of central France and by the Tuscans in Italy as Corbini because
of the color of its skin. Black Guigne, Black Heart, and Early Purple,
which, while similar in many characters, are entirely distinct, have been
badly confused by both French and German writers and it is only with
the greatest difficulty that the three can be separated. While this cherry
was formerly considered of worth in Continental Europe, it is scarcely
recognized there now and was probably never brought to America. The
following description is compiled from European fruit-books :

Tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline, productive; branches
long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with gray scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal;
leaves large, oval or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate; petiole long, slender,
with large glands; blooming season late; flowers small.

Fruit matures the last of June to the middle of July, usually attached in pairs but
sometimes in threes; medium to large in size, obtuse-cordate; color bright reddish-black
changing to deep purple; suture indistinct; stem slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity;
skin thin, tender; flesh dark purple, with abundant colored juice, half-tender, somewhat
stringy, sweet yet sprightly, pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone small, oval.

BING

so
Le

2%
pat Vi

hire

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 105

BLACK HAWK

Prunus avium

1. Horticulturist 6:360, 361 fig. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45, 235. 1854. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
190 fig. 1854. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 258, 270, 271. 1857. 5+ U.S. D. A. Rpt. 382. 1875.
Epervier Noir. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:41, 42, fig. 21. 1882.

Despite the fact that Black Hawk was lauded by the horticulturists
in the middle of the last century as one of the best of all black Sweet
Cherries, it is now almost unknown. According to the older pomologists
it was unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all other
characters of either fruit or tree. In particular it was surpassed in many
ways by the better-known Eagle which fills about the same place in cherry
culture. The variety was very popular in southern Ohio about Cincinnati
where many trees may still be found and where it is still more or less planted.
Possibly because of the excellent quality of the fruit, the amateur might
well try a tree or two. The description is compiled.

Black Hawk originated with Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland,
Ohio, sometime previous to 1845. It is one of the best of the many seed-
lings fruited by him. The American Pomological Society in 1854 named
this sort as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the fruit-
list of this organization.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, round-topped, resembling Yellow Spanish in habit,
productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth, dark reddish-brown, straight; branchlets
slender, with short internodes.

Leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface dark green; lower
surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed; margin coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole
short, stout, bright red, with two or more orange-red, reniform glands.

Buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium in size; pedicels
long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely serrate, obtuse; petals roundish, broadly
and deeply notched at the tip.

Fruit matures about the middle of June, a few days later than Black Tartarian;
medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven, sides compressed; cavity deep, broad,
abrupt, nearly regular; color glossy, dark purplish-black changing to almost black at com-
plete maturity; stem usually thick but often variable, of medium length; skin thick,
adhering to the pulp; flesh purplish-black, tender, with abundant colored juice, aromatic,
well flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone of medium size, with uneven surfaces.

BLACK HEART
Prunus avium

1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:115. 1832. 3+ Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169 fig.
1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1854. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 526. 1859. 6. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 74. 1862.

106 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Guignier a Fruit Noir. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:158, 159, 160, Pl. 1 fig. 1. 1768.
Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 116-119. 1819. 9. Mathieu Nom.

Pom. 340, 349. 1889.
Guigne Noire Ancienne. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:66 fig. 7, 67, 68. 1866.
Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:223 fig., 224. 1877.

Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is
still largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was more
widely cultivated in the United States than any other variety and Downing,
in 1845, said Black Heart was then better known than any other cherry
in the country. While neither of these two statements would hold for
Black Heart now, it having long since passed its heyday of popularity, it
is still, because of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high quality and
beauty of the fruit, a variety of much merit. Black Heart. fails in the
commercial fruit growing of nowadays, as compared with the cherry culture
of the fruit connoisseurs of a generation ago, because it does not meet
market demands, failing to do so through two defects: it does not ship
well and when brown-rot is rife it quickly succumbs to this fungus. It is,
too, now difficult to obtain the variety true to name, the trees at this Sta-
tion, as an example, in several attempts, turning out untrue, which forces
the use of a compiled description in this text.

This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676 but there can be no
doubt but that it originated many years previous to this date. Probably
it is the cherry mentioned by Robert Dodonée, a naturalist of Malines,
Belgium, in 1552. When or by whom it was introduced to America is not
known but it was being grown here very early in the Nineteenth Century
and ever since has been considered a valuable variety for general planting.
Nearly every nurseryman throughout the United States lists Black Heart,
a fact attesting its popularity. The American Pomological Society placed
Black Heart on its catalog of fruits in 1862, a place which it has since
retained.

Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive; branches stout, brownish,
mingled with yellow, mottled with gray scarf-skin; lenticels numerous, small.

Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper surface dark green;
margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of medium length, lightly tinged with red,
with greenish glands.

Buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early; flowers medium in
size; petals roundish, imbricated.

Fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat compressed; cavity

broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular; color dark purple becoming black; stem
one and three-fourths inches long, siender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 107

to very firm becoming tender at full maturity, with abundant colored juice, sweet; good
in quality; stone large, roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep.

BLACK TARTARIAN

Prunus avium

1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 130-132. 1819. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:44, Pl. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113, 114. 1832. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848.
6. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:21. 1858. 7. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1860. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:228, 229 fig., 230. 1877. 9. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377, 378. 1889. 10. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 37.
praees h Large Black Heart. 11. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42, 43. 1803.

Guigne Noire a Gros Fruit. 12. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 36. 1906.

Tartarian. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Black Tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside Sweet
Cherry in New York and ranks second or third among commercial cherries
in the State, as it probably does for the whole region east of the Mississippi.
It is known by all who grow or eat cherries: The preeminently meritorious
characters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: first, and
most important, the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself
to widely different soils and climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness
and robustness of the trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age
and grow to a prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet;
third, this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases,
brown-rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar sorts,
are tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy black color
and are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm
and crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which all agree gives the quality
the rank of ‘‘very good to best.” It is a virile variety and from it have
come several promising seedlings and it is one of the parents of a number
of cross-bred cherries. Black Tartarian is earlier than most of the Sweet
Cherries with which it must compete — under most conditions a help in
marketing. Unfortunately it is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting
and marketing or to hold its shape as a canned product. Its small size
is also against it for the canner’s trade. The several defects noted prevent
Black Tartarian from taking first rank in commercial orchards but for the
home plantation it is one of the best.

Black Tartarian came originally from Russia. It was introduced into
England in 1794 from Circassia, by Hugh Ronalds of Brentford, Middlesex,
as Ronald’s Large Black Heart. Two years later, John Fraser introduced
a variety, a native of Crimea, which he purchased in St. Petersburg, as

108 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Fraser’s Black Tartarian. This turned out to be the same as the cherry
from Circassia. Some go farther back and say that Black Tartarian was
carried to Russia from Spain, thence to England. It owes its introduction
into this country to William Prince of Flushing, Long Island, probably
in the early part of the Nineteenth Century. It was recognized in 1848
and placed on the schedule of fruits at the National Convention of Fruit
Growers which later became the present American Pomological Society.
The variety still retains a place among the recommended cherries but
under the name Tartarian. The variety quickly became popular in America,
finding a place in every orchard and in the lists of all nurserymen. Some
nurserymen claim to have superior strains of the old variety; as, Green’s
Tartarian and Black Tartarian Improved. Comparisons show no dif-
ferences. Black Russian, listed by some firms, is probably Black Tar-
tarian as it is used many times as a synonym by foreign writers.

Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive; trunk of medium
thickness, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown, slightly overspread with ash-gray,
with large lenticels; branchlets rather long, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-
gray, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light
green, slightly pubsecent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to crenate;
petiole two inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to three
reniform, reddish glands of medium size usually on the stalk.

Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small
clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium;
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across, borne in scattering well-distributed clusters
in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly
tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, broad,
obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, blunt
claws: anthers yellowish; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than
the stamens.

Fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity
intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture indistinct; apex pointed and slightly
depressed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one
and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored,
mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened and oblique, with
smooth surfaces.

BLEEDING HEART

Prunus avium

1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard.
104. 1846. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1854.

BLACK TARTARIAN

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 109

Gascoigne. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571, 572. 1629. 6. Gerarde Herball 1504. 1636. 7. Hogg
Fruit Man. 298. 1884.

Red Heart. 8. Rea Flora 206. 1676. 9. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:183, Pl. 96 fig. 1. 1823.

Blutherzkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 224, 225, 226. 1819.

Gascoigne’s Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 174. 1845.

Blutrothe Molkenkirsche. 12. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858.

Guigne Rouge Hative. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:338 fig., 339. 1877.

Bleeding Heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated
cherries. It is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because it
has been the parent of many sorts of present worth. According to the old
writers it took highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and more ago
by virtue of its high quality and handsome appearance, the name being
indicative of color and form. So far as can be made out at this late date
the variety has been grown but little or not at all in America, the description
here given coming from old pomologies.

This, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been
mentioned first by Parkinson in 1629 as the Gascoign Cherry. In England
three different names have been applied to this variety, Gascoigne, Red
Heart and Bleeding Heart. At least there seems to be little doubt that
the Bleeding Heart and Red Heart listed by John Rea in 1676 were the
Gascoign of Parkinson and Gerarde.

Tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches numerous, large,
long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong,
acuminate; margin crenate; petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; bloom-
ing season early.

Fruit matures the latter half of July; usually in pairs, large, elongated heart-shaped,
with pointed apex; color bright red changing to dark red, somewhat mottled; stem two
inches long, slender; flesh reddish, rather tender although firm, with abundant juice, highly
flavored, sweetish; good in quality; stone large, oblong.

BOURGUEIL

Prunus cerasus
Cerise de Bourgueil. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.
Montmorency de Bourgueil. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:123, 124, fig. 60. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
53364, 365 fig. 1877.

Bourgueil is a variant form of Montmorency hardly differing enough
in fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet
since it seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly
worth adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety, it must be
remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be obtained

IIo THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a cherry of the
Montmorency type.

This variety was found by a Doctor Bretonneau about 1844 in Bour-
gueil, Indre-et-Loire, France. It is known by the name of the finder as
well as that of the locality in which it originated and through having the
same place of origin is often confused with Cerise Rouge Pale. The United
States Department of Agriculture received this variety in 1905 from Fer-
dinand Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France, and in turn forwarded it to
this Station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. Nursery-
men do not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is known in more
than a few places in America.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches slender, smooth,
reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender,
long, brown, with some ash-gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to ovate,
thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the
veins; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long,
thick, with a dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from one to three globose,
yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late;
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed
clusters, usually in threes; pedicels short, one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, broad,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals crinkled, roundish, entire, sessile,
with apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens
in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch wide, nearly oblate,
somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide, medium flaring, regular; suture indistinct;
apex roundish to flattened; color bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout,
one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh yellowish-
white with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of good quality; stone free,
large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent
ventral suture.

BRUSSELER BRAUNE
Prunus cerasus

1. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 2. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
533-536. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:63, 64. 1858. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333, 341.
1889. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 7. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122124, 125, fig. 8. 1900.

Briisselsche Bruyn. 8. Krinitz Enc. 75, 76. 1790.

Zweite Grosser Herzkirschweichsel. 9. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 22 fig. I. 1792.

Ratafia. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 309, 310. 1884.

BOURGUEIL

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK tT]

From the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, Brusseler Braune
has little value. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small,
sour, and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop ripens
very unevenly. It is of the English Morello type but in New York, at
least, is far inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has been
much advertised for cold climates but there are many better cherries that
stand cold nearly or quite as well and are better in both tree and fruit
characters and, in particular, that will not vex the souls of growers by ripen-
ing so unevenly. The variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on the
two-year-old wood are very small and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet
at their base. These leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed
in marketing the crop — another serious defect.

No doubt Brusseler Braune originated in Holland but there is nothing
definite as to the time though Truchsess, a German, writes of having
received it in 1785 as Briisselsche Bruyn. The synonyms of this variety
are more or less confused with those of English Morello. This cherry was
brought to America in 1883 by the late J. L. Budd with several other
varieties. In the collection of trees sent out from the original importation,
of which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were Griotte du
Nord, Large Long Late, Shadow Amarelle, Lutovka, George Glass, Orel
No. 27, or Gibb, and Bessarabian. Unfortunately the varieties were badly
mixed and much confusion has resulted. It is not impossible that the
first three are synonyms but the Lutovka, George Glass, Bessarabian and
possibly the Gibb are distinct varieties. In 1895, this Station recommended
a new cherry for trial for home and market and distributed buds throughout
the state under the name Lutovka. Later it was found that an error had
been made regarding the trees sent us as Lutovka, they being the Brusse-
ler Braune. The American Pomological Society added Brusseler Braune
to its fruit catalog list in 1899 but dropped it in 1909.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping branchlets,
dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches smooth, stout; branches brownish,
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short
internodes, nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, lightly raised,
inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the midrib; upper surface very dark, dull green;
lower surface light green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely and
doubly serrate; petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged with dull, dark red, grooved
along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, yellowish-green glands.

II2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on scattering,
short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white;
borne in scattering clusters in threes and fours; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes with a trace of red, acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although variable in size,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture
very shallow, indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color light
red changing to dark red as the season advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches long, with small leaflets at the base,
strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates readily from the pulp; flesh
dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair
quality; stone nearly free when fully mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long, roundish-
oval, rather plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral suture slightly enlarged near
the base.

BUNTE AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus

1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 652-655. 1819. 2. Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 3. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 2:40. 1888. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:272. 1903.

So far Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry
climate of Iowa and neighboring States. It is not attractive enough in
appearance, good enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in bear-
ing to compete with other Amarelles, to which group this variety belongs.
Its saving grace is extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and health help
make it somewhat desirable in cold, prairie regions of the Mid-West where
cherry growing is more or less precarious. There has been much uncer-
tainty as to the true variety and we have had to discard the trees on the
Station grounds and compile a description.

This variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century. Truchsess, a German, in 1819, called the cherry
Bunte Amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. The
variety was introduced from Poland to America sometime previous to 1885
and has usually gone under the name of Amarelle Bunte. From all accounts
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, the authority on these hardy cherries
during his time, had two different cherries under the name Amarelle Bunte;
for in his report at the Iowa Horticultural Society in 1885, he mentioned
a variety under that name as being a large, dark purple and nearly sweet
sort which could not have been the true Bunte Amarelle of Truchsess.

BRUSSELER BRAUNE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 113

Budd and Hansen in 1903 described a variety which agrees very closely
with the true variety of Truchsess which we herewith describe.

Tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse.

Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish, flattened at the
base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow, indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow
overspread with light red; stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to two
inches long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid; very good
in quality; stone variable in size, broad.

CALIFORNIA ADVANCE
Prunus avium

1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289, 292. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:25. 1910.
Advance. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897.
Ulatis. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177232. 1899.

California Advance is a Sweet Cherry, one of the ‘‘ Hearts ’’ of common
parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra early,
though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. It is usually described
as a cherry of “large size’ but on the grounds of this Station the cherries
run small, as they are occasionally reported elsewhere to do, suggesting
that the variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely
finished product. On these grounds the variety seems to be preeminently
free from fungus diseases but the robin and other birds take greater toll
from it than from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long
before the fruit is fit for human fare. California Advance might well be
planted in a small way for a local market in New York, or a tree or two
for home use, but it has no place in large numbers in this State.

California Advance came from a seed of Early Purple sown by W. H.
Chapman of Napa, California, the seedling being saved because the cherries
were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. It has sometimes
been confused with the Chapman cherry, of somewhat similar character-
istics, which also originated in Napa, but the two are quite distinct.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stout,
smooth; branchlets of medium thickness, brownish-bronze partly covered with ash-gray,
glabrous; leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
long-obovate to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly rugose; margin serrate, glandular;
petiole nearly two inches long, slender, tinged with red, pubescent along the upper side
and with a shallow groove, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish glands, usually
on the stalk; buds large, obtuse or pointed, plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
clusters of variable size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom

early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil equal to the stamens in length.
8

II4 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about three-fourths inch in
diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; color purplish-black; stem of medium thickness,
often one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates from
the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark red juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality;
stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-seconds inch in size, roundish-
oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth surfaces.

CARNATION
Prunus cerasus

1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 16 fig. 3. 1729. 3. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees
42. 1803. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 22138, 139. 1832. 6. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig. 83. 1845. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 529. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74.
1862. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:91, 92, fig. 44. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 289. 1884.

Cerise d’Orange. 11. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771.

Rothe Oranienkirsche. 12. Kranitz Enc. 55,56. 1790. 13. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 456-463-
1819. 14. Jil. Handb. 175 fig., 176. 1860.

Carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color — red,
a little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. It is one of the
Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color in which character it
is more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from
the pulp very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean. Because
of their sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate,
as well as attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees are but
moderately vigorous and fruitful and these qualities count so heavily
against it as a commercial cherry that Carnation cannot be more than
a fruit for amateurs unless under exceptional conditions. For a home
plantation, however, it would be hard to name a better cherry of its kind.
Carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first

mentioned by John Rea in 1676 and later by Langley in 1729. Having
been cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who
kept meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with
other varieties, especially with the ‘‘Cerisier a gros fruit rouge-pale,’’ men-
tioned by Duhamel in 1768. How old the variety truly is or where it
originated cannot be said. Carnation seems to have been first mentioned
in America by William Coxe in 1817 and a few years later it was growing
on the grounds of William Prince, Flushing, New York. Since that time
it has been quite widely disseminated throughout the United States but is
grown less extensively now than formerly. The American Pomological
Society, in 1862, placed Carnation on its list of recommended fruits where

it still holds a place.

CARNATION

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 115

Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very productive; trunk inter-
mediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown overspread with ash-gray, with numerous
lenticels variable in size; branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with numerous con-
spicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to
obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, roughened; lower surface dull, light green, thinly
pubescent; apex acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches
long, slender, dull red on the upper surface, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands
on the stalk.

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small
clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, of
medium thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light reddish-green, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes tinged with red, of medium length, broad, acute, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws, the apex notched; filaments
in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than
the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch in thick-
ness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened
or with a deep depression; color medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, incon-
spicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating
readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, tender and
melting, sprightly; of very good quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter,
roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

CENTENNIAL
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17, 159. 1885. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat:
24. 1899.

In California, Centennial is passing from the period of probation to
one of general acceptance as a standard variety. Unfortunately it has not
been well tested in the East but trees growing in a commercial orchard at
Geneva show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at least,
with its parent, Napoleon, the mainstay of Sweet Cherry growers in New
York. In some respects it quite surpasses Napoleon. It is larger, sweeter
and better flavored and has a smaller pit. The trees fall short of those
of its well-known parent, however, in being less fruitful. Even more
serious defects are, in the orchard under observation, that Centennial
cracks and is less successful in resisting brown-rot than Napoleon though
it surpasses many other well-known sorts in these respects. The two
varieties under comparison may be further distinguished by the more

116 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

oblate fruits of Centennial, by a more mottled color and by the pits which
are longer and more pointed in the newer variety. Centennial is recom-
mended for home orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations.

Centennial is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Henry Chapman,
Napa, California. It came in fruit in 1876 but was not introduced until
1885, Leonard Coates of Napa, California, being the introducer. Despite
its many merits, Centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society until 1899.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk thick, roughish;
branches stout, smooth, brownish, with many large lenticels; branchlets thick, with inter-
nodes of medium length.

Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex taper-pointed; margin
coarsely serrate, with small and inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches
long, pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform, greenish-red,
flattened glands, usually on the stalk.

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming season about the middle of May;
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, usually arranged in twos and threes; pedicels
variable in length averaging one and one-eighth inches, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acute, glabrous on both
surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a slightly crenate
apex; anthers greenish; filaments one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures the last week in June, length of season rather short; very large, short-
cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct, broad, shallow; apex roundish or
slightly depressed; color amber-yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson; dots whitish,
inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the pulp; skin thin,
tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, meaty,
crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch
in length, eleven-thirty-seconds inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth surfaces;

ridged on the ventral suture.
CHOISY

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

Cerisier a Fruit Ambré, a Fruit Blanc. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:185, 186, 187, Pl. XI. 1768.

Schone von Choisy. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 452-455. 1819. 3- Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333,
334, 376. 1889.

Belle de Choisy. 4. Pom. Mag. 1:42, Pl. 1828. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137. 1832. 6. Cultivator
10:150 fig. 1843. '7 Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190 fig. 79. 1845. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 27, Pl.
1846. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 37, 38, 102. 1852. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:63, fig. 2. 1853. 11. Elliott
Fr. Book 189. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 22169, 170 fig. 45,
171,172. 1866. 14. Mas Le Verger 8:113, 114, fig. 55. 1866-73. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 276, 280. 1884.
16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 80 fig., 81. 1904. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 18. 1906.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK G7,

It seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of European
and American pomologists who have known Choisy that it is the hand-
somest and most delicious of all Duke cherries — one of the very best of
all dessert cherries. In it are delicately combined the richness of the
Sweet Cherry and the sprightliness of the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately,
while it bears early and regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. As an
offset to unfruitfulness, however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy.
The cherries keep and stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those
of any other Duke. Its qualities all commend it for the home orchard
and for a local market. In particular it may be recommended for cold
climates where a true Sweet Cherry is not quite hardy, this hybrid being
nearly as hardy as the other parent, the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately
suitable specimens of this beautiful cherry could not be obtained for a
color-plate and the description has had to be compiled in part.

Duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed
by Leroy as Belle de Choisy. The Cerise Blanche, or Cerise Ambrée
(Grosse), according to Leroy, was cultivated in Central France as early
as 1628 and in 1667 Merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all
cherries. Kenrick, American Orchardist, 1832, lists a variety, Ambrée,
which according to Floy-Lindley’s and Duhamel’s descriptions must be
Choisy. Some writers, however, say that Choisy was first grown by M.
Gondouin, a gardener for Louis XV, in 1760, at the village of Choisy near
Paris. The American Pomological Society, in its report for 1852, mentioned
this variety as having promise and ten years later listed it in the Society’s
fruit catalog where it has since remained.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but moderately productive;
branches thick, of a clear grayish color with brownish-red tips; lenticels very numerous,
large, roundish.

Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; upper surface shining
dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to rather dentate.

Buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with gray; season of bloom
rather early; flowers white, large, numerous, borne in large clusters; petioles short, scarcely
an inch in length; petals broadly round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes short, large; pistil
longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures in some localities just before May Duke, in others just after that variety,
ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of June; usually attached in pairs, large, roundish to
somewhat oval, flattened toward the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct;
apex depressed; color attractive bright red mottled with yellow and amber; stem thick
at the base, one and one-half to two inches long, generally forking at about one-half

118 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

inch from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm, semi-transparent showing the netted texture
of the pulp beneath; flesh pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet,
pleasant flavor; very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish, pointed at the
apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth.

CLEVELAND
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:60 fig. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig., 192. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
74. 1862. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131. 1866.
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland. 5. Ill. Handb. 45 fig., 46. 1867.

Cleveland is a Bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin, as it
grows in New York at least, as not to be worth planting except as an early
cherry of its type—earliness being its one saving asset. The cherries closely
resemble Rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are in no way better
than that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more subject to brown-rot.
It ripens with Black Tartarian and can never compete in orchard or market
with that sort. Possibly Cleveland has too much merit to be wholly
neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting in New York unless in a
locality where it does exceptionally well and when an early cherry of its
kind is wanted.

Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, to be a
seedling from Yellow Spanish. Its close similarity to Rockport suggests
that it may have come from a pit of that variety. It was brought out in
1842 but was not adopted by the American Pomological Society for its
fruit list until 1862. Despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on this
list.

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk of
medium diameter and smoothness; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, with many small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface
light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate,
glandular; petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather slender, hairy, grooved, glandless
or with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk.

Buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters
of variable size on rather short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters, usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths
inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, tinged with red, light green within, broadly
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within and

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 119

without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, broad claws, notched and crinkled
at the apex; filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, compressed,
with an irregular surface; cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct; apex
somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow; dots numerous, small,
yellowish, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit;
skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice,
tender and melting, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half inch long, oval,
flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces.

CLUSTER

Prunus cerasus

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572, fig. 10. 1629. 2. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 6. 1636. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:132, 133. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig., 195. 1845. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 290.
1884.

Flanders Cluster. 6. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688.

Cerisier a Bouquet. 7. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:176, 177, 178, Pl. VI. 1768. 8. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. 2: No. 16, Pl. 1846. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73.

Tros- Kers. 10. Knoop Fructologie 2:43. 1771.

Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle. 11. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 621-629. 1819. 12. Dochnahl
Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:70, 71. 1858. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 340. 1889.

Griotte a Bouquet. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:278, 279 fig., 280, 281. 1877.

Cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the
extremity of a single peduncle. The pistils vary from one to a dozen,
setting from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to twelve
as the trees become older. The variety is little known in America but is
well known in Europe, having first been described by Daléchamp in 1586,
according to Leroy. Its origin is uncertain. Parkinson speaks of it as
Flanders Cluster, in 1629, and as it was cultivated in Germany before
1613 and nearly as soon in Switzerland it may be assumed that either
South Germany or Flanders is its native home. It appears under several
names in European fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet, buschel, and
trauben all signifying that the fruits are borne in clusters and usually refer-
ring to this variety. The Cerisier 4 Trochet of Duhamel is probably a
distinct variety. The fruit has little value and is cultivated chiefly as a
curiosity. The following description is compiled:

Tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive; branches numerous,
long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and often breaking under a load of fruit; inter-
nodes long; leaves small, oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick, short,
rigid, with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming season late; flowers small.

120 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Fruit matures the last of June, attached in twos or threes, with from two to eight
fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish, flattened at the extremities; suture prominent;
color clear red becoming darker at maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long, inserted
in a deep cavity; flesh nearly white, transparent, with abundant juice which is usually
uncolored but sometimes tinged red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable; quality fair; stone
small, roundish, compressed.

COE
Prunus avium

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Coe's Transparent. 2. Horticulturist 2:71, 72 fig. 1847-48. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856.
4. Mortillet Le Certisier 2:87 fig., 88. 1866. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 36:326. 1871. 6. Thomas Guide
Prat. 15, 206. 1876.

Guigne Coé. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:319 fig., 320. 1877.

Coe’s Bunte Transparent. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343. 1889.

Even earlier and certainly better than Cleveland, which we have just
discussed, is Coe, long known as Coe’s Transparent. This is the first of
the light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality and
appearance. The color-plate shows this variety very well — possibly too
well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant usually being
very light colored and not as attractive as the type. A second defect is
that the fruit runs rather small. The tree-characters are in the main very
good. The variety can be distinguished, as a rule, by the large, spreading
tree and to a lesser extent by its hardiness, vigor, healthfulness and fruit-
fulness. Coe is worthy of a place in every home plantation, in orchards
for local markets and in favored localities as an early cherry for the general
market.

Curtis Coe of Middletown, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the
Nineteenth Century from a pit of what he supposed to be Ox Heart. The
American Pomological Society included Coe in its list of recommended
fruits in 1856.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk stocky, shaggy;
branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid with ash-gray, with many raised
lenticels; branchlets stout, short, brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous, with
numerous small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide,
folded upward or flattened, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green;
lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely
serrate, with small, black glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, tinged
with red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish
glands on the stalk.

COE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I2I

Buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-
scars very prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, white; borne in dense clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green, broadly campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly com-
pressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed;
color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium tough-
ness, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild,
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free or free, one-half inch long, less than
one-half inch wide, roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged

along the ventral suture.
DIKEMAN

Prunus avium
1. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16, 17 fig. 1897.

Dikeman has some merit as a very late Sweet Cherry but here its use-
fulness ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for this
variety to have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for its
spreading habit and stout branches. Plant-breeders seeking for a very
late sort might well choose Dikeman as a parent.

Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under
this name. Late in the Eighteenth Century there appeared a cherry on
the Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical
with Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman.
It was never more than of local note. Some few years ago the late S. D.
Willard of Geneva introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George
B. Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. This variety often goes under
the name Dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that
Dikeman is the correct spelling. On our grounds this variety and Black
Tartarian, although similar, are two distinct sorts, the Dikeman being
later, firmer and a clingstone.

Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches
thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels
which are variable in size; branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose;

122 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

lower surface light green, faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely
and doubly serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long, tinged with red, with a few
hairs, with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk.

Buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters
variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers
white, one and three-eighths inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or
threes; pedicels one and one-fourth inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad, acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch
at the apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity wide,
flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex slightly pointed, with a small depression at the
center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender,
one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent to the
pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, mild, somewhat aromatic,
sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, longer than wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth
surfaces, somewhat marked with a reddish tinge.

DOUBLE GLASS

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 440-451, 487-490, 689. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:51.
52. 1858. 3. Jil. Handb. 163 fig., 164. 1860. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 80. 1890. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:7. 1892. ‘7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:274. 1903.

Amarelle Double de Verre. 8. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:197-201, fig. 55. 1866.

Great Cornelian. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 299. 1884.

Glass. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.

Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the Sweet
Cherry than the Sour Cherry. The trees grow remarkably well in nursery
and orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was
brought to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the
trees turned out to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that
the variety rapidly passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits
are curiously marked, the suture being so deep as to make them appear
double — hence the name. The variety has no value where sweet sorts
are hardy but possibly might find a niche somewhere in regions where a
more tender Sweet Cherry cannot be grown.

This variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to
1792 when Truchsess received it from Christ under the names Grosse
Frihkirsche and Englische Erzherzogskirsche, both of which were incorrect,
the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit did not ripen early,
and the second because it denoted a class of dark-fleshed cherries. In

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 123

France, Double Glass has long been cultivated under the name Amarelle
Double de Verre. The variety was brought to America from Russia in
1883 by Professor J. L. Budd. While grown for a time in the Central
States it was never highly regarded and has now nearly passed from
cultivation. The following description is a compilation:

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with age, usually hardy,
rather unproductive; branchlets thick, reddish-brown; leaves healthy, small to medium,
ovate, with serrated margins; buds large, prominent.

Fruit matures the latter part of June; usually large, roundish-oblate, with a very
deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at maturity; stem long, thick; skin
thin, tough, translucent; flesh yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender,
sprightly; good in quality; stone medium in size, roundish.

DOUBLE NATTE

Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 538, 539. 1819. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 292. 1884. 3. Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67. 1903.
Cerise van der Nat. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:41. 1771.
Kirsche von der Natte. 6. Kranitz Enc. 69, 70. 1790. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 539-542.
1819. 8. Jil. Handb. 509 fig., 510. 1861.

Budd’s importations of Russian cherries, to which reference is so often
made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all
of the foreign sorts. Cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that most
of the varieties were comparatively worthless; Double Natte is one of
these. It is a very mediocre cherry of the Morello group in nowise equal
to English Morello except when earliness is a prime requisite, this sort
being one of the earliest of the Morellos. In flavor it is equal to English
Morello but is no better. At Geneva the trees are seldom very fruitful.
From the eulogistic reports of its behavior in the Middle West it would
seem that it was better adapted to Iowa, for instance, than for New York.

This variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist,
in 1771 — origin not given. Some years ago Professor J. L. Budd also
imported from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry
has been grown as a separate variety under the name Riga but the
descriptions of it are all identical with those of Double Natte and there
can be no doubt but that they are one and the same.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, productive;
trunk and branches smooth; branches brown nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few

large lenticels; branchlets long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels.

124 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface glossy, slightly rugose;
lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base;
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red, grooved on the upper surface,
nearly one inch long, glandless or with one or two small glands at the base of the blade.

Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small
clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint reddish tinge, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, acute, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a broad but shallow
notch at the apex; filaments about one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than
the stamens.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical, com-
pressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular; suture deep, distinct, often extending entirely
around the fruit; apex depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish, obscure;
stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long, adheres strongly to the fruit; skin thin,
tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, tender and
melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in quality; stone nearly free, longer than wide,
nearly round, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral
suture.

DOWNER

Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:93, 94, Pl. 1851.
Downer’s Red Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 276. 1832.
Downer’s Late. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:65, Pl. 1854.
Guigne Tardive de Downer. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:95 fig., 96, 97. 1866.

Downer is a Sweet Cherry, one of the so-called ‘“‘ Hearts ” much prized
by those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored. Pos-
sibly it is the best of the late Sweet Cherries. Several defects keep it from
being of any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest soils; the
trees are often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the flesh is thin and
the stone is large; and, though the cherries set abundantly, the yield is small
because the fruits are small. So, while the variety is almost indispensable
in a home orchard, ripening after almost all of the dessert cherries have
gone, Downer has small place in a commercial plantation. It should be
said further in its favor, however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands
harvesting and shipping very well.

Downer takes the name of Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Massachusetts,
who grew it some time before 1832 when it first found a place in pomological
works. It was included by the American Pomological Society in its

DOUBLE NATTE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 125

schedule of fruits in 1848 as Downer’s Late. It now appears as Downer
with Downer’s Late Red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of
the Society.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; trunk thick, with
shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark brown overspread with dark gray, with
numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward,
obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green, hairy along
the veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch
long, thick, dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to three large, globose or reni-
form glands on the stalk.

Buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly
as lateral buds, or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white,
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in thin clusters in ones and in twos; pedicels
variable in length often one inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, somewhat sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length, often defective.

Fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-
cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very shallow, flaring; suture obscure; apex variable
in shape usually somewhat pointed; color light to dark red frequently showing an amber
background on the shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, somewhat stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and
pleasant, sweet when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate,
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.

DYEHOUSE

Prunus cerasus
1. Horticulturist 25:176,177. 1870. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.

Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the
beauty of its fruit. Early Richmond is the standard early cherry yet
Dyehouse is a week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally
well flavored. It is near of kin to Early Richmond but the two may be
distinguished by the difference in time of ripening and by its brighter,
clearer color, greater opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly
smaller size. Possibly this cherry would supersede the better-known Early
Richmond were it not for the defect in size and for the further faults of
being less productive and more capricious to environment, as it fails to

126 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

thrive in localities where the older sort is quite at home. It is a worthy
rival of Early Richmond, however, and ought to be grown both for home
and commercial purposes far more than it is.

To H. T. Harris of Stamford, Kentucky, belongs the honor of intro-
ducing this well-known cherry. Although its parentage is unknown, it is
almost certain that a Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised
the tree from a pit sixty or more years ago. At the time of its introduction
its characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the
Early Richmond. In time, however, differences were shown, as we have
set forth in the preceding paragraph. It was added to the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society in 1897.

Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense, round-topped,
productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened; branches reddish-brown covered
with dark ash-gray, with large, elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy,
variable in length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, incon-
spicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, slightly folded
upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green, with a few hairs along the midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely
serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, with
a few hairs along the grooved upper surface, with from one to three small, globose, green-
ish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on short spurs;
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, white; borne
in dense but well-distributed clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches, in twos,
threes or fours; pedicels one and one-half inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire, almost sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter, oblate, slightly compressed;
cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with
a small depression at the center; color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem one
inch long, adhering to the pulp; skin thin, tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with pinkish
juice, tender, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly free, ovate, slightly
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.

EAGLE
Prunus avium

1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 104:84. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.
Black Eagle. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828. 4. Pom. Mag. 3:127, Pl. 127. 1830. 5- Kenrick
Am. Orch. 274, 275. 1832. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 170 fig. 62. 1845. 7. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch.

DOWNER

DY EHOUSE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 127

Gard. 102. 1846. 8. Mag. Hort. 14:386, 387 fig. 37. 1848. 9. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848.
10. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:85, Pl. 1851. 11. Horticulturist N. S. 42287. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
108, 186. 1856. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:77-79, fig. 12. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:83, 84, fig.
42. 1882. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 285, 286. 1884. 16. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:491 fig. 86. 1895.

We hesitatingly follow the American Pomological Society in calling
this variety Eagle when it has so long been known as Black Eagle, the
name given it by the great pomologist, Knight. Were this choicely good
cherry larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in
many respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. Its flavor is
excellent; the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time in the
cherry season, just after Black Tartarian; the cherries are less liable to
crack than many of its rivals; and the trees are as hardy, healthy and
vigorous as those of any Sweet Cherry. Some complain that the trees do
not bear well at first but are productive only with age. But, after all, it
is its high quality that gives Eagle so much merit that it ought not to be
forgotten — makes it worth a place in every home orchard and commends
it highly to commercial growers of cherries who want a finely finished
product for either local or general market. The fruit-stems of this variety
are characteristically long.

Eagle was grown about 1806 by Sir Thomas Andrew Knight at Down-
ton Castle, Wiltshire, England, by fertilizing the Bigarreau of the old
writers, our Yellow Spanish, with pollen of the May Duke. The correct-
ness of the parentage as given has been questioned because of its inherited
characteristics. But if the May Duke is a hybrid between a Sweet and a
Sour, a pure Sweet offspring is not an impossibility. In 1823, Honorable
John Lowell of Massachusetts received Eagle from Knight. Prince men-
tioned this cherry in his Treatise of Horticulture, 1828, but the exact date
of its introduction into New York is unknown. In 1848 it was placed on
the list of fruits adopted by the National Convention of Fruit Growers
and since then it has been retained on the fruit list of the American Pomo-
logical Society.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at first but improv-
ing with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly covered
with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered
with light ash-gray, the surface slightly ribbed and with small, raised, inconspicuous
lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light
green, thinly pubescent; apex variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with

128 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

dark glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from
two to four reniform, brownish glands usually on the stalk.

Buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
clusters on spurs of medium length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers
white, one and one-eighth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green faintly tinged with
red, campanulate; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short, blunt claws and with a crenate apex;
anthers yellowish; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens
in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, somewhat cordate,
compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint groove; apex pointed or slightly
depressed; color dark red almost black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure;
stem slender, two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored juice,
meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone
free except along the ventral suture, rather small, ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture.

EARLY MAY

Prunus fruticosa

1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 2. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 479. 1869. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884.

May. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond Précoce. 6. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:168, 169, 170, Pl. III. 1768.

Friihe Zwergweichsel. ‘7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 492-498. 1819. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
349, 350, 372. 1889.

Amarell-Weichsel. 9. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:57, 58. 1858.

Précoce de Montreuil. 10. Mas Le Verger 8:141, 142, fig. 69. 1866-73.

Griottier Nain Précoce. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:293 fig., 294. 1877.

As the only cultivated representative of the European Dwarf Cherry,
Early May should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. It is a true
dwarf variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or seven
feet. Both tree and branches are very flexible so that Early May is well
adapted to the wall-training of European countries. It has further value
in its earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. It is doubtful whether
the variety can now be obtained in America but it ought to be reintroduced
both for the fruit and because it is a handsome ornamental. Early May
has several characters to recommend it to plant-breeders. The description
herewith given is compiled from European fruit-books.

Pliny in his Natural History mentions the Macedonian and the Cha-
maecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been Prunus
fruticosa, the European Dwarf Cherry. Early May, according to European

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 129

botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the identical cherry
that Pliny described. Following Pliny it was mentioned by Estienne, a
Frenchman, in 1540, by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771, by Parkin-
son, the English herbalist, in 1629, and, as the references show, by most
pomologists since. The names May and Early May have been applied to
several varieties, and especially in the West to the Early Richmond but
all are distinct and ought not to be confused with this, the true variety.

Tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat curved, flexible,
branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant, very small, obovate or oblong, acuminate;
margin irregularly and deeply serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming
season very early; flowers small; petals oval.

Fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small, roundish, slightly flattened;
suture indistinct; color bright red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long,
slender, set in a small, regular cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white, sometimes tinged
red under the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone very small,

roundish.
EARLY MORELLO

Prunus cerasus

1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:275. 1903.
Orel No. 23. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:68, 77 fig. 17. 1903.

This, which we think is the true Early Morello, is worthy an extended
description in The Cherries of New York chiefly because there are several
cherries of this name. The confusion results in much vexation to cherry-
growers in the West where, only, these cherries have been planted. The
full description should make clear at least the character of the variety
which is being grown at this Station as Early Morello. About all that
can be said of the variety as it grows here is that the trees are hardy, healthy,
vigorous, fruitful and regular in bearing. The cherries show the variety to
be of the Amarelle group but are such as to make it far inferior to Mont-
morency and other well-known Amarelles. The name is misleading, as
the variety has little in common, in tree or fruit, with the true Morellos.

The cherry described here as Early Morello was introduced by
Professor J. L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. It has proved
very productive and hardy throughout the West and resembles Early
Richmond, though smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. A
dark-fleshed variety from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rosedale,
Kansas, where it is known as Early Morello. This, and one by D. U.
Reed, Blue Springs, Nebraska, appear to be very similar to the Northwest,
or Wier No. 29.

9

130 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; trunk rather
thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, short; leaves
two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green,
rather glossy, smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole
glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brown or yellowish glands variable
in position; buds small, short, obtuse, in small clusters at the ends of slender, branch-
like spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal
to or slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate,
compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and
melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed,
with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red.

EARLY PURPLE

Prunus avium

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Purple Cherry. 2. Ray Hist. Plant. 1540. 1688.

Early Purple Guigne. 3. Cultivator N.S. 4:280 fig. 2. 1847. 4. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:93, 94, Pl. 1851.
5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1852. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:129, 130,
fig. 63. 1866-73. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:57 fig. 3, 58, 59. 1866. 9. Horticulturist 25:71 fig. 1870.
10. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:334, 335 fig., 336. 1877. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884. 12. Guide Prat.
6, 193. 1895.

Purple Guigne. 13. Elliott Fr. Book 195 fig. 1854.

Early Purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its attrac-
tive color and high quality. The trees bear well and regularly after having
become established in the orchard. The variety has the reputation of
being a poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in the orchard but
with age it takes on vigor and at all times is as healthy as those of any
Sweet Cherry. More than most cherries, this variety responds to good
care and a choice cherry soil—a warm, free-working loam being best. A
rather unusual and serious defect of this variety is that the fruit-spurs
are easily broken during picking and the crop of the next season thereby
cut short. Another fault is that it is the favorite food of the robin where
this, the worst of all cherry pests, abounds. The cherries of this variety
do not attain their rich purple color until full maturity is reached. Hogg,
the English pomologist, maintains that Early Purple does better on the
Mahaleb than on the Mazzard stock. No home collection should be
without this variety and it can often be profitably grown as an early cherry
for the local market.

Early Purple is the Early Purple Guigne of most fruit-books, the

EARLY PURPLE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I3I1

name having been shortened by the American Pomological Society, though,
since the variety goes back to the Early Purple of Ray in 1688, the name
here used has the right of precedence. As to what the origin and history
of the variety were before Ray mentioned it, we can find no record. Early
Purple was brought to America over a hundred years ago. According to
Elliott, eastern growers received it directly from England, while in the
West it was brought over by a party of German emigrants, under the name
“German May Duke”’ and as such it is still much grown in localities in
the Central West. In 1852, the American Pomological Society listed
Early Purple as one of the promising new fruits and later, in 1856, it was
given a place, which it has since retained, on the Society’s catalog of fruits
recommended for general cultivation.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick,
smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with large lenticels;
branchlets short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few small, incon-
spicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green,
very lightly pubescent; apex and base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark
colored glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, with
few hairs, with two or three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; season of bloom early; flowers
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos;
pedicels characteristically long, often one and one-fourth inches, slender, glabrous; calyx-
tube with a faint tinge of red, campanulate; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, acute,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broadly oval, serrate, with short,
blunt claws and a shallow, notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small,
grayish, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-purple, with
dark colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free except
along the ventral suture, rather large, broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth
surfaces.

EARLY RICHMOND

Prunus cerasus

1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:142. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 194,
195 fig. 1854. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:115 fig., 116. 1900.
Flanders. 6. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.

132 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Kentish. 7. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 660, 661. 1819.
9. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 196 fig., 197. 1845. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 11. Mas Le Verger
8:25, 26, fig. 11. 1866-73.

Cerisier Hatif. 12. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:170, 171, Pl. IV. 1768. 13. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 657, 658, 691. 1819. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 13, Pl. 1846. 15. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 53343, 344 fig., 345. 1877.

Cerise de Volger. 16. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.

Frihzeitige Amarelle. 17. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 616-618. 1819. 18. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obst-
kunde 3:70. 1858.

Early Griotte. 19. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131, 132. 1832.

French. 20. Quebec Pom. & Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 122, 123. 1906.

Early Richmond has long been the leading Sour Cherry of its season
— the first of its kind in the markets. It is not a remarkable variety in
its fruit-characters, the cherries being but medium in size, mediocre in
quality and not handsomer than other Amarelles with which it belongs.
It is, however, a very good culinary fruit and when well ripened may be
eaten out of hand with relish by those who like the refreshing acidity of
a Sour Cherry. Though not in nearly as great demand for canning as
Montmorency it still makes a very good canned product, being used more
than it otherwise would be to prolong the canning season because of its
earliness. Before cherries were largely canned for the markets, Early
Richmond was much used in making dried cherries, the product, rightly
cured, making a delicious sweetmeat which would keep for several months.
The cherries are remarkable for the tenacity with which the stone clings
to the stem. It is the tree in which the Early Richmond particularly
surpasses. It thrives in varied soils and climates from the St. Lawrence
to the Carolinas and from the Atlantic to the Pacific — possibly the most
cosmopolitan of all cherries — and everywhere vigorous, healthy and fruit-
ful. For the many purposes for which it may be used and because of the
characters of the tree, Early Richmond is indispensable in every home and
commercial orchard for an early cherry. After Montmorency it is more
largely grown than any other cherry, Sweet or Sour, in New York.

Early Richmond is the old Kentish of English writers, confused more
or less with the different Montmorencies. Whether or not this variety
was introduced into Kent, England, by the Romans and became thus
early the Kentish or whether it came from Flanders or Holland where it
was called Cerise de Volger, is not now certain. Probably, however, it is
one of the many seedlings of the Cerise Commune, as are the Montmoren-
cies, and was first known as Cerisier Hatif. Early in the Sixteenth
Century the gardener of Henry VIII made extensive plantings in Kent

EARLY RICHMOND

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 133

with trees supposed to have come from Flanders, and Parkinson, in 1629,
mentions a variety as Flanders which was probably this cherry. The
variety, soon known by many English writers as Kentish, was confused by
the French who seem to have had two Kentish cherries. In English nur-
series Kentish was soon confused with Montmorency. In this way the
terms Kentish, Flanders, Flemish and Montmorency came into use for this
sort. It was early brought to America where it became known as Early
Richmond but even here it has several names. The belief that it origi-
nated at Richmond, Virginia, was due to the fact that William Prince
secured his first trees from that source. By whom the variety was intro-
duced into this country is unknown, although Thacher speaks of it as early
as 1822. In the South it became known as Virginia May, while in the
West it has been called Early May. The variety appeared on the fruit list
of the American Pomological Society as Kentish in 1862 but in 1871 the
name was changed to Early Richmond. It is listed by all prominent nur-
series in this country as Richmond or Early Richmond while in England
it is still known as Kentish. The French cherry, often spoken of as
‘the common French cherry,” introduced into the lower St. Lawrence
region, is very similar to Early Richmond. This strain, propagated from
seed or sprouts, seems to be somewhat hardier than Early Richmond and
varies slightly from it in size and quality.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-topped, productive;
trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown lightly overspread with dull gray,
with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, grayish, smooth, with numerous small,
inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale
green; apex variable in shape, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole glandless or with one or two globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on very
short spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across,
white; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths inch
long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish,
entire, sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments over one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed;
cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened, with a slight depres-
sion at the center; color light red changing to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet,

134 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

inconspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pinkish juice, stringy, tender and
melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored; good to very good in quality; stone free, small,
roundish-ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; somewhat roughened along the
ventral suture.

ELKHORN

Prunus avium

1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24.
1899.

John Tradescantes Cherrie. 4. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.

Hertogs- Kers. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.

Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 180-192. 1819. 7. Dochnahl
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:36. 1858. 8. Ill. Handb. 89 fig., 90. 1860. 9. Lauche Deut. Pom. Il: No. 6, Pl.
1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357, 358. 1889.

Tradescant’s Black Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188 fig., 189. 1845. 12. Thompson Gard.
Ass't 526. 1859. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Gros Bigarreau Noir. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:108-111, fig. 24. 1866. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom.
53224, 225 fig., 226. 1877.

St. Margaret's Cherry. 16. Flor. & Pom. 105, Pl. 542. 1881.

Elkhorn has served its day and is now being rapidly superseded by
other cherries of the Bigarreau group to which it belongs. It was valued
by the old pomologists because of the large size of the fruit, the firm flesh,
late ripening, rich flavor, and because it hangs well on the tree long after
maturity. But it fails in competition with other Bigarreaus in bearing
cherries quite variable in size, in the diminishing size of the fruit as the
trees attain age and more than all else in being but moderately productive.
The bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with
gray as to make this a distinguishing mark. The fruit, too, is distinct in
appearance by reason of the irregular surface of the skin. The variety
possesses no characters, as it usually grows, to make it worth planting
either for home or market.

The history of this old cherry was almost hopelessly confused by
the early horticulturists by the vast number of names they used for it,
many of which belonged to other varieties. Elkhorn is supposed to have
been raised by John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I of England, under
the name Tradescant’s Black Heart. Of this cherry, John Parkinson in
1629 says: ‘“‘ John Tradescantes Cherrie is most usually sold by our
Nursery Gardiners, for the Archdukes cherrie, because they have more
plenty thereof, and will better be increased, and because it is so faire and
good a cherrie that it may be obtruded without much discontent: it is a

reasonably good bearer, a faire great berrie, deepe coloured, and a little

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 135

pointed.”” It isnot known when or how Elkhorn got to America. The first
cherry-grower in this country to mention it was William Prince, in 1832,
who says that his father noticed the variety growing in a garden next to
a hotel in Maryland about 1797 and brought cions of it to New York after-
wards propagating and selling it under the name Elkhorn given to the
cherry by the hotel proprietor. Elkhorn was at one time very popular
and well disseminated throughout the United States and is sold now by a
large number of nurserymen either under the name Tradescant’s Black
Heart or as Elkhorn. In 1862, the American Pomological Society listed
in its fruit catalog Tradescant’s Black Heart but dropped it in 1877. In
1899 this Society placed the variety in its catalog under the name Elkhorn
and it still remains on its list of recommended fruits. From its history
it is apparent that this cherry is rightly called Tradescant or Black Heart
or by some combination of these terms but Elkhorn has been adopted by
the American Pomological Society, is everywhere in common use on this
continent and is so distinctive that we choose for this text the newer name.

Tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, moderately productive; trunk stocky,
smooth; branches stout, smooth, with numerous small lenticels, reddish-brown heavily
overspread with ash-gray; branchlets thick.

Leaves numerous, three and three-fourths inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, short-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, roughish; lower surface
dull, light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute; margin coarsely serrate, glandular, petiole
with from one to three raised glands of medium size, variable in shape, usually on the
stalk.

Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to
conical, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish
or pointed, with a slight depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-eighths inches long, adhering to
the fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh a characteristically dark
purplish-red, with very dark colored juice, meaty, firm, crisp, mild, sweet; of good quality;
stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.

ELTON
Prunus avium

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:121,122. 1832. 3. Pom. Mag.2:92, P;
1839. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 77. 1845. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr.Gr. 52. 1848. 6. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 75. 1850. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr. Book 194 fig. 1854. 9. Thompson
Gard. Ass't 528. 1859. to. Ill. Handb. 105 fig., 106. 1860. 11. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:91 fig. 17, 92,
93. 1866. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 463 fig. 1869. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:196, 197 fig. 1877-

Flesh Coloured Bigarreau. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128. 1832. 15. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 182
fig. 74. 1845. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:192, 193 fig. 1877.

136 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Elton has been freely recommended and widely cultivated in Europe
and America for the past century and probably no cherry has given more
general satisfaction. The variety is distinguished by the form, color, flesh
and flavor of its fruit. The cherries are oblong-heart-shaped — possibly
too much drawn out for best appearance and often too oblique; the color,
very well shown in the color-plate, is most attractive and makes up for
any defect in shape —a dark red mottled with amber, very bright, clear
and glossy; the flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most
pleasing to the palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious being hardly
surpassed by that of any other cherry. The trees may be as readily told
as the fruit, by the unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves.
The branches are stout and bear the crop thickly placed close to the wood and
in prodigious quantities. Unfortunately it has a fault which in America, at
least, makes it almost unfit for a commercial plantation. Brown-rot, the
scourge of the Sweet Cherry, attacks this variety more aggressively than
almost any other sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be
too highly spoken of, Elton must remain for most part a variety for the
home orchard. The tree, perfect in most respects, is a little tender to
cold. Leroy, the French pomologist, thinks it does betteron Mahaleb than
on the Mazzard stock.

This is another cherry from Thomas Andrew Knight, the great English
pomologist. Knight fruited it first about 1806, the tree coming from a pit
of Yellow Spanish, the paternal parent being White Heart. From the
first it took a high place in English and continental pomology as it did
also in America upon being brought here in 1823. The variety is every-
where known and grown in America and is for sale by many nurserymen.
Elton was one of the fruits to receive attention at the first meeting of the
American Pomological Society in 1848, and in 1852 was put on the list of
recommended fruits where it still remains.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick,
smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with small lenticels;
branchlets long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised
lenticels, intermediate in number and size.

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, long-obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface
light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small,
dark glands; petiole two inches long, heavily tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs
along the upper surface, with from two to four reniform or globose, reddish-brown glands
on the stalk.

ELTON

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 137

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on very
short spurs variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; mid-season in blooming; flowers one
and one-half inches across, white; borne in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with
red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish,
entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments about one-half inch long;
pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; about one inch long, three-fourths inch wide, cordate to conical,
somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity rather abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex
distinctly pointed; color dark red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous,
small, light yellow, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long; skin thin, ten-
der, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of yellow, with colorless juice, slightly
stringy, tender, very mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral
suture, one-half inch long, long-ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; some-
what ridged along the ventral suture.

EMPRESS EUGENIE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Gard. Mon. 7:277. 1865. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:159 fig. 41, 160. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger
8:5, 6, fig. 1. 1866-73. 4. Pom. France 7: No. 10, Pl. 10. 1871. 5. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 383. 1875.
6 Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1877. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:348 fig., 349. 1877. 8. Hogg Fruit Man.
296, 297. 1884. 9. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 78, Pl. 29. 1894.

Eugenie. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1883.

This old French cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely
sold in America, does not thrive in the New World as well as the reports
say it does in the Old World. The two faults that condemn it, as it grows
here, are that the cherries ripen very unevenly making several pickings
necessary and the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the
total yield is not large. Lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform
in shape and are borne thickly in close clusters so that when brown-rot is
rife this variety suffers greatly. The short stem, too, prevents easy picking.
To offset these faults Empress Eugenie has to its credit the reputation of
being about the most refreshing and delicious Duke. In a home plantation
where the unevenness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season and
where dwarfness may not be undesirable, Empress Eugenie may well find
a place.

This cherry appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling on the grounds of
M. Varenne at Belleville, near Paris, France. It first fruited about 1850
and four years later the Horticultural Society of Paris placed it, under
the name Impératrice Eugénie, on its list of recommended fruits. M. A.
Gontier, a nurseryman at Fontenay-aux-Roses introduced it to commerce

138 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

in 1855. Empress Eugenie soon became quite generally disseminated
throughout Europe and was considered nearly as good as May Duke, with
which it has occasionally been confused. It must have been brought to
America towards the beginning of the last quarter of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury and here it gradually became widely distributed until today it is
found in all the leading cherry plantations and is propagated by a large
number of nurserymen throughout the United States. The American
Pomological Society added this cherry to its fruit catalog list in 1877 under
the name Empress Eugenie. In 1883 this name was shortened to Eugenie
under which term it has since appeared in the Society’s catalog. In The
Cherries of New York we have not adopted the shortened name as, by such
a change, all trace is lost of the person after whom the cherry was christened.

Tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming round-topped, very productive;
trunk slender, roughish; branches slender, much roughened, reddish-brown partly covered
with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets with short internodes, brown
slightly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous small, conspicuous, much-
raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches lony, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface
light green, thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin doubly
serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red,
with a few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, globose,
greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade.

Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on long or short spurs,
in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; blooming in mid-season; flowers one and
one-fourth inches across, white; borne in very dense clusters, in threes and fours; pedicels
one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish,
entire, with short but distinct claws; apex nearly entire; filaments one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-conic
to oblate-conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex flattened
or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem one and
one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale red, with pinkish juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of good
quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, somewhat oblique, with smooth
surfaces.

ENGLISH MORELLO

Prunus cerasus

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Langley Pomona 85. 1729. 3. Christ Handb. 677. 1797.
4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 197, 198 fig. 1845. 6. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 74. 1862. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 306, 307. 1884. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

EMPRESS EUGENIE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 139

Grosse Cerise a Ratafia. 9. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:189. 1768.

Grosse Lange Lothkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 599, 600, 601. 1819. 11. Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 12. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 356, 357. 1889.

Large Morello. 13. Prince Pom. Man. 2:144. 1832.

Ratafia Griotte. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 17, Pl.
1846. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:299, 300 fig., 301. 1877.

Northern Griotte. 17. Prince Pom. Man. 2:146. 1832. 18. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 18, Pl.
1846. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:188 fig., 189, 190. 1866. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 15, Pl. 15. 1871.
21. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 195. 1876. 22. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.

Colorado Morello. 23. Rogers Cat. 18. 1900.

English Morello is the best of all its group and is the standard late
Sour Cherry in North America, occupying at the close of the season the
place held by Montmorency in mid-season for home, market and cannery.
It is not a table fruit and can hardly be eaten out of hand until it loses
some of its astringency and acidity by thorough ripening. In any way
the cherries are prepared by cooking, however, it is one of the best, cul-
inary processes giving the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in
appearance, and a most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. The fruit is
handsome in appearance, bears harvesting and shipping well, is resistant
to brown-rot and hangs long on the trees after ripening, often until the last
of August if robins can be kept away. Once seen, one may always know
the trees. They are small, round-headed, with branches that distinctly
droop. To be sufficiently productive an English Morello orchard must be
closely set; for, though the trees are vigorous and productive for their
size, they are too dwarf to yield heavily. The trees are hardy but not
always healthy and are not adapted to as great a diversity of soils as might
be wished. The variety distinctly fails in its tree-characters. The demand
for English Morello has recently decreased and it is doubtful if it ever
regains its popularity of a decade ago. There is a place for a late cherry
which English Morello now fills but not sufficiently well.

All of the early pomologists describe a Morello or a Morella but no
one of them definitely gives its place of origin. The concensus of opinion
is that it originated in either Holland or Germany from whence it was
introduced into England and later into France. The early German writers
listed a Grosse Lange Lothkirsche which is English Morello. Preceding
them, Duhamel described the Grosse Cerise 4 Ratafia ‘‘as one praised for
confitures and preserving,” which is probably this cherry. Leroy believed
English Morello to be the cherry that Mortillet brought to Paris from
Holland calling it Griotte du Nord though he thought the variety had
been grown in France for many years previous but under another name.

140 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

It is possible that the term Du Nord originated through its being widely
grown as an espalier demanding a northern exposure, rather than as some
have thought, because it came from northern Germany. In 1862 English
Morello was put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society
where it still remains. Wragg is thought to be identical with this cherry
by some and, if not, it differs but little. Northern Griotte and Grosse
Lange Lothkirsche, introduced by Budd from Russia, are English Morello.
Morris, or Colorado Morello, put out by John Morris of Golden, Colorado,
once thought to be distinct, is also English Morello.

Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense-topped, productive;
trunk slender, rough; branches slender, smooth, dark brown overlaid with dark ash-gray,
with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, with short internodes, brownish,
smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved, with from one to three small,
globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds; leaf-scars
obscure; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters
in twos and threes; pedicels nearly one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with
a faint tinge of red, somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red,
obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals distinctly veined, roundish,
crenate, sessile, with crenate apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures very late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, sometimes running
larger, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular;
suture a shallow groove; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color very
dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, conspicuous; stem
slender, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the
pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good
quality; stone free, small, ovate, slightly flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces,
slightly tinged with red.

FLORENCE

Prunus avium

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 277. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
187. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885.

Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Bigarreau de Florence. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:204 fig., 205. 1877.

Florence Heart. 8. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.

Florence is a Bigarreau so similar to Yellow Spanish as to be hardly
worth planting, since it is, all and all, surpassed by its better-known rival.

ENGLISH MORELLO

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I4!I

The fruit hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length
of time which has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season,
some pomologists rating it as early, others as mid-season and still others
as late. At Geneva the trees of this variety are not as healthful, vigorous
or as fruitful as those of Yellow Spanish, with which it must compete,
nor are the cherries quite as fine in appearance or quality.

This variety was found in Florence, Italy, early in the Nineteenth
Century by John Houblon, who took it to England from whence it was
brought to America. It found a place in 1885 on the fruit list of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society where it remained until 1891, when it was
discarded, with quite sufficient reason.

Tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth;
branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branch-
lets thick, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised
lenticels.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-fourth inches long, two
and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface
rather dark green, rugose; lower surface dull light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute,
base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths
inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish
glands on the stalk.

Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and grouped in large clusters
on numerous short spurs; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, white; borne in dense clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish,
acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-obovate to oval, entire, with
very short, blunt claws, distinctly notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long;
pistil glabrous, usually shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide;
suture very shallow; apex somewhat pointed; color reddish over an amber background,
marked with indistinct, whitish spots and streaks; dots numerous, small, whitish, incon-
spicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating
from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, sprightly,
sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, cordate, flattened, blunt, with roughish
surfaces; enlarged along the ventral suture.

GEORGE GLASS
Prunus cerasus

1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328, 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:341. 1895. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122125. 1900. 6. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:276, 277. 1903. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.

142 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

George Glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the
Middle West but in New York, where it has passed through a rather
lengthy probationary period, practically all who have tried it are ready to
declare it worthless. It is of the Amarelle group and cannot compete
with the many good varieties of its kinship, as the Early Richmond or
the several Montmorencies. Its season is between Early Richmond and
Montmorency. As compared with the last-named variety, the standard
Sour Cherry, the fruit of George Glass is smaller, sourer, less attractive in
appearance and the trees are far less fruitful. Possibly the trees are more
hardy, this character commending it for the colder parts of the Mississippi
Valley.

The origin of this variety is uncertain but it is supposed to have been
introduced into Iowa by immigrants from northeastern Germany. In
American collections it has often been confused with Brusseler Braune
and Bessarabian and by some is declared to be identical with the latter
sort. It is supposed to be a cross between a Duke and a Morello cherry.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears unproductive;
trunk thick; branches thick, roughened, with numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels;
leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green;
petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper
surface, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands, usually at the base of the
blade; buds intermediate in size and length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom inter-
mediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch wide, oblate,
compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark red; stem one and one-eighth
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white,
with abundant colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour cherry;
good to very good in quality; stone free, roundish or slightly oblate, plump, blunt, with
smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.

HEART-SHAPED WEICHSEL
Prunus cerasus

1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 573-577. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60, 61. 1858.
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 4. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.

Herzformige Sauerkirsche. 5. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802.

Heart-Shaped Griotte. 6. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:103, 104, fig. 50.
1866-73.

This Sour Cherry, of the Morello group, is too poor in quality to
recommend it for any purpose. The fruit is scarcely edible until dead ripe
and even then is too puckering to eat out of hand with relish. The cherries

GEORGE GLASS

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 143

are very attractive, being large for the kind, heart-shaped, of a handsome,
clear, glossy dark purple color and very uniform in all characters. The
tree is conspicuous because of its symmetrical shape, large size, round head
and its many branches and branchlets. The leaves are characteristically
small, as are the flowers, which are further distinguished by very narrow
petals. The tree is hardy and productive and quite worth a place on a
lawn as an ornamental if not in the garden for its fruit. The variety has
several characters to commend it to plant-breeders.

This variety came to light in written records in the early part of the
Nineteenth Century in German fruit-books under the name Saure Herz-
kirsche or Herzkirschweichsel and was highly recommended for its fine
flavor. Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in one of his European trips, was
impressed with its symmetrical habit of growth and its abundant foliage
where he found it growing in eastern Europe as a lawn tree. He
included it among his importations but it has not proved valuable in the
New World.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive; branches rather
slender, smooth except for the large, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves
numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, obovate
to oval, thin, dark green, smooth; petiole over one-half inch long, tinged with red, with
from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands at the base of the
blade; buds intermediate in size and length, usually obtuse; season of bloom late; flowers
one inch across; borne in scattered clusters; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil slightly
shorter than the stamens, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-
conic, slightly compressed; color very dark, dull red; stem slender, one and one-fourth
inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tough; flesh very dark red, with dark wine-
colored juice, tender, rather meaty, very astringent, sour; of poor quality; stone nearly
free, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with roughish and colored surfaces.

HILDESHEIM
Prunus avium

1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196. 1854.

Guignier a Fruit Rouge Tardif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:162. 1768.

Agathe. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.

Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spdatkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 281, 282, 283. 1819.
Hildesheimer Ganz Spate Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 321, 322, 323. 1819.
Late Red Guigne. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 184. 1845.

Merveille de September. 9g. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.

Belle Agathe de Novembre. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 3:9, Pl. 1855.

144 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Hildesheimer Spate Knorpelkirsche. 11. Ill. Handb. 139 fig., 140. 1860.
Kratos Knorpelkirsche. 12. Ill. Handb. 59 fig., 60. 1867.

Schone Agathe. 13. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1867.

Bigarreau de Fer. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:199, 200 fig. 1877.

Belle Agathe. 15. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:99, 100, fig. 50. 1882.

Bigarreau de Hildesheim. 16. Hogg Fruit Man. 282. 1884.

This variety, one of the oldest, has been called by a great number of
names by European writers. The cherry mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768,
as a late Guigne with red fruit, otherwise known as Guigne de Fer, can
be no other than Hildesheim. The exact origin of the variety has never
been known, though it is supposed to have sprung up in the neighborhood
of Hildesheim, Prussia. It was brought to America early in the Nine-
teenth Century, probably by William Prince. With it came some of
the numerous foreign names. It seems certain that Late Red Guigne
mentioned by Prince was Hildesheim. Ripening late and being small
and of rather undersirable texture, Hildesheim did not meet with much
favor in America, never being widely disseminated, and has long since
passed from cultivation. This variety, under the name Belle Agathe, was
propagated in Belgium by M. Thiery about 1852 and for some time was
supposed to be a separate sort. The following description is compiled:

Tree very large, vigorous, upright, hardy, an annual bearer, unproductive while
young producing good crops later; branches thick, large, long, straight; leaves numerous,
of medium size, oval or elongated-oval, acuminate; margin finely and regularly serrate;
petiole slender, rather short, tinged red, with large, flattened glands; blooming season
early.

Fruit matures very late, usually attached in fives but sometimes in threes and fours;
small to medium, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, somewhat irregular; color
yellowish, mottled and marbled with dark red; stem two inches long, slender, somewhat
curved; skin thick; flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red at the pit, firm, somewhat
stringy, rather dry, with uncolored juice, pleasant flavored, sweet; quality good; stone
medium to large, with reddish surface, long, compressed.

IDA
Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 20:270, 271. 1878. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Ida is a handsome, large, light red cherry resembling Napoleon in shape
and Rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh which
places it among the Hearts rather than the Bigarreaus. Because of beauty
of the fruit, earliness and good tree-characters, Ida promises to become a

IDA

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 145

rather general favorite in home orchards though it falls short of several
others of its near of kin in flavor and flesh-characters. It can never take
a high place among commercial kinds because the cherries are too soft to
handle well, show bruises plainly, are somewhat susceptible to brown-rot
and come when better cherries are plentiful. The trees are vigorous,
hardy and bear full crops regularly and in various environments. The
variety is readily told by the upright habit of growth and by the large
lenticels on trunk and branches. Ida has been very well tried as a com-
mercial variety in this State but in the ups and downs of the industry has
not held its own with other sorts and can be recommended only for home
plantations.

E. H. Cocklin of Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety as
a seedling of Cocklin’s Favorite, another of his cherries. The cherry was
named after his daughter, Ida. It seems to have proved worthy of general
culture, as it is now listed by many nurserymen. The American Pomo-
logical Society placed Ida on its fruit list in 1909.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, very productive;
trunk stout; branches very stocky, smooth, light ash-gray over brown, with large, much-
raised lenticels; branchlets very stout, short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughish,
with a few raised lenticels.

Leaves five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green,
pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly
crenate, with small, black glands; petiole two and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged
with red, somewhat hairy along the grooved upper surface, usually with two large,
reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in dense
clusters on numerous short spurs, also with many small, round, lateral leaf-buds on the
secondary growth; leaf-scars not prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one
and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, whitish within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a tinge of red, acute, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate
at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter
than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed;
cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex variable in shape; color amber
overspread with light red, mottled; dots numerous, rather large, yellowish, somewhat
conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild, sweet; of good quality;
stone free or semi-free, roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with
distinct ridges along the ventral suture.

Io

146 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

JEFFREY DUKE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190,
I9t. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:119, 120, fig. 60. 1882. 6. Hogg
Fruit Man. 302. 1884.

Royale. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 12193, 194, Pl. XV. 1768. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
482-484. 1819. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:386, 387 fig., 388. 1877.

Konigliche Swissweichsel. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 427-429. 1819. 11. Ill. Handb. 73
fig., 74. 1867.

Jeffrey's Royal. 12. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846.

Royale Hative. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:134-138, fig. 32. 1866.

This old variety, which has almost passed from cultivation, may have
had its origin in France about the middle of the Eighteenth Century,
though more likely it originated in England much earlier. Leroy men-
tions a Royale cherry which was introduced from England to France about
1730 and was first grown by M. le Normand in the garden of Louis XV.
The name Royale was first used by the French about 1735 from the fact
that it was grown in the royal gardens and since that time this name has
clung to the variety in most of the French plantations. According to
English writers, the variety was brought to notice in England by Jeffrey,
proprietor of the Brompton Nursery at Brompton Park, England, and
from that time it was known as Jeffrey’s Duke. English pomologists main-
tain that Jeffrey renamed the old Cherry Duke of England, giving it
his name. Jeffrey Duke appeared on the American Pomological Society’s
fruit catalog list in 1862 but was dropped in 1871. It is doubtful if the
variety can now be found in America. The following description is com-
piled from the authors given in the references:

Tree large, vigorous, very upright, unusually compact, slow-growing, productive;
branches very numerous, stocky, straight, thickly set with fruit-spurs; internodes short;
branchlets very short; buds closely set; leaves numerous, medium in size, oval or obovate,
acuminate; margin finely and irregularly serrate; petiole short, slender, with small, flattened
or globose glands; blooming season late; flowers small, very open.

Fruit matures in mid-season, usually attached in pairs; medium in size, roundish,
slightly flattened at the apex and base; suture a well-marked line; color lively red becoming
dark red or almost black when fully ripe; stem slender, inserted in a moderately broad,
deep cavity; skin thin; flesh firm but tender, yellowish-amber, with abundant colored
juice, slightly stringy, highly flavored; good in quality; stone small, roundish, tinged
with red.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 147

KING AMARELLE

Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Worterb. 293. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 610-615. 1819. 3. Liegel Syst.
Anlett. 174. 1825. 4. Ill. Handb. 533 fig., 534. 1861. 5. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 23, Pl. 1882.
6. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 7. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser 3:62. 1900. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul.'73:72. 1903.
9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
King’s Cherry. 10. Rea Flora 205. 1676.

King Amarelle is an old European cherry that has taken on new life
in America. It is of the Early Richmond type, differing from this standard
Amarelle in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color and with a longer
stem. The fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry
is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of
Early Richmond which, in its turn, is rather too small. The tree is very
like that of Early Richmond — quite as vigorous and productive, the
same in size and shape and, if anything, alittle more hardy. The variety is
told from afar in blossoming-time by the peculiar distribution of the flower-
clusters, which are numerous and dense but always separated by several
inches or a foot of bare wood. King Amarelle can never displace Early
Richmond but might be tried where a somewhat hardier cherry is wanted
or it might be planted as a substitute where the better-known sort fails.

This variety, of old and uncertain origin, sprang up in France about
the same time as the Montmorencies and became confused with them.
In both fruit and tree-characters, however, King Amarelle is very different
from the Montmorencies, being more like Early May but ripening later
and making a larger tree. The cultivation of King Amarelle never became
extended in Europe because of the inferior quality of the fruit and poor
tree-characters. Professor J. L. Budd brought the variety to America
from Russia about 1883. The Royal Amarelle, grown on the Canadian
Experiment Station grounds in 1900, is undoubtedly King Amarelle. The

American Pomological Society placed it on its list of recommended
fruits in 1909.

Tree of medium size and ,vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk roughish; branches rather slender, smooth, reddish-brown overlaid with dark ash-
gray; branchlets slender, of medium length, with short internodes, brown partly covered
with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.

Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
obovate, somewhat glossy, thick; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light
green, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly

148 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, somewhat slender, lightly tinged
with red, with a few hairs on the grooved upper surface and with from one to three small,
globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, very free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters
on few, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels over
one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals somewhat obovate, entire, with an entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed;
cavity regular, somewhat abrupt; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened; color
bright red; dots numerous, small, light russet, rather conspicuous; stem one inch long,
adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; fair to good in quality; stone free, ovate,
somewhat flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ridged along
the ventral suture.

KIRTLAND

Prunus avium

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 22. 1904-05.

Kirtland’s Mary. 2. Horticulturist 2:123, 124 fig. 21. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365.
1849. 4. Cole Am. Fr. Book 231. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1852. 6. Ibid. 235. 1854.
7. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 8. Hooper W. Fr. Book 262, 263. 1857. 9- Mas Le Verger 8:55,
56, fig. 26. 1866-73.

Mary. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 86, 87. 1866.

In the collection of cherries at this Station, Kirtland stands among
the best of the Bigarreaus in quality of fruit — in fact is hardly surpassed
in richness and delicacy of flavor. The fruit, too, as may be seen from
the color-plate, is handsome, the cherries resembling the well-known
Napoleon but being a little darker in color. The flesh is firm and meaty
and stands handling well and also resists the brown-rot as well as any
other cherry. With these splendid qualities of fruit, Kirtland would long
ago have been one of the standard commercial cherries were its tree-char-
acters better. Wherever tried, the complaint comes that the trees lack
vigor and can be grown successfully only on choice cherry soils and under
the best of care. With these faults the variety can be recommended only for
home orchards and for local markets where there is demand for a very early
Bigarreau, since this variety ripens before most other cherries of its kind.

Kirtland was grown in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleve-
land, Ohio, and ranks foremost in quality and appearance of all the seedlings
raised by this well-known cherry-breeder. The American Pomological

KIRTLAND

inhi
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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 149

Society, in 1852, mentioned this sort as deserving of further trial and, in
1854, listed it among the varieties of promising fruits. Elliott, in his
Fruit Book, noted this cherry under the name Kirtland’s Mary, in honor
of Professor Kirtland’s daughter, and classed it as a variety worthy of
general cultivation. Hogg, in 1866, dropped the name Kirtland and listed
it as Mary, while in the American Pomological Society’s Special Report
for 1905 it is called Kirtland. According to the rules of pomological
nomenclature, Hogg was correct in holding the name Mary but, since
there is another Mary and no worthy sort bearing the name of so eminent
a horticulturist as Professor Kirtland, this Station follows the American
Pomological Society in the use of Kirtland.

Tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and
branches slender, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray,
with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-
gray, smooth except for the longitudinal, conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, elliptical
to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, somewhat glossy, smooth; lower surface
light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small,
dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, lightly
pubescent along the upper side, with two or three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or on numerous, very
short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; blooming in mid-season;
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters; pedicels one inch
long, pubescent, reddish-green; calyx-tube tinged with red, light green within, campanu-
late, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws and a notched apex; filaments in four series,
the longest one-half inch; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, com-
pressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct line; apex roundish or pointed,
with a small depression at the center; color amber overspread with bright red; dots
numerous, small, grayish, conspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adhering
to the fruit; skin tough; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with a pleasant
and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, with
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture.

KNIGHT

Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Knight's Early Black. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:120. 1832.
4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr.Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:19. 1858. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:83. 1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:85, 86, fig. 43. 1882.
Knights Frithe Herzkirsche. 8. Ill. Handb. 3 fig., 4. 1867.

150 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This old English variety has long been popular in America, where it
is generally known as Knight’s Early Black, this name having been short-
ened by the American Pomological Society to Knight. Possibly Knight is
to be found in dooryards and home gardens in Eastern United States as
often as any other Sweet Cherry with the exception of Black Tartarian.
The characters which give it popularity are excellent quality, handsome
appearance because of its glossy, dark purple color and uniformity in color,
shape and size, and its earliness, it being the earliest good Sweet Cherry.
Unfortunately, even in the best soil and under the most painstaking treat-
ment, the cherries run small, a defect for American markets. The small
size also leads to comparatively low yields even though the fruits are often
borne in prodigious numbers. Knight, in size, color and flavor, is much
like Black Tartarian but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. As
the trees grow on the grounds of this Station they are about all that could
be desired in a Sweet Cherry. The trees are characteristically marked by
smooth bark which is dotted with large lenticels. There are now
better sweet varieties than Knight for most purposes but still this old
variety has too many merits, especially for home grounds, to be wholly
forgotten.

Knight comes from a seed of May Duke crossed with Yellow Spanish
by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, about 1810. The
new variety sprang into prominence almost immediately, being mentioned
by French, German and English writers. Knight is still one of the well-
recognized sorts in Europe and America and has appeared continuously
on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society since 1848. Mathieu
has included several synonyms under this head which we question as we
believe they belong to the Guigne Noir Hative, a distinct variety though
very similar.

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk stocky,
variable in smoothness; branches smooth, light reddish-brown nearly overspread with
ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets thick, brown lightly covered with ash-gray,
variable in smoothness, with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, obovate to long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light
green, thinly pubescent; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with
small, dark glands; petiole two inches long, slender, tinged with red, with a shallow groove
and with few hairs, with two or three large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the

stalk.
Buds long, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in

KNIGHT

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I5I

small clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom inter-
mediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually
in twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes lightly tinged with red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals oval, entire, deeply notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical; cavity
wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the
center; color dark reddish-black, obscurely mottled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure;
stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, mild,
sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, small, roundish-ovate,
with smooth surfaces.

LAMBERT
Prunus avium

1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. U.S. D. A. Yearbook
307-309, Pl. 31. 1907.

Nowhere else in America, possibly nowhere else in the world, can the
Sweet Cherry be grown as well as in Oregon and Washington. From these
States, more particularly Oregon, several meritorious cherries have been
added to pomology. One of the best of these is Lambert, now a standard
sort in its native State but still on probation in Eastern America. Lam-
bert is a Bigarreau, a seedling of Napoleon by Black Heart, and a worthy
rival of its parents in most respects and superior in some. In appearance,
Lambert is more like its male than its female parent, having much the
same shape and color, but it is larger, more rotund, smoother, clearer
and brighter — one of the handsomest of the dark-colored Sweets. The
flesh and flavor leave little to be desired; the flesh is purplish-red marbled
with lighter red, firm, meaty and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at
the first taste one marks very good. The tree is strong, vigorous, healthy
and usually fruitful and regular in bearing. The fruit sets in great, loose
clusters — often a dozen or more cherries to the fruit-spur. The leaves
are remarkably large and dark green, the foliage betokening the vigor of
the variety. Lambert is well worthy thorough testing for either home or
market wherever the Sweet Cherry can be grown.

Lambert originated as a seedling under a Napoleon tree which was
planted by the late Henderson Lewelling! about 1848 in the orchard of

1 Little is known of the early life of Seth and Henderson Lewelling. They were of Welsh ancestry

and both were born in Salem, North Carolina, Henderson on the 25th of April, 1809, and Seth on the 6th
day of March, 1819. Henderson died in California December 28th, 1878, while Seth died in Milwaukee,

152 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

J. H. Lambert, Milwaukee, Oregon. This seedling, supposed to have been
a cross between Napoleon and Black Heart, was grafted to May Duke
and later transplanted. About 1880, the top died and a sprout from the
seedling stock formed a new top. Mr. Lambert gave the new variety his
name and in 1895 turned over his stock to the Oregon Horticultural Society
with the exclusive right to propagate. The variety was placed on the
fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1899 where it still remains.

Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; branches
smooth, dull reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, dark
reddish-brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous
lenticels.

Leaves four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, smooth; lower surface light green,
lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole
one and one-half inches long, dull red, glandless, or with from one to three rather small,
globose, reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds large, pointed or conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate, short; flowers

Oregon, February 21st, 1897. When the boys were still very young their parents moved from North
Carolina to Ohio and founded the town of Salem in Ross County; later they moved to Indiana where their
father established a nursery and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the West and
here again they founded a town of Salem. We next hear of Henderson Lewelling in Salem, Henry County,
Iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in 1837 he planted a small nursery of 35 varieties
of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees.

The history of the Lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from Seth Lewelling?

’

(we spell the name as does he and not “ Luelling ’ as do many in writing of him) that in March, 1847,
Henderson Lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries and loaded
them into two wagons and started to Oregon. This traveling nursery was on the road from March to
November and one can imagine the labor of watering and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains
and plains. Henderson Lewelling formed a partnership with William Meek under the firm name of
Meek & Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. Seth joined his brother in the fall of 1850 bringing with him
from the East a considerable quantity of fruit seed. For the next few years their nursery operations were
on a large scale, over 100,000 grafts being planted in 1853. From time to time they made new importa-
tions of plants and fruit seeds from the East. Seth says that his brother quit the business and moved to
California in 1853 and we hear no more of him until his death in 1878. In 1857, the partnership between
Meek and Seth Lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter the owner of the Milwaukee nurseries. It was
in 1860 that Seth Lewelling raised his first seedling cherry, the Republican, called by him Black
Republican, which was sold to George Walling of Oswego and Mr. Hanson of East Portland, the proceeds
bringing Lewelling $500. Mr. Lewelling counts the Republican and Bing cherries and the Golden Prune
as his most notable contributions to pomology.

The Lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the settlement
of all our states — men of indominable courage and will who have bred and grown fruits throughout their
lives in spite of every adversity. Few other men labored longer and more devotedly to improve the
cherry than Seth Lewelling.

1 Oregon St. Bd. Hort. An. Rpt. 2:242. 1893.

LAMBERT

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 153

one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
long, broad, obtuse, finely serrate; petals roundish, entire, with short claws and with
dentate apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed;
cavity rather deep, slightly flaring; suture shallow, often a mere line; apex roundish,
depressed at the center; color very dark red changing to reddish-black; dots numerous,
small, russet, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, one and one-fourth inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark red
juice, meaty, firm, pleasant flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, large,
wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces; prominently ridged along
the ventral suture.

LARGE MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885. 2. Ibid. 25. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110, 114. 1900.
4. Am. Gard. 22:266, 267. Ig01.

Flemish. 5. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 7 Thompson Gard.
Ass’t 530. 1859.

Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 465-470. 1819. 8. Dochnahl
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:54, 55. 1858. to. Ill. Handb. 165 fig., 166. 1860.

Short Stem Montmorency. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 22139, 140. 1832. 12. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:75. 1903.

Grosser Gobet. 13. Ill. Handb. 543 fig., 544. 1861.

Montmorency. 14. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:195 fig. 54, 196, 197. 1866.

As its synonyms show, Large Montmorency has been grown under
various names in Europe and America — a testimony to its merits. Were
it not that the true Montmorency is so much more fruitful than this larger-
fruited offshoot of the same race of Amarelle cherries, Large Montmorency
would be a leading commercial Sour Cherry, for it is equal to the smaller-
fruited strain in all other characters with the advantage of size. The
relationship between this and the other Montmorencies is apparent but
Large Montmorency is easily distinguished by several marked characters
from the common Montmorency, known by all, with which it is most
often confused. Its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a
shorter, thicker stem, are more oblate and ripen a little earlier. The trees
are more upright, with stouter branches and are far less fruitful. The
flesh-characters of the two kinds are much the same — excellent in both,
the flavor being particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the
Sour Cherry. Large Montmorency has been tried and found so wanting
in productiveness that it can rarely be recommended as a commercial
variety but it is much too good a fruit to be wholly lost and should be
grown by connoisseurs who want a large, finely flavored Sour Cherry.

154 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety has been much confused with other cherries, particularly
Montmorency, Early Richmond and Short Stem Montmorency. Bradley,
in 1739, mentioned a Flemish cherry which undoubtedly was the Large
Montmorency of today, for the name Flemish has rather commonly been
applied to this sort since Bradley’s time. There is no doubt but that
Large Montmorency sprang up about the same time as the true Mont-
morency, in the Montmorency Valley in France. It may have been a
seedling of the Cerise Hative, afterwards known as Early Richmond, though
some writers are of the opinion that the Montmorencies and Cerise Hative
were all seedlings of the old Cerise Commune. At any rate, there have
come to be at least three distinct types of Montmorency: the true Mont-
morency with long stems and moderate-sized fruit, called Montmorency a
Longue Queue or, in America, Montmorency Ordinaire; the Large Mont-
morency with its large fruit and shorter, thicker stems, commonly known
by the French and German writers as Montmorency a Gros Fruit, Gros
Gobet, Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency and sometimes as Mont-
morency a Courte Queue; and the Short-Stem Montmorency, often called
Montmorency a Courte Queue and sometimes Gros Gobet. Large Mont-
morency has often been sold for Montmorency, or for Early Richmond,
hence the three varieties are more or less confused. Large Montmo-
rency probably came to America about the same time as Montmorency
and Early Richmond, early in the Nineteenth Century. In 1875,
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York, disseminated this sort quite
extensively but later it proved too unproductive for commercial use. It
was soon replaced by the true Montmorency but often the names were
interchanged and large forms of the Montmorency were thought to be
this variety. The unproductiveness of this cherry has been consistently
mentioned by nearly every writer from Duhamel’s time to the present.
Large Montmorency was added to the American Pomological Society's
catalog list of fruits in 1885 as Montmorency Large but in 1899 this name
was changed to Large Montmorency.

Tree rather large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive; trunk thick, roughened;
branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown overspread with dark ash-gray, with
numerous large, raised, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, brown tinged
with bronze, smooth except for the large, numerous yellowish, conspicuous, raised
lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, broad-oval to obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose;

LARGE MONTMORENCY

vii
Paced

CS
MUNA

Hiei
Mi ony)

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 155

apex acute, base variable in shape; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged
with dull red, glandless or with from one to three globose, yellow or brownish glands,
usually at the base of the blade.

Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters
on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one
inch across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long,
glabrous, green; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace
of red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate,
entire or slightly crenate, sessile, with a crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, compressed;
cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, russet, somewhat conspicuous; stem thick, one inch long, adhering fairly
well to the fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, showing distinctly
the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless or slightly tinged juice, tender and melting,
sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish, plump, with
smooth surfaces, tinged with red.

LATE DUKE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Pom. Mag. 1:45, Pl. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48, 49, 55, 56. 1831. 3- Prince Pom.
Man. 23134, 135. 1832. 4. Hort. Reg. (Emg.) 1:257, fig. 1833. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 191 fig.
80. 1845. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:397 fig. 33, 398. 1847. 7. Gard. Chron. 556. 1848. 8. Hovey Fr. Am.
1:37, 38, Pl. 1851. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Wahre Englische Kirsche. 10. Christ Handb. 682. 1797. 11. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 12.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 405-410. 1819. 13. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:50. 1858. 14. Il.
Handb. 499 fig., 500. 1861.

Spate Herzogenkirsche. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 434-437. 1819.

Anglaise Tardive. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:179-181, fig. 48. 1866. 17. Mas Le Verger 8:67,
68, fig. 32. 1866-73.

Late Duke is a variant of the well-known May Duke, ripening from
two weeks to a month later. The size, color, flavor and season of the
fruit all commend it, as do the vigor, health and fruitfulness of the trees.
The cherries are not quite as sweet as those of May Duke, a little more
marbled in color of skin and ripen through a longer season. The trees
are readily told from those of the earlier Duke, being more open and spread-
ing, scanter of foliage, with slender branches and with fruit more thickly
clustered along the branchlets. Ripening in a season when hybrid varieties
are gone or rapidly going, Late Duke is a valuable acquisition in the home
orchard and for nearby markets to which tender-fleshed varieties can be
shipped. If those who want late cherries will plant this variety on a north-
ern slope, against a northern wall or where in any way shaded or in a cool

soil, these delicious cherries can be had until well toward August. The

156 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

tree is hardy and its blossoming-time is late so that the variety is well
adapted to northern latitudes.

The origin of this variety is unknown. In 1797, Christ mentions
“a true English cherry’ which is probably Late Duke. At least Ober-
dieck, in 1861, states that the true English cherry is identical with the Late
Duke, or Anglaise Tardive. In 1823, Late Duke was introduced into
England by the London Horticultural Society from M. Vilmorin, of Paris,
under the name Anglaise Tardive. Though the French name of this
variety seems to indicate an English origin, the old English writers were
not aware of any cherry of this kind being in existence in England previous
to its introduction by the Horticultural Society. Because of the close
resemblance of Late Duke to May Duke it has often been confused with
that sort and by some writers was supposed to be a late strain of May
Duke. The American Pomological Society listed Late Duke in its fruit
catalog in 1862.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming spreading at maturity, open-topped,
productive; trunk and branches slender; branches brown overlaid with dark ash-gray,
with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, short, reddish-brown, with ash-gray
scarf-skin, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward,
obovate, thick; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with
a few scattering hairs; apex abruptly pointed; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark
glands; petiole one inch long, lightly tinged with red, grooved and somewhat hairy on
the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands, usually
at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters;
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in numer-
ous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, almost sessile; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures very late; one inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, somewhat compressed;
cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender, one and one-half inches to two
inches long, deeply inserted; flesh amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich,
sprightly subacid; stone semi-clinging, medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed.

LATE DUKE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK L577.

LATE KENTISH

Prunus cerasus

1. Downing Fr. Trees. Am. 197. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Kentish Red. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817.
Pie Cherry. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 371. 1849.
Red Pie Cherry. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.
Kentish. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854.
/

This old cherry served well the needs of Americans in colonial times
when all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. Though but little
improvement on the wild Prunus cerasus, the trees were so hardy, vigorous,
healthy and productive that any who had a bit of spare land could have
cherries. This, therefore, became preeminently the “‘ pie cherry ’’’ of New
England and the North Atlantic States. The trees are long-lived and even
so late as a generation ago Downing says that this variety is ‘ better known

“cc

among us than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the Hudson
and near New York.’’ The variety is never planted now, having long
since been superseded by better sorts, Early Richmond and Montmorency
in particular, but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where
a tree of the variety formerly stood.

Late Kentish and Early Richmond, the latter the Kentish of some
authors, are much confused. Late Kentish is the old Pie Cherry of Colonial
times. It is a seedling sort belonging to America, having been planted
along fences and roadsides in the earliest times. This cherry is mentioned
by the Pilgrims in 1620 and this and the May Duke were listed as market
varieties in Massachusetts. Many believe it to be a seedling of Early
Richmond, sometimes, as we have seen, called Kentish, but this variety
being two weeks later, received the name Late Kentish. The name was
put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1873. The
following description is a compilation:

Tree small, bears annually, very productive, hardy.

Fruit matures about two weeks after Early Richmond; medium or below in size,
roundish, flattened; stem one inch to one and one-half inches in length, stout, straight;
color deep, lively red; flesh light colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour,
remaining quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk.

158 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

LITHAUER
Prunus cerasus

1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
245. 1894. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33. 1904-05. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

It is barely possible that Lithauer, if the trees can be obtained, may
have some value in the coldest and bleakest parts of New York where
less hardy sorts cannot be grown. The variety is too poor in quality to
be worth planting where the better but less hardy cherries will grow.
We greatly doubt whether it is worthy a place in the recommended list
of fruits of the American Pomological Society. It is included here only
because of the prominence given it by a place in the fruit list named.

This is one of the varieties imported from Russia by Professor J. L.
Budd of Iowa, who reported that it was much grown in southwest Russia
for drying and in making cherry wine. As tested in various parts of this
country Lithauer has proved of little value except in the extreme north.
The American Pomological Society, in 1909, listed this sort in its catalog
of recommended fruits for northern fruit regions. The following
description is compiled:

Tree large, vigorous, tall, weeping, hardy.

Fruit matures from the middle to the last of July; small, roundish, slightly oblate;
stem long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming
almost black at maturity; skin thick, tough; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, firm, meaty,
quite acid or bitter even when fully ripe; poor in quality; stone variable in size, roundish.

LOUIS PHILIPPE
Prunus avium x Prunus cerasus
1. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Horticulturist 22:289, 290
fig. 1867. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:378. 1877. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Here again we have a very evident hybrid between some Sweet Cherry
and a Sour Cherry of the Morello type in which Morello characters are
most prominent. If the description and color-plates of this variety and
Olivet be compared it will be found that the two cherries are nearly identi-
cal. They differ only in season of ripening and in minor tree-characters
which may be best summarized by the statement that this cherry has in
the tree more of the aspect of a Morello than has Olivet. It may be sus-
pected that one or the other of the two varieties on our grounds is mis-

LOUIS PHILIPPE

AE
Wai)
y

yi

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 159

named but the descriptions of all who have described the two show that they
are very similar, if not identical. The history of Louis Philippe, long known
in America but little or not at all known in Europe, throws some light on the
question of its distinctness from Olivet, the origin of which is known, inas-
much as Louis Philippe seems to be the older of the two. The value
of the two varieties to cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the
discussion of Olivet.

Elliott,! the American pomologist, imported Louis Philippe from France
in 1846 but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in
Europe and it is possible that Elliott gave it its name. For the first few
years the variety was not given the recognition it deserved but, in 1862,
it was recognized by the American Pomological Society by a place on its
list of recommended fruits which it still holds under the name, Philippe.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; trunk and branches intermediate in
thickness; branches with numerous very large, elongated, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-eighth inches wide,
oval to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, shiny green, smooth; lower surface
olive-green, with a large, prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate,
with reddish-brown glands; petiole one inch long, usually with one or two large, globose,
yellowish-red, glands, variable in position.

1Elhott’s American Fruit Growers Guide, published in 1858 and dedicated to Professor Jared P.
Kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. Cherry growers, in particular, owe Elliott
a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to Kirtland’s cherries, having described in his book 20
of the sorts originated by Professor Kirtland. Beside his fruit book he published Popular Deciduous
and Evergreen Trees (1868), Handbook for Fruit-growers (1876) and Handbook of Practical Laudscape Garden-
ing (1877). He also served pomologists well for many years, at various times, from 1850 to 1873, as the
secretary of the American Pomological Society. Franklin Reuben Elliott was born in Guilford, Con-
necticut, April 27, 1817. We know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by Elliott, that he was
a descendant of John Eliot, ‘‘ The Apostle of the Indians.” As a young man he engaged with a brother
in New York as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million dollars. Financial ruin
came through a disastrous fire and, in 1836, Elliott went to Newburgh and was employed by A. J. Downing
from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his love for pomology and horticulture. A roving
disposition and dissipated habits led him to leave Downing for a position with a relative near Cincinnati
who was a market-gardener. A ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of liveli-
hood for we find him successively in Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri, in newspaper work; after
a few years in each place he wandered to Washington where he was employed in the Agricultural Depart-
ment of the Patent Office illustrating American fruits. From his hand in the Patent Office reports and
from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful representations of the fruits of this
continent. It is probable that while in Washington he began work on his Fruit Growers Guide, the time
for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten years. Social infirmities seem to have cost him his position
in Washington and his last employment was with the Cleveland Herald, after which comes the record of
his death and burial in a pauper’s grave January 10, 1878. One of the most brilliant pomologists of his
time, his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so, he rendered
horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor.

160 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white, well distributed, mostly in threes;
pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals slightly obovate,
entire, broad, slightly notched at the apex; stamens one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal in length to the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-ovate;
cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex flattened, depressed; color very
dark red; dots numerous, unusually small, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches to
one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine-
colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming pleasantly tart
at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily from the flesh, small, roundish-
ovate, plump; ventral suture grooved; dorsal suture with a small ridge.

LUTOVKA
Prunus cerasus

1. Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt.
32, 33. 1904-05. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Galopin. 5. Thomas Guide Prat. 21. 1876. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:189. 1897.

For a time Lutovka and Galopin were listed as two distinct varieties.
Unquestionably they are the same despite the seeming difference in origin.
All we know of Galopin is that it was said to have been originated by a
nurseryman in Belgium whose name it bears. The Lutovka was introduced
into this country by J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1883, and, according to the
introducer, was well known in Poland and Silesia as a roadside tree. Nothing
is said of it in foreign literature. As was the case with many of Budd’s
importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. It is a shy
bearer and is now seldom recommended, although it was placed on the
list of desirable fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1897 where
it still remains. The variety has no value in New York. In 1895, this
Station sent out buds which they had been led to believe were the Lutovka
and which they later found to be Brusseler Braune. The following
description is compiled:

Tree large, upright, slightly spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery, produced from
short spurs along the main branches.

Fruit ripens the forepart of July; medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; suture
often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin dark,
clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh colorless, meaty, juicy, slightly acid; quality
good; pit large, roundish, free.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I6I

LYONS

Prunus avium
Bigarreau de Lyon. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61, 62 fig. 1854.
Bigarreau Jaboulay. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 74. 1866. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:100 fig. 20, 101.
1866. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:17, 18, fig. 7. 1866-73. 6. Pom. France 7: No. 16, Pl. 16. 1871. 7. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:213 fig., 214. 1877. 8. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878.
Early Lyons. 9. Flor. & Pom. 193, fig. 1. 1875. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 294, 295. 1884.
Early Jaboulay. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 294. 1884.

Of the one hundred and twenty-five cherries tested on the grounds
of this Station during the past ten years, Lyons is one of the best. Though
grown for nearly a century in Europe it seems never to have been well
tried in America probably because it has not been considered particularly
valuable in the Old World. From its behavior at this Station it appears
to deserve extensive trial as an extra early market cherry for dessert
purposes, as it is one of the few tender-fleshed cherries that give promise
of standing handling for distant markets. Though commonly classed as
a hard-fleshed Bigarreau it is really an intermediate between the firm-of-
flesh cherries and the soft-fleshed Hearts. In the tree it is a typical Bigar-
reau. Besides being one of the earliest of the Heart-like cherries it is one
of the largest, handsomest and best flavored. Unfortunately, because of
an accident, we cannot show a color-plate of this splendid cherry. On
these grounds the tree-characters are about all that could be desired,
though we are making allowance for a slight lack of productiveness in the
young tree which is one of the faults commonly attributed to Lyons by
European writers; however, all agree that the trees become fruitful with age.
The blossoms of this variety are conspicuously large and showy, with
pistils unusual in being longer than the stamens. The merits of Lyons
have been so pronounced in the several years we have watched it that we
feel quite warranted in recommending it for both home and commercial
orchards.

About 1822, M. Jaboulay, a nurseryman at Oullins, near Lyons, France,
grafted over a number of seedling cherries which had sprung up on his
grounds. Five years later, having decided to dig out the trees, he was
attracted by the superb growth made by one of them upon which the graft
had not started and ordered the tree to be saved. This tree produced a
full crop of exceedingly large and attractive fruit which matured far in
advance of other varieties. Jaboulay decided to save all the grafts for

propagation the succeeding year but found upon going to the tree the fol-
II

162 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

lowing spring that the wood had been stolen. About five years later M.
Riviére, also a nurseryman at Oullins, placed upon the market at Lyons
a very early cherry which he called Bigarreau Anglaise but which was recog-
nized as the same as the one found by Jaboulay. Thus have come the
several names given in the synonyms. Lyons has never been much grown
in this country. Lewis B. Eaton of Buffalo, New York, in importing
cherry trees from France in 1841 and 1842, found among them one without
a label which turned out to be Bigarreau de Lyon, later the Lyons. Trees
of this variety were received for testing at this Station from the United
States Department of Agriculture under the name Hative de Lyons.
These, as grown here, have proved identical in both tree and fruit charac-
ters with the many descriptions of Bigarreau Jaboulay, or Bigarreau de
Lyon.

Tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading; branches straggling, reddish-brown;
branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, with numerous rather large,
conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging five and one-half inches long, two and
one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface light green, with few hairs; apex distinctly elongated, base
abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often two inches long,
thickish, pubescent on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to six large, reniform,
reddish glands usually on the stalk.

Buds large, long, conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small, scattering
clusters; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers large, often one and
one-half inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one
inch long, glabrous, green with a trace of red; calyx-tube distinctly reddish, somewhat
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes strongly tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to distinct but short claws; apex
entire or with a shallow, wide notch; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity flaring; suture
shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit; apex roundish or pointed; color
very dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem thick, one and one-half inches long;
skin thin, rather tender, separating from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice,
meaty, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, large, ovate, plump,
with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 163

MAGNIFIQUE
Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Belle et Magnifique. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 279, 280. 1832. 3. Ibid. 239. 1841.

Belle Magnifique. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852.
6. Elliott Fr. Book 191. 1854. '7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1857. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
82 fig., 83. 1904.

Belle de Magnifique. 9. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:61, fig. 1. 1853. 10. Pom. France 7: No. 19, Pl. 19.

a

- Belle de Chatenay. 11. Ill. Handb. 179 fig., 180. 1860. 12. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2175-178, fig.
48. 1866. 12. Mas Le Verger 8:57, 58, fig. 27. 1866-73. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 343. 1889.
14. Guide Prat. 9, 181. 1895.

This good, old cherry has never been considered a commercial fruit
in the United States; yet it is, and has been, surprisingly popular with nur-
serymen, most of whom for nearly a century have offered it for sale. A
generation ago, when American fruit-growing was in the hands of con-
noisseurs, Magnifique was more popular than now. It has failed as a
commercial cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, there being
sometimes green and fully ripe cherries on the tree at the same time, though
the season is usually given as very late. This is one of the lightest in
color of the hybrid Dukes, the Sour Cherry parent very evidently having
been an Amarelle — a conclusion to which both fruit and tree point. The
quality is usually counted as very good though it is too acid to be a first-
trate dessert cherry for some. The trees are very vigorous and usually
are fruitful. Magnifique has been grown so long that its place in the
orchard would seem to have been fixed by experience; yet it might be made
more than a cherry for the home orchard if some commercial grower would
plant it in a shaded place and a cool soil and thereby retard ripening time
until other cherries were gone.

This valuable cherry was brought to notice in 1795 by Chatenay,
surnamed Magnifique, a nurseryman near Paris. It seems, at first, to
have been quite commonly called Belle de Chatenay but Belle de Mag-
nifique became the commoner appellation ending in America at least with
the universal name “ Belle Magnifique.” The variety was introduced
into America from France sometime before 1830, by General H. A. S.
Dearborn, Boston, Massachusetts, President of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. The cherry is typically a Duke sort and is so listed by
most writers, though Downing in 1845 placed it with the Morello cherries.
Magnifique was placed upon the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1852 where it has since remained.

164 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stocky,
brown overlaid with dark gray; branchlets with many, small conspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, obovate to oval,
thickish; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface finely pubescent; apex
abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved on the upper surface and with a few
hairs, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands usually at the base
of the leaf.

Buds obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds or in rather dense
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch
across, wide open; borne in dense clusters on short spurs, usually in threes or fours; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous, light green; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes, broadly and shallowly dentate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
obovate, entire, with very short claws, indented at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch
long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures late; nearly one inch in diameter, cordate; cavity rather deep; suture
very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, con-
spicuous; stem one and one-fourth inches long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp;
flesh whitish, with abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly
tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump, slightly pointed, with
smooth surfaces; slightly notched near the base of the ventral suture.

MAY DUKE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.1:194. 1768. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:133,
134. 1832. 4. Gard. Chron. 57. 1843. 5. Cultivator N. S. 2:319 fig. 93. 1845. 6. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 191, 192 fig. 81. 1845. 7. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3: 53, 54. 1847. 8. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr.
52. 1848. 9g. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 10. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:542, 543. 1855. 11. Mas Le
Verger 8:133, 134, fig. 65. 1866-73. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 305, 306. 1884. 13. Guide Prat. 8, 195,
196. 1895.

Duke Cherry. 14. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1540. 1688.

May Cherry. 15. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:138-140, fig. 33. 1866.

Rothe Maikirsche. 17. Christ Handb. 669. 1797. 18. Christ Worterb. 282. 1802. 19. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 377-389. 1819. 20. Ill. Handb. 151 fig., 152. 1860. 21. Mas Le Verger 8:135,
136, fig. 66. 1866-73. 22. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 16, Pl. 1882. 23. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 374.
1889.

Royale Hative. 24. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: Nos. 23, 24, Pl. 1846. 25. Pom. France 7: No. 4,
Pl. 4. 1871. 26. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:389 fig., 390, 391. 1877.

Royale Cherry Duke. 27. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:127, 128, fig. 64. 1882.

Esel Kirsche. 28. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.

Anglaise Hative. 29. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 78 fig., 79. 1904.

May Duke is one of the oldest and, the world over, one of the most
popular cherries. There are several reasons why it has attained and holds
its popularity. It is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table,

MAY DUKE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 165

and even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the cherries
are dead ripe, when it is one of the best of the subacid cherries; while one
of the earliest of its class, it may be left to hang for a month or six weeks,
becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic; few or no cherries thrive in
greater variations of soil and climates, this fact accounting in greatest
measure for its world-wide distribution in temperate regions; despite its
tender flesh, it ships well though it is grown only for local markets since
its long period of ripening makes necessary several pickings —a fatal
defect for a canning cherry or one for the general trade; lastly, the trees are
as fruitful as any, and are hardy, vigorous and healthy. The fruit is remark-
ably well distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright
and vasiform and bearing a heavy canopy of dark green, luxuriant foliage.
May Duke fills a particular place in the cherry orchard as a fruit for the
local market and hundreds of new-comers have not been able to supplant
it. The fact that it has lost none of its pristine vigor, health and produc-
tiveness in the two hundred and more years it has been known contradicts
the idea that varieties of fruit degenerate or wear out with age. When
we pass in review all of the varieties of cherries, all characters and purposes
considered, May Duke remains one of the best.

This variety seems to have been first mentioned by Ray in 1688.
May Duke is supposed by some English writers to have originated in a
district in France known as Médoc and the name to have been derived
from the place. When this cherry first received attention, the old style
of reckoning time was in vogue and the 11th of June was the last day of
May. It may, therefore, be presumed that the variety derived its name
from its season of ripening rather than from a corruption of Médoc. A
few years ago Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa imported from Russia several
cherries among which was one called Esel Kirsche. Later this cherry was
distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture. As grown
on the grounds of this Station, Esel Kirsche has proved to be May Duke.
In Ohio the two could not be distinguished and with this evidence we have
listed Esel Kirsche as a synonym of May Duke. In 1832, William Prince
mentioned May Duke as being among the first of the cherries introduced
to America from Europe. From the references to this variety in the horti-
cultural literature and in the nursery catalogs throughout the United
States we may say that it is one of the most widely distributed and best-
known cherries in the country. The American Pomological Society placed
May Duke on its fruit catalog list in 1848.

166 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Tree large, upright becoming somewhat vasiform and spreading with age, open-
topped, very productive; trunk of medium thickness, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth
or roughish, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable
in size; branchlets short, brown partly covered with light gray, smooth, with small, incon-
spicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward,
obovate; upper surface very dark green, rugose; lower surface thinly pubescent; apex
abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one
inch long, slender, tinged with red, grooved, glandless or with one or two small, globose,
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.

Buds obtuse, plump, free, in large clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season
of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense
clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long,
narrow, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, nearly
sessile; apex crenate; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens
in length.

Fruit matures early, although variable in habit; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish,
with a small depression at the center; color light changing to dark red at full maturity;
dots numerous, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering
strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh medium to dark
red, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid, pleasant flavored; of very
good quality; stone nearly free, small, roundish to elliptical, with smooth surfaces; slightly
ridged along the ventral suture.

MERCER
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 5. 1892. 2. Am. Gard. 14:39 fig. 1893. 3. Can. Hort. 17:322 fig.
693. 1894. 4. Black & Son Cat. 22 fig. 1909.

This comparatively new Bigarreau is on probation in many parts of
the State and country, otherwise we should not give it prominence in
The Cherries of New York, as the variety is all but worthless as it grows
on the grounds of this Station. The trees are not sufficiently fruitful, the
cherries are too small, the flavor in none too good and the fruit is not at all
resistant to brown-rot — four fatal defects for a commercial cherry.

This variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a Mazzard tree
and was introduced several years ago by Black & Son of Hightstown, New
Jersey. The name, Mercer, after the county in New Jersey from which
it was introduced, was given the cherry by H. E. Van Deman, then United
States Pomologist.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 167

Tree vigorous, healthy, not always productive; branches long, grayish-brown,
smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide,
folded upward, long-oval, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green, pubescent, grooved along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, tinged with
dull red, thick, with from two to five very large, reniform, reddish glands, variable in
position.

Buds of medium size and length, conical, plump, free; leaf-scars rather prominent;
season of bloom early; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, in scattering clusters
in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly
tinged red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish streaked with red along the edges,
long, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly
indented at the apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter
than the petals; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; small, cordate to blunt-conic, compressed; cavity
shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex flattened or depressed; color black;
dots small, numerous, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent
to the fruit; skin thin, rather tender; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty,
crisp, aromatic, mild flavored, sweet; fair to good in quality; stone free or semi-clinging,
variable in size, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.

MEZEL
Prunus avium

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Bigarreau Monstrueux. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Bigarreau of Mezel. 3. Horticulturist 1:475 fig., 476. 1846-47. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:107 fig.,
108. 1866. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:218 fig., 219. 1877.

Great Bigarreau. 7. Horticulturist 6:20 fig., 21. 1851. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 253. 1857.

Monstreuse de Mezel. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1880.

Mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the middle of
the Nineteenth Century by reason of the great size and beautiful appearance
of the cherries. Though on the recommended list of the American Pomologi-
cal Society and frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day and
offered by some nurserymen, we have not been able to find many trees of
this variety now growing in New York. We glean from the literature
that Mezel pleased the eye more than the palate and that the trees, while
vigorous and healthy, were not productive. At any rate after a decade or
two of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough
trial, Mezel failed to receive very general approbation from cherry-growers
and has now almost passed from cultivation. Contrary to the general

168 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

behavior of the variety in New York, the tree and fruit from which the
accompanying description was made have so many merits that one can well
wish that the variety will not wholly pass out of cultivation.

This variety was found at Mezel, Puy-de-Déme, France, by M. Ligier
sometime prior to 1846 when it was brought to notice. Even so, it had
grown in a vineyard at that place for thirty years and was only made public
after an excursion of several members of a horticultural society to the
vineyard. It was immediately heralded as a coming variety and grafts
were distributed. Great Bigarreau, which made its appearance a few
years later, is here included as a synonym though many writers list it as
a distinct sort. Bigarreau Monstrueux, first listed in the London Horti-
cultural Society catalog for 1831, is held by many pomologists to be identical
with Mezel which, if true, casts some doubt on the generally accepted history
of the variety. Mezel appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomo-
logical Society in 1862 but was discarded in 1869; it was replaced in 1883
and is still on the list though it is scarcely known in any part of the United
States.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness; trunk
stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with
dark ash-gray, with lenticels medium in number and size; branchlets of average thick-
ness, variable in length, with internodes of medium length, brown partly covered with
ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels medium in
number.

Leaves numerous, five inches long, often two and one-half inches wide, long-oval,
thin; upper surface dark green, strongly rugose giving a crumpled appearance; lower
surface dull, light green, with slight pubescence; apex varies from abrupt to taper-pointed,
base abrupt; margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole long, averaging one and one-half
inches, slender, tinged with red, with from one to four reniform glands of medium size
on the petiole.

Buds intermediate in size and length, plump, pointed, arranged singly as lateral
buds or in clusters of various sizes on both long and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and seven-sixteenths inches across, well dis-
tributed in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one and one-eighth inches
long, medium in thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a slight tinge of red, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, medium in width, acute, slightly serrate, glabrous
within and without; petals somewhat obovate, crenate, nearly sessile, with a very shallow
notch at the apex; anthers yellow; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; large, seven-eighths inch long, thirteen-sixteenths inch
wide, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly irregular and broken into ridges; cavity
very deep, wide, irregular, abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and

MEZEL

ia

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 169

at times double; apex blunt-pointed, usually not depressed; color attractive purplish-
black; dots numerous, very small, somewhat russet, obscure; stem medium in thickness,
long, averaging two and one-eighth inches, adheres well to the fruit; skin medium in
thickness, rather tender but not inclined to crack, adheres slightly to the pulp; flesh
purplish-red, with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet;
very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with slightly roughish
surface.
MONTMORENCY

Prunus cerasus

1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:181, 182. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. I. 1792.
3. Christ Wéorterb. 292. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 656, 657, 691. 1819. 5. Kenrick Am.
Orch. 281. 1832. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 14, Pl. 1846. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:53, 54, fig. 25.
1866-73. 8. Pom. France 7: No. 3, Pl. 3. 1871. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:361, 362 fig., 363, 364. 1877.
10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 369. 1889. 11. Guide Prat. 9, 196. 1895. 12. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:112
fig. 4, 113, 114. 1900. 13. Am. Gard. 22:266, 267. 1901. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 463, 464, 465. 1819.

Long Stem Montmorency. 16. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139. 1832.

Amarelle Royale. 17. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:191—-195, fig. 53. 1866.

Montmorency Ordinaire. 18. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 19. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75, fig. 15. 1903.
20. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33, 34, Pl. 2. 1904-05.

Montmorency is the most popular Sour Cherry grown in America.

No one questions its supremacy. Probably half of the cherry trees in
New York, Sweet or Sour, are Montmorencies and at least three-fourths
of all the trees of the Sour Cherry are of this variety. It leads in the
demands for this fruit in the markets, for the cannery and for home use as a
culinary cherry. Several characters give it first place. It is surpassed
by no other Sour Cherry, in New York at least, in vigor, health and pro-
ductiveness of tree. In the last character, in particular, it is supreme.
Year in and year out, Montmorency trees are fruitful. Possibly, too, no other
Sour Cherry is adapted to a greater diversity of soils than Montmorency,
which, with capacity to stand heat and cold, makes the variety suitable
to wide variations in environment. The cherries are in no way remarkable
—not much above the average for an Amarelle in size, appearance or
quality, in all of these characters being much inferior to Large Mont-
morency. The fruit has the advantage of being presentable in appearance
and fit for culinary purposes several days before it is fully ripe and this
adds to the value of the variety for the market. Brown-rot takes less
toll from this cherry than of others of its kind probably because of rela-
. ~ . . .
tively firnt flesh and thick skin. These characters, also, make the fruit
stand handling well in harvesting, shipping and on the markets. The
preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive

170 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

in appearance and very good. Montmorency is not a dessert cherry but
for those who like Sour Cherries it may be eaten out of hand with relish
when it is fully matured. Some maintain that the variety falls short in
the size of the tree, which is seldom more than medium, but the head is
spreading and much-branched and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly
scattered throughout the whole head so that the total yield from a tree is
greater than would be thought from its size. For any and all purposes”
to which Sour Cherries are put Montmorency may be recommended as
the best in its season.

Unfortunately several quite distinct cherries bear the name Mont-
morency and it has been most difficult to separate them in pomological
literature. To make matters worse, all of them have been much confused
with other varieties, Early Richmond in particular. The different Mont-
morencies and Early Richmond originated in the Montmorency Valley,
France, several centuries ago, at least before the Seventeenth Century,
probably as seedlings of Cerise Hative or of Cerise Commune. These Mont-
morency cherries differ from each other principally in their stems and fruit,
one having long stems and moderate-sized, regular fruit; one shorter stems
and larger fruit; and the third, very short, thick stems and oblate, irregular
fruit showing a distinct suture. The first cherry has been generally known,
particularly among the French, as Montmorency a Longue Queue or some-
times Cerise de Montmorency. This is the Montmorency of this sketch.
Duhamel, in 1768, was the first writer to mention this cherry directly and
according to his statement it was then esteemed around Paris, being superior
in productiveness to the Large Montmorency.

Montmorency early found its way into England, where it soon became
confused with its probable parent, the French Cerise Hative or the English
Kentish. In a short time it had replaced Kentish in many nurseries and
came to be called Kentish in much of the literature of the time. Just
when Montmorency was introduced to this country is not known but it
has been cultivated here under various names for many years. William
Prince spoke of it in 1832 as the Long Stem Montmorency and it has long
and commonly been known here as Montmorency Ordinaire. Mont-
morency is to be found in nearly every nursery in the United States under
various names, some nurserymen using the French name, others the English,
while still others are selling the variety as Large Montmorency. Many
supposed strains have been given new names but it is doubtful if any dis-
tinct strains of this cherry exist. The American Pomological Society added

MONTMORENCY

ry

yi} hie
sista I
oy

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I7I

Montmorency to its fruit catalog list in 1897 using the qualifying term
Ordinaire which was dropped in 1909.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches inclined to droop,
round-topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown tinged
with light ash-gray, with a few lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, reddish-brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upwards or flattened,
oval to obovate, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green,
with a few scattering hairs; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate,
glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one to three
small, globose, brownish or yellowish glands, usually at the base of the blade.

Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly or in clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars
obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish to obovate, crenate, with short, blunt claws
and shallow, crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or
slightly longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-oblate,
slightly compressed; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow; apex roundish; color light to
rather dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with
a faint tinge of red, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with abundant light pink juice,
tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, small, roundish-
ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces which are tinged with red.

NAPOLEON

Prunus avium

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273, 274. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 183. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:27, 28, fig. 2. 1853.
6. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1859. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 527. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
9- Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866. 10. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869. 11. Pom. France 7:
No. 9, Pl. 9. 1871. 12. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:219, 220 fig., 221. 1877. 13. Flor. & Pom. 57, Pl. 465.
1878. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:109, 110, fig. 55. 1882. 15. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:493, fig. 87. 1895.
16. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 5:38 fig. 1898.

Gros Bigarreau Blanc. 17. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165. 1768. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen-
Sort. 308-310. 1819. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2123-126, fig. 29. 1866. 20. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:179,
180 fig., 181. 1877. 21. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 1889.

Lauermannskirsche. 22. Christ Handb. 664. 1797. 23. Christ Wérterb. 280. 1802. 24. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 292-295, 323-328. 1819. 25. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 18809.

Lange Marmorkirsche. 26. Christ Handb. 655. 1797. 27. Truchsess-Heim irschensort. 330-333-
1819.

Hollandische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche. 28. Christ Wérterb. 281. 1802. 29. Truchsess-Heim Kirsch-

ensort. 295-299. 1819. 30. Ill. Handb. 125 fig., 126. 1860. 31. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:117, 118, fig. 59.
1882. 32. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357. 1889.

172 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Harrison's Heart. 33. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 34. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69, 70,
Pl. 34 fig. 2. 1823. 35. Mas Le Verger 8:145, 146, fig. 71. 1866-73. 36. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362.
1889.

Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche. 37. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 316, 317, 682. 1819.

Holland Bigarreau. 38. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 181 fig., 182. 1845. ,

Bigarreau d’Esperen. 39. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:119, 120 fig., 121. 1866. 40. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 463. 1869. 41. Mas Le Verger 8:11, 12, fig. 4. 1866-73. 42. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:198 fig., 199.
1877. 43. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. 44. Rev. Hort. 321, 322. 1912.

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 45. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:126-129, fig. 30. 1866. 46. Pom. France 7:
No. 23, Pl. 23. 1871. 47. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:208, 209 fig., 210. 1877.

Royal Ann. 48. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 59, Pl. 18. 1893-94. 49. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907.
50. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31, fig. 8. 1910.

Napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed Sweet Cherry. It takes its place
by virtue of the large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the
fruit and the phenomenal productiveness of the trees. The accompanying
plate shows well the large size and beautiful color of the cherries — unsur-
passed in either character by any other Bigarreau and possibly by any
other cherry. The flavor is rich and sweet which, with the abundant
juice and firm, crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing
cherry for dessert and, with the great size and attractive color, gives it
preference over all other Sweet Cherries for culinary purposes. In partic-
ular, cherry-canners find that Napoleon makes a finely finished product.
The cherries carry well and keep long and are, therefore, well thought of
by fruit-dealers. Besides being very productive, the trees come in bearing
early and are as vigorous, hardy and healthy as those of any other Sweet
Cherry. They may usually be known by their upright growth and large,
sturdy limbs. Napoleon, however, is not without its faults. The cherries
crack badly in wet weather and the variety can be grown with certainty
only in the dry summer climate of the Pacific Coast, where, especially in
Oregon and Washington, it reaches truly wonderful perfection. In the
East, too, Napoleon is more susceptible to brown-rot than several of its
rivals. Possibly the greatest fault, however, is in the tree, which is very
fastidious as to soils, thriving only in choice cherry land and in a congenial
cherry climate. Despite these rather serious faults, cherry-growers agree
that Napoleon takes first place among Sweet Cherries for both home and
commercial plantings.

Napoleon is of unknown origin. Early in the Eighteenth Century
it was grown by the Germans, French, Dutch and English, proof that it
is a very old variety. Leroy believes that it was described by Merlet in
1667 but under another name. The great number of synonyms in several
languages gives some idea of the countries in which the variety has been

NAPOLEON

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AAPG ye

i Hoy

Wns
ay
a

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 173

grown as well as the esteem in which it has been held. There are several
accounts as to when the cherry was given the name Napoleon. Probably
the best authenticated is that in which it is held that Parmentier, a Belgian,
gave the cherry the name of the famous emperor in 1820. When
the variety was taken to England, where at that time Napoleon was
not in good repute, the name of his conqueror, Wellington, was sub-
stituted but seems to have been little used. As if not content with the
score or more of European names, cherry-growers in America have added
at least two more. In many parts of the country it is locally called the
Ox Heart. On the Pacific Coast it is grown and sold by nurserymen and
fruit-growers alike as Royal Ann, a name given it by its introducer, Seth
Lewelling, of Milwaukee, Oregon, who lost the label bearing the old name
in taking it across the Continent in early days and gave it a new name.
With incomprehensible persistency Western horticulturists maintain this
synonym to the confusion of horticultural nomenclature. The American
Pomological Society placed Napoleon on its fruit list in 1862, it having
been grown in America for at least 40 years before receiving this honor.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick,
shaggy; branches thick, roughened by the lenticels, dull brown overlaid with ash-gray,
with numerous large, raised lenticels; branchlets thick, long, light brown overspread
with gray, smooth, with a few inconspicuous, small lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, elliptical to obovate; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light
green, somewhat pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull
red, hairy along the upper surface, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish-orange
glands, usually on the stalk.

Buds variable in size, conical, free, arranged singly or in thin clusters from lateral
buds and from spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos; pedicels
variable in length, averaging one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, rather narrow, acuminate, serrate,
reflexed; petals oval, entire, dentate at the apex, with short, narrow claws; filaments one-
half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; over one inch in diameter, conical to long-cordate,
compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct line; apex much pointed; color,
varying shades of bright red over a yellowish background, distinctly mottled; dots obscure;
stem slender, more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather adherent;
flesh whitish, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild,
the flavor improving as the season advances, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone
semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces.

174 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

NOUVELLE ROYALE

Prunus avium Xx Prunus cerasus

1. Flor. & Pom. 72, Pl. 1862. 2. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 88. 1866.
4. Mas Le Verger 8:147, 148, fig. 72. 1866-73. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 484. 1869. 6. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 31. 1875. 7 Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 80, Tab. 33. 1894. 8. Guide Prat. 9. 1895.
If this cherry were to be judged by its behavior on the grounds of this
Station, it would be called one of the best of the hybrid Dukes. In par-
ticular, it would be commended by its product, the trees not making as good
a showing as the fruit. The cherries are distinguished by their large size,
dark red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in maturity and,
even more particularly, sweetness, keeping in mind that the variety is a
hybrid and not a true Sweet Cherry. The shape, too, offers a distin-
guishing character, the fruits being more oblate than in any other Duke.
The long, stout stem is still another characteristic. Unfortunately the
tree, while satisfactory in all other respects, is unproductive — a fatal fault in
these days of commercial fruit-growing. Nouvelle Royale is not widely known
in America and may well be given trial by those who want a late Duke.
This variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid
between Early Richmond and May Duke but where, how and when it
came to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, mentions the Nouvelle
Royale as having recently been introduced into this country and it was
noted in the Report of the American Pomological Society for 1875 but

has never received a place upon the Society’s fruit catalog list.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive; trunk of medium
size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-
gray, with very numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward,
obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose; lower surface light green, lightly
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, grooved and with
few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four globose, greenish-
yellow or reddish glands variable in size usually at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on short spurs
in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one inch across; borne in dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an
inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes somewhat reddish, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, longer than the stamens.

NOUVELLE ROYALE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I7

on

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, strongly compressed;
cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex flattened or slightly depressed; color
dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches
long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish
or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly
flavored, mildly tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique,
with smooth surfaces often tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from the base.

OLIVET

Prunns avium X Prunus cerasus
1. Gard. Mon. 19:19. 1877. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1881. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd
App. 164. 1881. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892. §. Cal. Sta. An. Rpt. 316. 1895-97. 6. Va.
Sta. Bul. 133227. 1902. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76, 77. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 24. 1904-05.
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910.

Olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous,
subacid flavor. Some writers call Olivet a Duke while others place it
with the Morellos. The fruit, on the grounds of this Station, shows many
characteristics of the Morellos while the tree appears to be a Duke, sug-
gesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit,
eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good Morello or a subacid
and somewhat mediocre Duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and
not as good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. It is
one of the earliest of the Morello-like cherries and this may give it a place
in the cherry flora of the country. The trees are large and vigorous and
their much-branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount
of bearing surface, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly.
On the grounds of this Station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief
defect. In other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either
very productive or moderately so. The descriptions of this cherry as given
by American experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there
are several distinct sorts passing under the name Olivet in this country.

Olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at Olivet, Loire,
France. American nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous
to 1877, for in that year the Gardener’s Monthly mentioned the cherry as
being “a valuable Duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list
of early cherries in central New York.’’ Olivet was entered on the Amer-
ican Pomological Society’s catalog list of fruits in 1881 where it is still
retained.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive; trunk thickish,
rather rough; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray,

176 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

with numerous small lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly overspread with ash-gray,
smooth, with numerous raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface
light green, glossy, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly serrate,
glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, greenish, glandless or with one or two
globose, brownish glands variable in position.

Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one inch across; borne in dense clusters, usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with
a trace of red, long, of medium width, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile; apex entire; filaments one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish to slightly oblate,
somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, with a small
depression at the center; color bright red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish, one and
one-fourth inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh light red, with abundant light red or wine-colored juice, tender and melting,
sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone free, small, roundish, slightly
flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along
the ventral suture.

OSTHEIM

Prunus cerasus

1. Christ Obstbéume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
512-517. 1819. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832. 5. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858. 6. Jil.
Handb. 187 fig., 188. 1860. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:295, 296 fig. 1877. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371.
1889. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:121, 122. 1900. 11. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:78 fig. 18, 79. 1903. 12. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14, 21, 22. 1910.

Ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the Middle
West but is all but worthless as grown in New York and other eastern
states. It is one of the Morellos and falls far short of the best of its group,
the cherries being too small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are
typical Morellos, round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branch-
lets and very dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of
short branches which are not well distributed over the main branches,
leaving much bare wood. Like all Morellos the fruit hangs long after
maturity and since the ripening season is late the variety may be worth
growing because of its lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because
of great hardiness. The trees on their own roots throw up many suckers
which are often used in propagation. The variety has the reputation,
too, of coming true to name from seeds.

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 177,

Ostheim is a native of Spain and not of Germany as many have
supposed. The trees were found in the region of the Sierra Morena Moun-
tains, Spain, and were taken to Germany by a Dr. Klinghammer after the
Wars of the Succession, 1701-1713. The cherry took the name Ostheim from
the German town of that name where it was widely grown. The variety,
being easily propagated, spread throughout Germany and soon became
one of the best-known cherries. Later, the name seems to have come to
be a class term for all cherries similar to the original Ostheim. The names
Ostheim, Ostheimer, Griotte Ostheim and Ostheimer Weichsel are used
interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. American writers,
however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties.
Ostheim was brought to the United States by William Robert Prince of
the Linnean Botanical Gardens early in the Nineteenth Century. It
has proved very satisfactory in some sections of the West and Canada,
while in the East it is but a mediocre variety at best. At different times
either buds or trees of so-called Ostheims have been imported to this
country which have turned out not to be the true variety. What these
sorts really are will remain uncertain until the several forms can be brought
together and compared. Professor Budd imported a variety in 1883,
which since has become known as Ostheim, carrying Griotte d’Ostheim
as a synonym. Whether or not this is the old variety or a distinct strain
of the Ostheim class we are unable to say. The Cerise d’Ostheim received
by this Station has proved identical with this variety. Ostheim was first
listed by the American Pomological Society in 1899. A cherry known
as Minnesota Ostheim, introduced into Minnesota from Germany, is now
recognized as a distinct sort. The variety as it is known in Kansas
and Missouri is often called the German Ostheimer though some believe
this to be different from the true sort.

Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets,
dense, very productive; trunk smooth; branches rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray
partly overspreading reddish-brown, with small, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy,
long, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous
lenticels.

Leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches
wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower sur-
face pale green, with a few scattering hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole slender, one-half inch long, short,
tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few scattering hairs, with from one to three small,

globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
I2

178 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in small
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers one inch
across, white; borne in scattering clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths of
an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a faint tinge of
red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens.

Fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish to
slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and narrow, flaring; suture indistinct;
apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color very dark red approaching
black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-fourth
inches long, but slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from
the pulp; flesh dark red, with much very dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
tart, losing its astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch
in diameter, roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth surfaces slightly stained
with red.

OX HEART

Prunus avium

1. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797. 3. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:36,
Pl. 18 fig. 2. 1817. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 132-135.
1819. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1858. 8. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:57, 58, fig. 29. 1882. 9. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 365, 366. 1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 339, 371-
a a Gros Commun. 11. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843.

Ox Heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty
varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. In America the name is
most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as Yellow Spanish,
Napoleon or White Bigarreau. At one time, however, the name was
applied to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany and
America, being first mentioned by Miller, an Englishman, in 1734. Coxe,
in 1817, was the first American writer to list the variety but it never
became popular in the New World. Ox Heart appeared among the fruits
rejected by the American Pomological Society in 1858 and from then on
it gradually gave way to better varieties. The synonyms of the true Ox
Heart are badly confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but
with those of the Yellow Spanish type. As some of these varieties are
merely listed while others have but a meager description, it is impossible
to separate or group them with any degree of certainty. In the 1909
catalog of the American Pomological Society there appears an Ox Heart
of American origin and of recent introduction, known in the West as Major
Francis. There are also in several nursery catalogs a ‘‘ white-fleshed Ox

OSTHEIM

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 179

Heart.’ What this variety is we are unable to say. The following is a
description of Ox Heart compiled from European fruit books:

Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive; branches somewhat
curved: internodes of medium length; leaves obovate, obtusely pointed, margin finely
serrate; petiole short, rather slender, flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands; flowers
small; petals irregularly elliptical.

Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; medium to large, cordate, pointed,
sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing to intense purple or nearly black;
stem of medium length and thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep cavity;
skin tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but firmer than most
Hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete maturity; quality good; stone medium
in size, broadly cordate, adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture.

REINE HORTENSE

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus
1. Gen. Farmer 11:191 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1856. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211.
1856. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:54. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 167 fig., 168. 1860. 5. Thomas
Guide Prat. 17, 204. 1876. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:379-382, fig 1877.
D’Aremberg. 7. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 215. 1835.
Hortense. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 196, 197 fig. 1854. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Were there not so many good Duke varieties of its season Reine Hor-
tense would take high rank among hybrid cherries. Several qualities fit
it admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. To
begin with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling
of the refreshing acidity of the Sour Cherry and the richness of the Sweet
Cherry, though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first-
class dessert fruit. The cherries are also handsome — large, round, bright,
glossy red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and
shape. The fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long
stems in twos and threes thickly scattered and never much clustered.
Unfortunately the fruit does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing
quite as well as that of some other Dukes and is a little too susceptible to
brown-rot for a good commercial cherry. The chief faults of the variety,
however, are in the trees rather than in the fruit. The trees are but of
medium size, are not as productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are
at their best only in choice cherry soils and demand good care. In Europe,
Reine Hortense is much used as a dwarf and for training on walls. It
would seem that its merits and faults, as it grows in America, are such as
fit it preeminently well only for the amateur.

Of the several accounts of the origin of Reine Hortense the one giving

150 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

France as its home and Larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic.
M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine, a gardener of the imperial court,
grew the original tree early in the Nineteenth Century from a seed of the
Cerise Larose, a seedling of his introduction. Soon after the first mention
of this variety, about 1841, there appeared the Louis XVIII, Morestin,
Guigne de Petit-Brie and several others. The variety was seemingly
rechristened by every nurseryman who got hold of it. At one time the
name Monstreuse de Bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given
to the variety by a Mr. Bavay of Vilvorde, Brabant, Belgium, about 1826.
The theory that Reine Hortense comes true to seed and therefore has
several strains has been discredited. The American Pomological Society
recognized Reine Hortense in 1856, only a few years after being intro-
duced into this country, by placing it on the recommended fruit list. In
1909, the Society shortened the name from Reine Hortense to Hortense
but in this text we prefer to use the full name, thereby indicating clearly
the person for whom the cherry was christened.

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy; branches smooth,
dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets rather
slender, with short internodes, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
inconspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green,
pubescent along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate,
with dark glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red, pubescent along the grooved
upper surface, with none or with from one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow or
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.

Buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small
clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long,
slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with
entire apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblong-conic to obtuse-
conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow, narrow, abrupt, often lipped; suture indis-
tinct; apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color amber-red; dots numerous,
light russet, conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent
to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice,
tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free, rather large, oblong
to oval, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

REINE HORTENSE

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 181

REPUBLICAN
Prunus avium

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Black Republican. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 35:534. 1870. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875.
4. Am. Gard. 9:357 fig. 1888. 5. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 6. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23, 25. 1910.

Lewelling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 8. Gard. Mon. 17:336. 1875. 9. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 26. 1909. 10. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28, 29, fig. 7. 1910.

For some reason Republican does not make headway in the favor
of cherry-growers though all who have described it speak well of it. Judged
by the palate, Republican is one of the best of the Bigarreaus. The cherries
are rich and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of
refreshing juice. Judged bythe eye, too, it holds its own with the best of
its class, the fruit having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful
dark red, almost black, glossy color. In size the variety very often falls
short; for, though often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in
many orchards, but of medium size and sometimes is small. Here seems
to be its fatal defect. It is exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly
or in part in all but the very choicest cherry environments. The trees
are large, spreading and vigorous but on the grounds of this Station are
more susceptible to the shot-hole fungus than any other Sweet Cherry.
It has been reported to be very subject to this disease at the Washington
Station also. The failure of this cherry to meet the demands of commercial
cherry-growers during a probationary period of nearly a half a century
means that it is, at most, of but local value.

This variety, known under two other names, Black Republican and
Lewelling, originated about the middle of the Nineteenth Century in the
orchard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. In traveling across the
continent in 1849, Mr. Lewelling took with him to Oregon, Bigarreau,
Morello and Mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the Bigarreaus
sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named Black
Republican. The parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought
to be a cross between Napoleon and Black Tartarian, having sprung
up near these two trees. Some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe
a cherry which they call Lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree
very closely with Republican. Many list the two names separately as
designating two distinct varieties of diverse origin. Of these, some have
supposed Republican to be a seedling of Eagle originating in 1860. The
American Pomological Society for many years listed Black Republican

182 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

alone beginning in its catalog of 1875 but in 1909 the catalog contained
the two names, Republican and Lewelling. Inasmuch as the consensus
Of opinion is that both names apply to a single cherry this Station has
decided to list Republican only.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick,
somewhat shaggy; branches stout, roughened, brown covered with ash-gray, with large,
raised lenticels; branchlets stout, with long internodes, brown nearly overspread with ash-
gray, smooth except near the base, with a few small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward,
obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface slightly hairy;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and
one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two or three large, reniform, light
green or reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the branchlets, or in small
clusters on spurs of medium length; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one
and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones and twos; pedicels variable
in length, averaging one inch long, characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube tinged
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in width, tinged with red, long-
obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate,
entire, with short, blunt claws, with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of
an inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.

Fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable in shape, cordate or
roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular and uneven surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture a shallow groove, often extending around the fruit; apex with a small depression
at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous;
stem thick, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin; flesh purplish-
red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet or with slight astringency
before fully mature; of good quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt,
with smooth surfaces.

ROCKPORT

Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:59 fig.,60. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201, 202 fig. 1854. 3. Hooper W. Fr.
Book 270,271. 1857. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.74. 1862. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier2:131. 1866. 6. Ober-
dieck Obst-Sort. 372. 1881.

Rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many
faults to be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. It
is more easily characterized by its faults than its merits. Compared
with the well-known Yellow Spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which
it is similar, the cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of
the parent variety,— quite too large for the amount of pulp. Worst of
the faults of the variety is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently

REPUBLICAN

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 183

firm of flesh to withstand harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the
brown-rot fungus. To offset the defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet
ard tender, making it, all in all, as good as any other Sweet Cherry for
dessert. The trees, too, are very satisfactory, being large, vigorous and
very fruitful, though with the reputation of requiring good soil and the
best of care, of lacking a little in hardiness to cold, and of having the period
of maturing the crop more or less changed by soil and culture. Rockport
has been, and is, more or less popular in New York but it can be recom-
mended only for a home orchard.

Rockport is another of Professor Kirtland’s introductions, having been
raised by him at Cleveland, Ohio, about 1842, from a seed of Yellow Spanish.
It soon won a place, in 1862, on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society where it still remains. It is mentioned by several foreign authors
and many American nurserymen offer it for sale. Swedish is given as a
synonym of Rockport by Hooper.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat slender, roughish;
branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets stout, variable
in length, with long internodes, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth,
with conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, long-oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower
surface dull, light green, pubescent along the veins; apex acute to taper-pointed, base abrupt;
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, tinged with red, with a few
hairs on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four large, reniform, reddish
glands variable in position.

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters from lateral
buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white,
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels one inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile;
filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often
defective.

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity
shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex roundish, with a small depression
at the center; color bright red over an amber-yellow background, mottled; dots very
numerous, small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches
long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender; flesh pale yellowish-white, with color-
less juice, tender, somewhat melting, aromatic, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality;
stone free, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces.

184 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

ROYAL DUKE
Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus

1. Mag. Hort. 9:204, 205. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 192. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit
Cult. 369. 1849. 4. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 22543. 1855. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 530. 1859. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:125, 126, fig. 63. 1882. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 311.
1884.

Royale d’Angleterre. 9. Christ Obstbaume 159. 1791.

Cerise Royale. 10. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 11. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 40 fig. 1906.

Konigskirsche. 12 Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422, 423, 424. 1819.

Ungarische Siissweichsel. 13. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858.

Anglaise Hative 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:161-163, fig. 42. 1866. 15. Mas Le Verger 8:83, 84,
fig. 40. 1866-73. 16. Pom. France 7: No. 24, Pl. 24. 1871. 17. Guide Prat. 17, 180. 1895.

Belle de Worsery. 18. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 19. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:39, 40, fig. 20.
1882.

Royal Duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the
well-known May Duke and to precede another standard sort, Late Duke.
It is so nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to Arch
Duke, as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true
to name. It is more often taken for May Duke than for the other kinds
named but it differs from this well-known sort in being a little later in
season, and the cherries are larger, a little lighter in color, do not hang as
thickly, being scattered along the branches, often singly, and are more
oblate. The trees are markedly upright and the foliage is very dense.
None of the Dukes are popular in America for market fruits and this is
no exception though, among all, Royal Duke is as good as any — pleasantly
flavored, juicy, refreshing and very good. The trees, too, are very satis-
factory. The variety has a place in home orchards and for local markets.
The French say that the tree makes a very weak growth budded on the
Mahaleb and that it should be worked on the Mazzard, which is generally
true of all Dukes. The buyer will have difficulty in getting the true Royal
Duke in America.

The origin of this variety is unknown but the Royale d’Angleterre,
mentioned by Christ in 1791, was probably the variety now known as
Royal Duke, although the description is too meager to be certain.
According to Thompson, Royal Duke was one of the varieties formerly cul-
tivated in England under the names Late Duke, Arch Duke, or Late Arch
Duke and was probably introduced by the London Horticultural Society
from France under the name of Anglaise Tardive. When or by whom
this variety was introduced into America is not known but according to
Downing it was very rarely found here in the first half of the Nineteenth

ROYAL DUKE

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 185

Century. The American Pomological Society placed Royal Duke upon
its catalog list of recommended fruits in 1871.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive at this Station; trunk
slender, roughish; branches stocky, with roughened surface, dark reddish-brown covered
with ash-gray, with lenticels of medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels which are inconspicuous.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half inches long, two
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose;
lower surface medium green, pubescent along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base
acute; margin serrate or crenate; petiole variable in length, often one and one-half inches
long, not uniform in thickness, tinged with red, glandless or with one or two small, reniform,
zreenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade.

Buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very
dense clusters on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; time of bloom mid-season;
flowers white, one inch across; borne in very dense clusters, closely grouped in fours and
fives; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green or with a tinge
of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, apex entire; filaments nearly one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity rather
narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere line; apex flattened or depressed; color bright
red becoming darker at maturity; dots few, small, obscure; stem one and one-half inches
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellowish-white with tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, pleasantly acid; good
to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth
surfaces.

SCHMIDT

Prunus avium

1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 37 fig., 38. 1867. 3. Jour. Hort. N.S.
23:169 fig. 1872. 4. Flor. & Pom. 121, fig. 2. 1874. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 6. Budd-

Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:290. 1903.
Smith. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the American
Pomological Society from Schmidt’s Bigarreau, is not new nor can it be
said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in America
for a score of years. Yet in New York, at least, it is not receiving the
attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated
to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank.
Indeed, about Geneva, where many Sweet Cherries are grown, while not
the leading market variety, it is one of the best. The characters which
entitle it to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed

186 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

in this respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump
form and glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh
and sweet, rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under
the skin which makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from
brown-rot, in this respect excelling any other market sort; and a vigorous,
healthy, productive tree. The tree is further characterized by its abun-
dant, large leaves of dark, luxuriant green. The fruit is often picked before
it is ripe, at which time it is dark red and not black. There is a good
deal of enthusiasm in New York over several new Sweet Cherries from
the Pacific Coast but in this vicinity none of these is equal to Schmidt.
Schmidt is a seedling of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and
was raised by Herr Schmidt, Forester at Casekow, Prussia, Germany,
about 1841. It was introduced into England by Thomas Rivers of Saw-
bridgeworth and eventually found its way to America but how and when
is not known. Schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomo-
logical Society in 1897 but only for two years when for some reason it was
dropped. In 1909, a Smith was listed, with Smith’s Bigarreau as a synonym.
Budd-Hansen in the publication of 1903 also mentioneda Smith which is
probably Schmidt. We are inclined to hold to the German spelling, Schmidt.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches
stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenti-
cels; branchlets thick, short, smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded upward, obovate; upper
surface light green, smooth; lower surface pale green, pubescent along the midrib and
larger veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-
half inches long, thick, dull red, with a narrow, deep groove along the upper surface,
glandless or with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stall.

Buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars prominent; time of blooming mid-season; flowers
white, one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanu-
late, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals oval, crenate, with short, narrow claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, often slightly
oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-
black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches
long, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh purplish-
red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone
semi-clinging, ovate, slightly oblique, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.

~~?

SCHMIDT

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 187

SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY

Prunus cerasus

1. Christ. Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141, 142. 1832. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:365, 366 fig., 367. 1877.

Gobet a Courte Queue. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:180, 181, Pl. VIII. 1768. 5. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 1. 1792.

Gros Gobet. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 634-638. 1819. 7. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:71,
72. 1858. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:204, 308. 1866. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:51, 52, fig. 24. 1866-73.
10. Hogg Fruit Man. 299, 300. 1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 12. Guide Prat. 9, 190.
1895.

Flemish. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 195 fig. 85, 196. 1845.

Cerise a Courte Queue. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 15, Pl. 1846.

Cerise Gros Fruit. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 11, Pl. 11. 1871.

In tracing the history of the Montmorency cherries from Duhamel’s
time to the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types
are now being cultivated. Of these closely related strains, all of which
probably originated about the same time in Montmorency Valley, France,
Montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown com-
mercially in all parts of the country. Large Montmorency, while quite
similar to Montmorency, is much less grown because of its unproductive-
ness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to Mont-
morency. Short-Stem Montmorency, under discussion here, varies con-
siderably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although
it is frequently taken for Large Montmorency. The tree is smaller and
more drooping but usually very productive. The fruit, similar in size to
Large Montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular,
and in having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line
towards the apex. The skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect
maturity. The flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high.
All three varieties have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been
used for each of the three sorts. Many writers believe that only two
distinct strains of Montmorency exist and that Short-Stem Montmorency
is identical with Large Montmorency. The variety is little grown in
North America and is not as worthy for any purpose as either of the other
two better-known sorts.

Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy; branches roughish,
reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long,

brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous, small,
raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long, one and three-fourths

188 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface
medium green, with a prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly
crenate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, variable in thickness, lightly
pubescent, glandless or with from one to three large, raised, reniform glands on the
stalk.

Buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral buds and on few, if any,
spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
a few scattering clusters, variable in number of flowers per cluster; pedicels one-half inch
long, thick, greenish; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish-oval, crenate, sessile, with a distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch
long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, decidedly
oblate, irregular in outline, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, irregular, flaring;
suture very deep near the stem but shallow at the apex which is flattened or depressed;
color light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem very thick, less
than three-fourths of an inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting,
sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone clinging along the ventral suture, small, roundish,
plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very prominent.

SKLANKA
Prunus cerasus

1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 3. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt.
40, 41. 1895. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 123116 fig. 6, 117. 1900. 5. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:83 fig. 21, 84. 1903.

Sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the Amarelle group
and one of the Morellos — another indication of the frequency of hybrid-
ization in this fruit. The cherries of Sklanka have the light-colored skin
and juice of the Amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with
pendant branches and abundant, small leaves are typical of the Morellos.
The variety is in no way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomolo,
gists of the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley holding that it is one
of the hardiest of cherries. The fruit is not on a par with that of a score
of other Amarelles and the trees, in New York at least, are too small and
unproductive to be worth planting. The cherry has value, then, only
where hardiness is a prime requisite.

Sklanka was imported to this country from Russia in 1883 by Pro-
fessor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. Its parentage and origin are uncertain.
It does not seem to have been grown in continental Europe outside of
Russia but in certain sections of that country it is reported as being one
of the hardiest and most productive of the Sour Cherries. As grown in

SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY

,

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 189

our Northern Central States it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties
but has not, as yet, gained much reputation commercially even in these
coid regions. It is mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by
but few nurserymen.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, open-topped,
unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches rather slender, long, slightly roughened,
reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous rather small lenticels;
branchlets slender and willowy, with short internodes, brown nearly covered with ash-
gray, smooth except for the lenticels, which are small, numerous, raised, conspicuous.

Leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thick, stiff; upper surface very dark
green, glossy, smooth; lower surface medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and
larger veins; apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick, tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few hairs
along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, orange-colored glands usually
at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in few, very small clusters; time of blooming mid-season; flowers one and three-sixteenths
inches across, white; borne in dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs, well
distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost entire apex; filaments
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, not compressed;
cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture lacking; apex flattened or strongly
depressed; color bright currant-red; dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous; stem
thick, less than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin rather tough, separating from the
pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sour; of good quality;
stone semi-free, clinging only along the ventral suture, about one-third inch in diameter,
roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

SPARHAWK

Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 219, 220. 1835.
Sparhawk's Honey. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
4 Mas Le Verger 8:143, 144, fig. 70. 1866-73.
Honey Heart. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234 fig. 37, 235. 1849.

Sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial
orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely sur-
passed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and
connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. The name ‘“ honey ”’ which appears
in several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. The

190 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

cherries are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a com-
mercial product. The tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick
branches over which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos
and threes and never in clusters. The fruit-stems are characteristically
long and slender. Though of the Bigarreau group the flesh is too tender
to well withstand harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot.

This cherry was introduced by Edward Sparhawk, for whom it was
named, of Brighton, Massachusetts. The variety has been known under
a number of different names, the number being no measure of its merit,
however, for it has never been extensively cultivated. The American
Pomological Society placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended
varieties in 1862 but dropped it in 1871 and for many years but little
attention has been given it. It is now for sale in but few of the nurseries
of the country.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy, unproductive; trunk stocky,
slightly shaggy; branches thick; branchlets medium in thickness and length; leaves
numerous, five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thin,
medium green; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, thick,
overlaid with red, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk; buds inter-
mediate in size and length; season of bloom intermediate, average length five days; flowers
one and one-fourth inches across; pistil shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen days; nearly seven-eighths
inch in diameter, somewhat conical, compressed; color dark red over a yellowish back-
ground, finely mottled; stem of medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white,
with colorless juice, tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild, aromatic, sweet; very good in
quality; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit, ovate, flattened, slightly oblique,

with smooth surfaces. ie
SPATE AMARELLE

Prunus cerasus

1. Christ Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Christ Worterb. 294. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 629-
632. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:67, 68. 1858. 5. Til. Handb. 541 fig., 542. 1861. 6. Mas
Le Verger 8:149, 150, fig. 73. 1866-73. 7. Lauche Deut. Pom. II: No. 24, Pl. 1882. 8. Am. Gard.
9:264. 1888. 9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:36. 1888. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122126, 127. 1900.

Spate Morello. 11. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282, 283.

1903.

This is another variety with Amarelle fruit and a Morello-like tree
and is unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. Sev-
eral references from the Middle West mention Spate Amarelle as very
promising but in New York, where such sorts as Early Richmond and
the Montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. The cherries

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK IgI

are quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unpro-
ductive to make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of Amarelles
and Dukes with which it would have to compete in this State.

The origin of this cherry is unknown but according to Truchsess it
was sent out from Hanover as Spate Morelle in 1785. In 1797, Christ
mentions a cherry under this name the description of which agrees with
that of Spate Amarelle. Lauche states that Truchsess received the variety
from Hanover under the name Spate Morelle and later changed the name
to Spate Amarelle. This cherry was grown in the Paris National Nur-
sery under the name Cerise Amarelle Tardive and at one time was com-
monly grown in gardens in France. In the spring of 1883, Professor J. L.
Budd of Iowa brought to America a large number of cherries from central
and eastern Europe. Somehow there was confusion in the description
of these imported cherries and two kinds were described under the name
Spate Amarelle, one a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored
juice. The true variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor
and is probably identical with the old French sort, Cerise Amarelle Tar-
dive. The cherry sometimes called Spate Morello can be no other than
the Spate Amarelle.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, rather unproductive;
trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth, dark brown overspread by ash-gray,
with numerous lenticels variable in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, small, folded upward, oval to somewhat obovate, rather stiff; upper
surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, pubescent only on the midrib
and larger veins; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular;
petiole greenish or with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with from one to four small,
globose, brown or yellowish glands usually at the base of the blade.

Buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on
long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across,
white; borne in scattered clusters, usually in threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes with a trace of red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch
long; pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly compressed; cavity
shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex roundish or depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, very small, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, tender;
flesh light red, with light colored juice, tender, tart; of good quality; stone free, roundish,
flattened, with smooth surfaces; distinctly ridged along the ventral suture.

192 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

SUDA

Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Suda Hardy. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1892-93. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 4. Stark
Brothers Cat. 1899. 5. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:84 fig., 85. 1903. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 36. 1904-05.
Suda has been widely advertised as an improved English Morello but,
while there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new
variety is not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at
this Station. The trees of Suda in general aspect are more upright and
the stems of the cherries longer and more slender than those of English
Morello, being but an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three-
fourths in the other. The trees on the grounds of this Station are not as
productive as those of English Morello. The cherries, if anything, are
not as high in quality as those of the older and probably the parent variety.
It is doubtful if there is a place for Suda in the cherry industry of New York.
This cherry originated in the garden of a Captain Suda, Louisiana,
Missouri, about 1880. The American Pomological Society listed Suda in
its fruit catalog of 1899 as Suda Hardy but in 1909 shortened the name to
Suda, a change which has generally been accepted.

Tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with numerous small lenticels;
branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, four inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, obovate to oval, dull, dark green; margin doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole
one inch long, of medium thickness, tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or two
reniform, yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade; buds small, short, obtuse,
arranged singly as lateral buds and on but very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late;
flowers white, one inch across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than the
stamens.

Fruit matures very late; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly
compressed; cavity flaring; suture indistinct; color dark purplish-red; stem slender, one
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh
dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very
sour; poor in quality; stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces.

TIMME
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:85, 86. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Timme can hardly be distinguished from Early Richmond, differing

only in smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety.
On the grounds of this Station the trees of Timme are even more productive

SUDA

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TIMME

i f wh
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balay

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 193

than those of Early Richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries,
but the greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of
the cherries. It is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older Early
Richmond, which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers
everywhere.

This variety is supposed to have been brought to America from Ger-
many by a Mr. Timme of Omaha, Nebraska. It is of some local importance
in Iowa and Nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in Amer-
ica. Possibly it will be found in time that it is some old German variety
renamed. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1909.

Tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, healthy; trunk
and branches thick, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, willowy;
leaves three and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate to obovate,
thick, stiff, leathery, dark green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
petiole three-fourths of an inch in length, with one or two large, globose glands variable
in position; flowers one inch across, in dense clusters.

Fruit matures medium early; over one-half inch in diamter, roundish-oblate; color
light red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long; flesh yellowish-white,
with abundant pinkish juice, tender and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in
quality; stone semi-clinging, roundish-ovate, plump; prominently ridged along the ventral
suture.

TOUSSAINT

Prunus cerasus

1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:178-180, Pl. VII. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 2.
1792. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 21, Pl. 1846. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:103, 104, Pl. 1853.
5- Mortillet Le Cerisier 22205, 308. 1866. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:305, 306 fig., 307, 308. 1877. 7. Rev.
Hort. 250. 1906.

Stats Blihender Kirschbaum. 8. Kriinitz Enc. 42, 43. 1790.

All Saints. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 661-668. 1819. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:152, 153.
1832. 11. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884. 13. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.

Toussaint is a marked deviation from its species. Instead of bearing
blossoms normally this variety sends out small branches from the buds.
In the axis of the first four leaves are borne the buds destined to produce
similar branches the following spring. As the branches elongate these
buds remain dormant but others are borne which produce flowers in umbel-
like clusters of two or three. The trees begin blooming three or four weeks
later than other cherries and new buds and flowers appear continually

until August or thereabouts. The tree, too, is most striking in appearance,
13

194 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

being dwarfish in stature, thickly set with pendant branchlets and, all in
all, attractive enough to make it a rather handsome ornamental. The
cherries are of little or no value, being quite too acid to eat out of hand
but furnishing very late fruit which may be used for culinary purposes.
The description given is compiled.

The history of the variety is uncertain. Leroy says that it was men-
tioned by Daléchamp, a French writer, as early as 1586. Duhamel seems
to have been the first pomologist to describe it which he did in 1768 under
the name Cerisier de la Toussaint. The variety is well known in Europe,
being widely distributed in Austria, Germany, Belgium, France and Eng-
land, pomologists and nurserymen in all these countries seeming to be
well acquainted with it. There are no records of its culture in America,
although Prince and Elliott describe it from European fruit books.

Tree small, hardy, moderately productive; branches slender, numerous, pendant.

Fruit small, flattened on the ends and sides; stem long; color clear red, darker on
maturing, rather transparent; flesh white somewhat red at the center, with reddish juice;
flavor, if mature, sour, though not excellent; stone large, long, clings to the flesh more
than to the stem. The fruit borne in October never reaches maturity.

VLADIMIR
Prunus cerasus
1. Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84, 85. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327,
328. 1885. 4. Ja. Sta. Bul. 192550. 1892. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 454. 1895. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
123128, 129. 1900. 7. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Vladimir is a Morello-like cherry not more promising in New York,
at least in the orchard of this Station, than any other of the many com-
petitors of English Morello. The cherries are large, very similar in size
and appearance to those of English Morello; the pit is small, the skin very
thin and separating readily from the pulp. The variety is further charac-
terized by the very dark red flesh and dark colored juice which is too
astringent and sour to eat out of hand but does very well for culinary
purposes. The tree is much like that of English Morello but is far more
dwarfish and not as productive, these being fatal faults for commercial
planting in New York. It falls short of English Morello in another respect
— the fruit ripens very unevenly. Vladimir has the reputation of being
one of the hardiest of all cherries. It is said to come true from seed and
does better on its own roots than on either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The
Russians, according to Budd, succeed best with it when it is propagated
from sprouts and allowed to form a bushy plant with several stems, the

VLADIMIR

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 195

oldest of which are cut from time to time. There seems to be little in the
variety to commend it for either home or commercial plantings in New
York.

Vladimir is a generic name for a group of varieties grown in Russia,
principally in the province of Vladimir east of Moscow. Most of these
cherries are large, black fruits with highly colored juice and good quality,
much valued for market use in their native country. Professor J. L. Budd
imported a number of these Vladimir cherries from Orel in Central Russia
and grew them at the Experiment Station grounds in Iowa, giving to each
a seedling number as a distinguishing characteristic. One, Orel No. 25,
was selected as being superior in many respects to the others and was
finally named Vladimir. This variety, typical of these Russian cherries,
has been considerably propagated and is generally distributed throughout
this country. The American Pomological Society added Vladimir to its
list of recommended fruits in 1909.

Tree dwarfish, round-topped, very hardy, productive; trunk medium or below in size;
branches willowy, drooping, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray; branchlets
slender, long, smooth, with a few small, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward,
oval, thick; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few
scattering hairs; apex acute, base slightly abrupt; margin finely serrate, with dark colored
glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs along the
stalk, glandless or with from one to four small, reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the
base of the blade.

Buds small, short, very obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
small clusters on small spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos, threes and
fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
with a tinge of red, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, broad, obtuse, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish or slightly obovate, irregularly
crenate, with short, blunt claws, apex entire; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures very late; three-eighths of an inch long, seven-eighths of an inch wide,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity rather shallow; suture a line; apex roundish;
color dark red almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous;
stem slender, one and one-half inches or more in length, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with very dark colored juice, slightly stringy,
melting, sprightly, astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone semi-clinging, rather large, long-
ovate to oval, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.

196 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

WATERLOO

Prunus avium X (Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus)

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:118.
1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 101, 102. 1846.
6. Elliott Fr. Book 213, 214. 1854. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 314. 1884.

This old sort, seemingly well thought of in Europe, has not been
popular in America and has only historical value to cherry-growers of this
country. It is an interesting cherry resembling the Bigarreaus in tree and
leaf-characters while the flowers are more like those of the Dukes, the
fruit, too, taking on more the aspect of the Dukes than of the Sweet
Cherry. The variety has long since passed from general cultivation in the
United States and can now be found only in collections or as an occa-
sional dooryard tree.

This cherry was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A.
Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, and first fruited in 1815,
shortly after the Battle of Waterloo, hence its name. It was supposed
to be a cross between Yellow Spanish and May Duke. The variety was
brought to this country by Honorable John Lowell of Newton, Massachu-
setts, though it was described by Prince in 1828 from European fruit books.
The following description is compiled:

Tree vigorous, thrifty, rather irregular and spreading, productive; branchlets thick,
stocky, grayish; leaves large, drooping, wavy; margin slightly serrate; flowers large;
stamens shorter than the pistil.

Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large, obtuse-cordate, broad at the
base, convex on one side, flattened on the other; stem one and one-half to two inches in
length, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming nearly black at maturity; skin thin;
flesh purplish-red becoming darker next to the stone, firm but tender, juicy, fine flavored,
sweet; good in quality; stone separating readily from the pulp, small, roundish-ovate,
compressed.

WHITE BIGARREAU
Prunus avium

1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 3. Mag. Hort.8:283. 1842.

4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 180 fig., 181. 1845. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 366. 1849. 6. McIntosh
Bk. Gard. 2:541. 1855.

Tradescant. ‘7. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 250. 1817.
White Oxheart. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 278. 1832.

White Bigarreau is a cherry of the past, having been considered one

of the good sorts of a century ago. Rivers, the English pomologist,
believed it to have come originally from Russia. It is reputed to have been

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 197

brought to America from France by Chancellor Livingston of Revolution-
ary fame. Thacher, in 1822, described the variety first under its present
name. The variety, as the synonymy shows, has been grown under many
names both in America and Europe. In 1845, according to Downing,
this cherry was common in the neighborhood of New York and Philadel-
phia but since Downing’s time no one seems to have mentioned it. The
variety is usually spoken of in the United States as neither hardy nor
productive. The fruit books describe it as follows:

Tree medium in size, spreading, very tender, unproductive; leaves narrow, waved.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large to very large, heart-shaped,
somewhat pointed; color yellowish-white with a bright red cheek, mottled; flesh very
firm, breaking, pleasantly flavored, sweet; very good in quality; stone separating readily
from the flesh.
WHITE HEART

Prunus avium

1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 173, 174 fig. 1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
216. 1854. 4. Horticulturist 15:327, Pl. fig. 1. 1860. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884.

Amber Heart. 6. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 7 Jour. Roy Hort. Soc. 21:355. 1898.

Friihe Bernsteinkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 304, 305. 1819. 9. Dochnahl Fuhr.
Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 10. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:45, 46, fig. 23. 1882. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348.
1889.

Kentish Bigarreau. 12. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.

White Heart is mentioned in The Cherries of New York only because
of its reputation in Europe and the frequent references, therefore, that
American cherry-growers see to it in European publications. Bunyard and
Thomas, in the reference given, speak of it as one of the best and most
profitable cherries grown in the famous Kent cherry orchards. Early
American horticulturists describe it but it seems not to have been widely
grown in America and has probably long since passed from cultivation.
It failed, according to Elliott, because it was a “ variable and uncertain
bearer ’’ and while an early cherry “not early enough to compete with
many new varieties.”

White Heart seems to have been mentioned first by Miller in 1734.
A little later it is found to be described in both Germany and France,
indicating that it must have been known and widely distributed before
the time given. It seems to have been brought to America before the
War of the Revolution and to have been grown in this country under the
several different names which are given in the list of synonyms. The
following description is compiled:

198 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Tree large, vigorous, somewhat erect, very healthy, rather productive; branches
stocky, somewhat angular, with large, roundish, light colored lenticels; internodes of
unequal length; leaves medium in size, oval or obovate, sharply pointed; margin finely
serrate; petiole short, slender, tipped with two reniform, orange-red glands; flowers
medium in size; petals obovate.

Fruit matures early in June; rather small, roundish-cordate, often one-sided, with a
distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun; stem
long, slender, inserted in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm; flesh light colored, firm, half-
tender, breaking, juicy, sugary, pleasant; first quality; stone rather large, roundish-oval,
with a pointed apex.

WINDSOR

Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 24:208. 1882. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 49:636. 1884. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22.
1885. 4. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16 fig. 7. 1897. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 5:41 fig. 1898. 6. Am. Gard.
21:76. 1900. 7. Can. Hort. 25:3, 262 fig., 263. 1902. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 56, 57. 1907.
Windsor is the standard late Bigarreau and one of the most profitable
of the hard-fleshed cherries grown in New York. Both fruit and trees
deserve the approbation of cherry-growers. In color the cherries meet the
market demand, buyers preferring a dark-colored Sweet Cherry. None
would find fault with the appearance of Windsor. The flesh is firm and the
product stands harvesting and shipping well and at a season of the year
when brown-rot is usually rife this variety is fairly free from this
scourge of the Sweet Cherry. The quality is from good to very good,
equaled but not surpassed by others of its class. But it is in its tree-char-
acters that the superiority of Windsor is best shown. The trees have the
reputation of being the hardiest of the Bigarreaus and of thriving in many
soils. They are usually fruitful. To offset these merits, the trees have two
or three rather serious faults. Thus, they do not come in bearing early;
they are tall and upright in growth, being almost fastigiate, making it
difficult to harvest the crop; and the load of fruit is too much clustered.
Cherry-growers agree that the worst of all pests of this fruit is the robin
and that the Windsor, for some reason or other, is the freest of its kind
from this and other thieving birds. From the behavior of the variety
in New York, we can heartily join with practically all who are growing this
variety in recommending it as a late, market Sweet Cherry
Windsor originated in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century on the
farm of James Dougall, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and was introduced
to fruit-growers in 1881 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York.
It has been planted extensively in many sections of this country for both

WINDSOR

ANH A

Pagan
Hh

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 199

home and market use and is now offered for sale by a large number of
nurserymen. The American Pomological Society added Windsor to its
fruit catalog list in 1885 and the variety still holds a place there. Though
rather widely known in the United States the commercial culture of this
variety is almost wholly confined to New York. It seems as yet not to
have found its way to Europe, a fact to be regretted, for its many good
qualities would soon make it known in the Old World where the Sweet
Cherry is better grown and more appreciated than in America.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick,
shaggy; branches stocky, very smooth, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with
large lenticels; branchlets thick, rather short, brown overspread with light ash-gray, smooth,
with few small, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper
surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent; margin doubly
crenate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, tinged with dull red, with from
one to three globose, reddish glands of medium size on the stalk.

Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very
numerous clusters variable in size, on short spurs; leaf-scars somewhat prominent; season
of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering
clusters, in ones and twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish or with a tinge of red, acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, slightly crenate, with short, blunt claws;
filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, slightly oblong
to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish, with a
depression at the center; color very dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small,
russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild,
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with
smooth surfaces; ventral suture rather prominent near the apex.

WwooD

Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Governor Wood. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 108. 1856. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:324 fig. 1877.

Wood is preeminently a Sweet Cherry for the amateur, having many
qualities that fit it for the home orchard and but few to commend it to
commercial growers. The trees are a little tender to cold, are not quite
productive enough to make the variety profitable and are, too, somewhat
fastidious as to soils. To offset these defects, they are vigorous and

200 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

healthy and bear early. But the chief fault of the cherry from the cherry-
grower’s standpoint is to be found in the fruit. The flesh is soft and the
cherries will not stand handling in harvesting and shipping and are very
susceptible to brown-rot and crack badly in wet weather. Wood has
special merit in the home collection, however, because of its earliness, its
beautiful appearance and delicious flavor. It is one of the first of the
Sweet Cherries, is large and, as the color-plate shows, is a beautiful yellow-
ish-white tinted with shades of crimson, with conspicuous russet dots — a
beautiful fruit. The flesh separates readily from the skin, is tender, juicy,
with an abundance of colorless juice and a flavor that has given it the
reputation, wherever grown in America, of being one of the best in quality.
It would be hard to name another cherry better suited for small plantations
and it is to be hoped that it will long be kept in the gardens of connoisseurs
of good fruit.

Wood is one of the best of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s' seedlings. It
was raised by him in 1842 at Cleveland, Ohio, and named in honor of
Reuben Wood, at one time Governor of Ohio. In 1856, it was added to
the fruit list of the American Pomological Society where it still remains,
being changed in 1909 to Wood with Governor Wood as a synonym. Its
popularity is shown in the United States by the fact that practically every
nurseryman in this country lists this variety.

1 Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was one
of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches of natural history
as well. Professor Kirtland was born at Wallingford, Connecticut, November 10, 1793, and died at
East Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1877. For sixty years of a long life his avocation
was the production of new varieties of fruits and flowers and, though a half century has passed since he
ceased active work, the results of his labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole
country. In pomology he gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries.
He achieved success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias.
Professor Kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft magnolias,
an achievement which has made possible their cultivation under many conditions and to a degree of
excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. He was the founder of the Cleveland Society of Natural
History and was for many years its president. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society,
the highest recognition for scientific work to be obtained in his time in this country. He served as pro-
fessor in several medical schools and filled other places of honor and trust. From his boyhood we are
told that he was interested in natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals
of Ohio, having special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies.
In pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties described in
The Cherries of New York having come from his breeding grounds. Among these are Wood, Pontiac,
Powhatan, Tecumseh, Osceola, Kirtland and Red Jacket, sorts scarcely surpassed for high quality and
grown commonly in America and to some extent wherever Sweet Cherries will thrive. His 84 years seem
to have been well ordered, given almost wholly for the good of the public, and his name should be cher-
ished by pomologists among those who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent.

wooD

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THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 201

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive; trunk stout; branches thick,
smooth, dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few small lenticels; branchlets
thick, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few
inconspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, obovate, thin; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface dull green, lightly
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole
one and one-half inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, with from one to three reniform,
reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds large, long, pointed, very plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers
one inch across, arranged in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, long, acute,
glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals roundish, crenate, with short, blunt claws;
anthers yellowish; filaments one-eighth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in
length, sometimes defective.

Fruit matures in early mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate,
compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, flaring; suture variable in depth, distinct,
wide; apex roundish; color shades of crimson on a yellowish-white background; dots
numerous, small, light russet, somewhat conspicuous, especially just before maturity; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; very good in
quality; stone clinging, rather large, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with a broad,
ventral suture.

WRAGG
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1884. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.95. 1887. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:15
fig. 8. 1892. 4. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1892. 5. Am. Gard. 20:178. 1899. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
I2:119, 120. 1900. 7. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:89, fig. 26. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 38. 1904-05.
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:22, 23. 1910.

Wragg is either English Morello or a strain of that variety. Trees
on the grounds of this Station are identical with English Morello but it
may be that here, and occasionally elsewhere, the older sort has been sub-
stituted for Wragg. In Iowa, where the new variety is most largely grown,
pomologists claim that it is distinct and that it isan improvement on English
Morello. Professor J. L. Budd, an authority on Russian cherries, believed
that this sort is distinct and of Russian origin having, according to him,
been brought to America by Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York,
in an importation of Russian trees. Captain C. L. Watrous of Des Moines,
Iowa, another prominent pomologist of that State, was of the opinion that
Wragg came to light on the grounds of J. Wragg, Waukee, Iowa, as a sprout

202 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

from another tree. Colonel G. B. Brackett, pomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, who visited Mr. Wragg’s place some
years ago and compared the new cherry with the English Morello, could
find no distinguishing characters between the two. On the other hand,
Mr. Wragg insisted that they were distinct. The American Pomological
Society calls Wragg and English Morello the same. Those who believe
that the two are distinct say that the fruit of Wragg is larger, the trees
hardier and that the cherries ripen a little later than those of English
Morello. With the information now at hand it is impossible to say here
whether or not Wragg is distinct. A compiled description taken from the
text describing this cherry is so unsatisfactory that we offer none and refer
the reader to that of English Morello from which it differs but little, if
at all.
YELLOW SPANISH
Prunus avium

1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 28.
1828. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 372. 1867. 6. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 17. 1897. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:291. 1903.

Biguarre Cherrie. 8. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 9g. Rea Flora 205. 1676.

Spanish. 10. Gerarde Herball 1503, fig. 3. 1636.

Bigarreau Commun. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768. 12. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128.
1832. 13. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 5, Pl. 1846. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:115-119, fig. 26. 1866.
15. Pom. France 7: No. 2, Pl. 2. 1871. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:188-191, fig. 1877. 17. Cat. Cong.
Pom. France 20, fig. 1906.

Gemeine Marmorkirsche. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 301-303. 1819. 19. Ill. Handb. 123
fig., 124. 1860.

Graffion. 20. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 338-340. 1819. 21. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69, Pl.
34 fig. 1. 1823. 22. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137, 138. 1832. 23. Cultivator N. S. 6:21, fig. 6. 1849.
24. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854.

Bigarreau. 25. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 26. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 179 fig., 180. 1845.
27. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 28. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 29. Cole Am.
Fr. Book 233 fig. 31. 1849. 30. Hogg Fruit Man. 281, 282. 1884.

For centuries Yellow Spanish must have been the best of all the
Bigarreaus and it is only in comparatively late years that it has had rivals.
Even yet in tree-characters it is hardly equaled, surpassing Windsor, which
has a notable tree, in several respects and falling short of it only in hardi-
ness. The trees are large,—perhaps the largest of all the varieties of
Prunus avium, —having an upright-spreading top which gives a large bear-
ing surface and forms a canopy of splendid foliage. The trees are vigorous,
bear abundantly and regularly and come in bearing young, with the crop
well distributed and not in clusters as is the case and the fault of Wind-
sor. Unfortunately, the cherries, though very good in most characters,

YELLOW SPANISH

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 203

do not come up to the trees in points of superiority. They are rather
smaller than those of Napoleon, the greatest competitor of Yellow Spanish,
and are more subject to attacks of brown-rot than several others of the
Bigarreaus. As may be seen by comparing the color-plates, however,
Yellow Spanish is rather the handsomer of the two cherries, the crimson
color being more evenly distributed and the skin not having the mottled
appearance of Napoleon. In quality Yellow Spanish is the better of the
two, having tenderer flesh and a sweeter and richer flavor. Yellow Spanish
is notable in the nursery for its strong, upright growth and its large leaves,
the leaves of no other cherry attaining so great a size. In blossoming
time the variety may be distinguished by the whiteness of the blossoms
as they open and a reddish tint as they drop. It is a mid-season cherry,
ripening after Wood and a few days before Napoleon. Despite the great
age of the variety it still remains one of the best, furnishing proof, by the
way, that varieties of cherries do not degenerate with age. In New York
Yellow Spanish cannot be spared from either home or commercial plantings.

Yellow Spanish is so old and so widely disseminated that its origin
can only be conjectured. From the name we naturally infer a Spanish
nativity and yet it is almost equally well known as Bigarreau, a word of
French derivation. Under the last name French pomologists believe that
they trace its history to the First Century of the Christian Era as the
variety described by Pliny under the name Cerasum Duracinum. The
Germans and Austrians certainly knew this variety in the Eighteenth
Century and probably much earlier, an inference to be drawn from the
references given. Parkinson, the English herbalist, described a cherry in
1629 which he called the Biguarre Cherrie which later came to be known
as the Bigarreau or Graffion by English writers and which we now know
to be Yellow Spanish. Seven years later Gerarde described a Spanish
cherry the description of which is not unlike our Yellow Spanish. Miller
and Forsyth, English writers, also at an early date described a Spanish
cherry which may be the fruit of this discussion.

Fortunately we are well informed as to the history of Yellow Spanish
in America. Prince, one of the most accurate of American pomologists,
in 1832, gave the following historical account of the Graffion, or Yellow
Spanish: ‘‘ This tree was imported from London by the father of the
author, in the year 1802, under the name Yellow Spanish, and one of the
original trees is now growing in his garden, where it produces abundantly,
and there is little doubt that from his stock have originated most of the

204 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

trees of this kind now in our country, as he has taken much pains to
recommend it.’”” Why Prince and other Americans came to call the variety
introduced by the elder Prince of Europe as Yellow Spanish, as Bigarreau
and Graffion, does not appear unless the younger Prince wanted to make
the name in this country conform to that in most common usage in England
at the time. Besides the names already given, Yellow Spanish has been
rather widely grown in America as Ox Heart and White Caroon. This
variety was placed on the recommended list of the National Congress of
Fruit Growers, which afterwards became the American Pomological Society,
in 1848, under the name Bigarreau. The name was changed in 1897 to
Yellow Spanish and it now appears on the list of that organization as
Spanish.

Tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open-topped, productive;
trunk thick, of medium smoothness; branches stocky, reddish-brown covered with ash-
gray, smooth except for the numerous large lenticels; branchlets short, brown nearly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded
upward, obovate to elliptical; upper surface dark green, nearly smooth, grooved along
the midrib; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape;
margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths
inches long, thick, heavily tinged with dull red, grooved along the upper surface, with from
one to four large, reniform, reddish-yellow glands variable in position.

Buds conical, plump, free, arranged singly or in small clusters as lateral buds and
from short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one
and one-fourth inches across; borne in well-distributed clusters, in twos and in threes;
pedicels about one inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes acute, reflexed; petals oval, entire, strongly dentate at the apex, tapering to short,
blunt claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in
length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch or over in diameter, cordate, compressed;
cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line; apex roundish, not depressed; color bright
amber-yellow with a reddish blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small, light russet,
obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, sepa-
rating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic,
sprightly, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened, oblique,
with smooth surfaces; with two small, blunt ridges along the ventral suture near the apex.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 205

CHAPTER V
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

A Coeur Hative. P.avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Listed in this reference.

A Feuilles de Pécher Grosse. P. cerasus? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.

Merely mentioned; probably similar to Willow Leaved.

Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Mentioned in this reference as a black, hard-fleshed, Sweet Cherry.

Abundance. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 7. 1911-12.

Abundance is one of Burbank’s seedlings from Napoleon. The tree is a heavy, almost
annual bearer. The fruit is large, never cracks, and exceeds the parent in productive-
ness and beauty; it ripens a week later.

Abbesse. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.

Abbesse was found in North Silesia and is supposed to be a Red Duke cross. Fruit
medium to large, cordate; stem long, thick at the base; cavity shallow; suture distinct;
skin dark red; flesh meaty, with colored juice, mildly acid; quality good.

Act Gillos. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.

Act Gillos was imported by Leo Weltz of Ohio, in a collection of sweet varieties
said to have come from Bokhara, Turkestan. Tree vigorous; leaves large; fruit yellow,
resembling Cleveland.

Adams Crown. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 1. 1823.
2. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 277. 1884. 3. Mawe-Abercrombie Comp. Gard. 632.
1829. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:312 fig., 313. 1877.

Adams Herzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 99 fig., 100. 1860. 6. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332.
1889.

Adam. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:69, 70, fig. 33. 1866-73.

Adams Crown is supposed to have been raised by a man named Adams in the
vicinity of Sittingbourne, Kent, England. It was formerly grown in the orchards near
London for market trade. Tree large, vigorous, usually productive, bears early; fruit
medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed; cavity wide,
deep; suture shallow, indistinct; stem slender, long; skin thin, transparent, attractive
pale red speckled with darker red deepening to carmine, showing distinctly the fibers
underneath; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, somewhat stringy, sweet, sprightly, pleasant; very
good in quality; stone small, roundish-ovate, flattened at the base, plump; season early.
Adlington. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 183r.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Affane. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Mentioned in this reference.
Afghanistan. P. avium. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 315. 1897. 2. Van Lindley Cat.

371. 1899.

206 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety is said by Van Lindley to have been introduced into North Carolina
by a missionary from South Africa. The fruit closely resembles Windsor. Tree tall,
spreading, vigorous; fruit large, cordate, often swollen along the suture giving it an angular
appearance; skin dark red to reddish-black; flesh firm, tender, sweet; ships well; season
the last of May.

Alaternblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:48. 1858.

Fruit medium large, roundish, flattened, with a faint suture; skin glossy, brownish-
ted; stem mostly covered with leaves, greenish-yellow; flesh soft, acidulated; stone heart-
shaped.

Albertine Millet. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Received from Belgium without description; its value is questioned in Guide Pratique.
Alexandrine Béon. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 18809.

Listed in this reference.

Alfred Wesmael. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2.Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

This variety is similar to Montmorency according to Guide Pratique.

Allen. P. avium. 1. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 137. 1899. 2. Brown Cat. 23. 1900.

A seedling cherry found in Lake County, Ohio. It is darker, later and smaller than
Windsor. The tree is healthy, very productive; fruit somewhat heart-shaped, nearly
black, glossy, smooth; flesh meaty, firm, sweet; of small size.

Allen Late Favourite. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123. 1832.

Sent to the Prince nursery by Zachariah Allen of Providence, Rhode Island. The
tree is vigorous; fruit of fine quality, juicy, well flavored; ripens in Rhode Island with
Black Mazzard.

Allerfriiheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:10.
1858.

Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long, deeply set; skin
clear red, spotted with dark brown; flesh whitish, sweet; stone oval; ripens in mid-June.
Alte Konigskirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbdume 158. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 671.

1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422. 1819.

Tree large, very productive; fruit large, round, slightly heart-shaped; stem long;
skin reddish-black; flesh very delicate, tender, juicy, sweet, with an aromatic, very pleasing
sourness; stone small.

Altenlander Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 465 fig., 466. 1861.

Cerise précoce d’Altenlaud. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.

This variety is distinguished from Frihe Maiherzkirsche by its fruits which are larger,
deeper in color, sourer and more angular and a few days later. Tree productive; fruit
of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sometimes angular; cavity wide, shallow; apex often
widely depressed; stem stout, of medium length; suture shallow; skin glossy, charcoal
black in some spots when fully ripe, rather tough; flesh reddish-black, tender, very juicy,
sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone short, oval; season early.

Amaranthkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 215-219. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858.
In 1790, this variety was reported to have been brought to Hanover, Prussia, Germany,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 207

from England. ‘Truchsess describes this cherry as being of medium size, roundish-cordate,

with a pronounced suture; stem short; cavity shallow; apex abruptly rounded; skin red

on the sunny side, yellowish, flesh-colored on the shady side; flesh tender, light yellowish-

white, juicy, sweet yet without excellence; stone round, rather broad, not long, nearly

free; unproductive.

Amarelle Hative. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6 fig. 1892. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
27. 1909.

This variety was imported by Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1885. It resembles
Early Richmond but ripens ten days later. It appeared on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1899 and in 1909 Morello Hative was given asasynonym. This
variety, however, is of the Amarelle type while Morello Hative is a true Morello.
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 655,

656. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.

Amarelle a point pistillatre blanc. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

According to Truchsess, this variety was first mentioned by Christ as early as 1795,
under the name, Roque Cherydere. Fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened; stem short;
skin dark red; flesh white, with colorless juice, although a glistening red when pressed
out, subacid; season early; medium productive; resembles Bunte Amarelle.

Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832.

This variety was found in an old garden in Providence, Rhode Island. Fruit below
medium in size, perfectly round; amber, delicate red towards the sun; flesh melting, lively,
very sweet; early.

Amber Gean. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168. 1845. 2. Gard. Chron. 1068.
1861. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884.

Amber? 4. Rea Flora 206. 1676.

Late Amber Gean. 5. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:105. 1882.

This is probably the Amber of the old English writers — an attractive, small Gean
or Mazzard. Tree bears abundantly; fruit small, obtuse-cordate, usually regular; stem
long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin very thin, pellucid, exhibiting the texture of the
flesh, pale yellow or amber, tinged with delicate red; flesh white, tender, juicy, melting,
with a rich, sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens the last of July.

Ambrée de Guben. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:118, 119, 303. 1866. 2. Mas
Le Verger 8:99, 100, fig. 48. 1866-73.

Gubener Bernsteinkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342, 685. 1819. 4.
Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.

This variety resembles Yellow Spanish; in fact the name is listed as a synonym of
Yellow Spanish by Mortillet. We feel sure, however, that it is a distinct variety. Fruit
large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base; suture shallow; stem long; cavity wide,
shallow; skin glossy, pale yellow washed with carmine in the sun; flesh firm, fibrous, sweet,
with a sourness that disappears if allowed to remain on the tree; quality good; stone oval,
slightly flattened at the base; ripens the first of July in France.

208 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

American Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 167. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847. 4. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 359. 1849. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 214. 1854. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
74. 1862.

This variety was introduced some time previous to 1832 by the originator, Daniel
Bloodgood, Flushing, New York. It held a place on the American Pomological Society’s
list of fruits from 1862 until 1869. It resembles American Heart but differs in being
a tender-fleshed fruit of regular outline. Tree productive; fruit hanging in bunches for
a long time without rotting. Fruit borne in threes or fours, hangs well, of medium size,
roundish-cordate often nearly round; stem long, slender, inserted in a slight, narrow cavity;
skin very thin, smooth, glossy, clear, light amber becoming mottled and overspread with
clear bright red; flesh amber, tender, sprightly, juicy, usually of only fair quality; pit
large; season the last of June to the middle of July.

American Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
178, 179 fig. 70. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847.

According to Downing, this variety came from Long Island but its exact origin is
unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, variable in productiveness; fruit medium to large,
cordate, often nearly angular and irregular in outline; cavity small, shallow; stem long,
slender; skin tough, adhering to the pulp, pale yellow or amber-red; flesh very juicy,
yellowish, half-tender, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone medium in size.

Amos Owen. P. avium. 1. N.C. Sta. Bul. 184:121. 1903.

Amos Owen is a black Mazzard used by nurserymen as a stock for grafting. The
fruit is small and black; of poor quality.

Andrews. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.

Andrews is a seedling named after C. N. Andrews, Redlands, California, who fruited
it in 1896. It is grown in the mountain valley near Redlands and is apparently a fine
shipping variety.

Anne. P.avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 204. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 254. 1857.

This cherry is reported by Charles Downing to have originated at Lexington, Ken-
tucky; distributed by A. V. Bedford, Paris, Kentucky. Tree moderate in growth; fruit
of medium size, bright red; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; quality excellent; early.
Annonay. P.avium. 1. Flor.& Pom. 28. 1882. 2. RiversCat.18. 1898-99. 3. Bun-

yard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.

Annonayer Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

A Heart cherry mentioned in 1882 as a promising new fruit because of its extreme
earliness and excellent quality. This variety, introduced by Thomas Rivers & Son,
Sawbridgeworth, England, should not be confused with an older French sort often known
by the same name but of a reddish-brown color. Tree moderate in growth; fruit glossy,
black, round, of medium size, produced in clusters; flesh charcoal-black, very rich in flavor.
Anstad. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 17. 1908.

A seedling from seeds planted in 1898 by A. P. Anstad, Trail, British Columbia. The
fruit is large, heart-shaped; cavity of medium depth and width; stem long, slender; apex
depressed; suture indistinct; skin moderately thick, tender, dark red or blackish; dots

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 209

obscure; flesh dull red, meaty, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size,

clinging; season in Ontario, the end of July.

Argental Late. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 325. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
451. 1860.

Downing says this variety is of French origin and that the fruit is unlike any other
cherry in form. Tree spreading; branches slender, irregular; fruit of medium size, elon-
gated-oval, sides compressed; suture narrow; stem medium in length, slender; cavity small;
skin deep purplish-black; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, of peculiar flavor; quality very
good; stone small, narrow, elongated-oval; ripens about July roth.

Auburn Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus.

A stray variety not mentioned in cherry literature, occasionally grown in western
New York The fruit, on the Station grounds, is above medium size, roundish; skin
glossy, amber-yellow with a dark red cheek, often wholly suffused with red, sometimes
mottled with translucent spots underneath the skin; suture a distinct line; stem slender,
one and one-half inches long, inserted in a broad cavity; flesh white, very tender, juicy,
nearly sweet; quality good but not rich; stone small, adhering to the stem; season late
June. The fruit cracks in wet weather.

August Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 1:248 fig., 249. 1853.

Vail’s August Duke. 2. Horticulturist 4:264 fig., 265. 1849-50. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
213. 1854.

This variety originated with Henry Vail of Troy, New York. It is valued for its
lateness, maturing three weeks after Downer, generally about the tenth of August. Tree
hardy, healthy, moderate in growth; fruit borne in pairs, hanging in thick clusters along
the branches, of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem of medium length, thickening where
jt joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin bright red; flesh tender, subacid, much
like May Duke in flavor; pit oval.

Augustine de Vigny. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 54. 1856.

Mentioned in the references given.

Aurischotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 589-591. 1819. 2. Doch-
nahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.

According to Truchsess, this cherry was described in 1802 by Christ who states that
it originated in Wanfred, Prussia, Germany. ‘Truchsess believed, however, that the
name was a corruption of Sauriotte, a sour or Weichsel cherry. Fruit round, somewhat
flattened, above medium in size; suture indistinct; apex slightly depressed, gray; stem
strong; skin dark red; flesh and juice of a slight reddish cast, sour, rather repulsive;
stone large.

Badacsony. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899. 2. [bid. 187:62. t1gor.

Géante de Badacson. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 194. 1876.

Badacsoner Riesenkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889.

Badacconyi. 5. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:198. 1899.

Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910.

Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche. 7. Obstzuichter 8:74. 1910.

14

210 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

A strong-growing variety of the Bigarreau group which originated in the volcanic
regions near Balaton Lake, Hungary. Tree spreading, productive, subject to shot-hole
fungus; fruit very large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide;
skin dark red, mottled with purple; flesh crisp, breaking, pinkish, juicy, sweet; quality
good; ripens in July.

Baender. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 88:20. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:12.
1910.

An unproductive Morello. Tree medium in size, upright, round-topped; fruit medium
to large, round, flattened; stem stout, long; skin dark red, thin, tender; flesh firm, meaty,
slightly stained, rich acid; stone long, smooth; ripens the last of July in Washington.
Baltavar. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39. 1895. 2. Budd-Hansen Am.

Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.

Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.

Baltavari. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1809.

Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Baltavar was introduced from Hungary by the United States Department of Agri-
culture. Tree upright, somewhat spreading; fruit resembles Napoleon in size and shape;
cavity medium in depth, irregular, flaring; stem variable, slender; suture shallow; skin
thick, glossy, light red changing to dark crimson on a yellow ground; dots numerous,
minute, golden; flesh melting, yellowish, meaty, translucent, juicy, sprightly, mild sub-
acid; quality good to very good; stone large, long, clinging; ripens the forepart of July.
Baluder Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:189. 1807.

Tree upright, unproductive; fruit medium to large; stem slender; skin dull red, tough;
flesh red, tender, juicy, acid, lacking in richness; ripens unevenly about June 18th; not
a commercial variety.

Barnhart. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 18:242. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd
App. 161. 188r.

This variety originated with Louis Shepler, Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania. Tree healthy,
vigorous, bears abundantly; fruit of the Bigarreau type, large, obtuse-cordate, slightly
compressed; cavity large, deep; stem rather long, slender; suture shallow; skin whitish-
yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark, rich red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, with
a rich, rather sprightly flavor; ripens the last of June.

Baseler Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.

A medium-sized cherry of little value.

Bates. P. cerasus. 1. Green Cat. 28 fig. 1906.

Said to have originated with S. J. Bates, Shelby, Michigan; introduced by C. A. Green,
Rochester, New York; not propagated at present. As grown on our grounds it is identical.
with Olivet but our trees may not be correctly named.

Bay State. P. cerasus. 1. Adams Cat. 11. 1894. 2. Sweet Cat. 18. 1907.

Bay State on the Station grounds resembles Reine Hortense and may be identical.
(See description of Reine Hortense.) In 1894 it was listed by J. W. Adams of Springfield,
Massachusetts, under the name Bay State and in 1907 was offered for sale by The George
A. Sweet Nursery Company of Dansville, New York.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 211

Baylor. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Bedford Prolific. P. avium. 1. Thomas ‘Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Flor. & Pom. 41,
Pl. fig. 1. 1882.

Bedford Prolific is similar to its parent, Black Tartarian, but has the advantage of
being much hardier and more productive. It is inferior in quality to its parent. Many
writers confuse it with Black Tartarian.

Belle Audigeoise. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 5:65, Pl. 1857.

Schone Audigeoise. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 18809.

Very similar to Choisy. Tree vigorous, but moderately productive; fruit large,
roundish, flattened at the ends; stem of medium length; cavity large, round; skin glossy,
transparent, almost entirely washed with red at complete maturity; flesh yellowish,
juicy, sweet, acidulated; ripens in France late in July.

Belle Bosc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.

Listed in the reference given.

Belle de Boskoop. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Listed in this reference without description.

Belle de Caux. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Listed as similar to Duchess de Palluau.

Belle de Couchey. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 412. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:137,
138, fig. 69. 1882.

Schone von Couchey. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.

Raton, a laborer, found this variety in 1715, growing in a garden in Cote d’Or, France.
Here and in the surrounding country it was commonly known as Cerise Raton. Tree
vigorous, abundantly productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, irregular, often flattened;
stem long, slender, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex conical; skin tender, at first clear
purple changing to blackish-purple; flesh tender, rather succulent, intense purple, juicy,
sweet, sugary, very pleasing; stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, short, broad,
turgid; ripens the last of June. In France, one of the best fruits of the season standing
shipment well notwithstanding its tender flesh.

Belle Defay. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.

Listed without a description in this reference.

Belle de Franconville. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 463. 1891. 2. Ibid. 14, 15 fig. 1892.

This variety is a chance seedling found in the forests of Seine-et-Oise, France, and
propagated by M. Arthur Nienard, a nurseryman of the same place. The variety is
valued for its lateness and its good shipping qualities. Fruit elongated-cordate, slightly
depressed; suture rather deep; cavity rather large, regular; stem slender, long; skin glossy,
brilliant purplish-red, firm; flesh clear yellow, rather transparent, juicy, sprightly yet
sugary, agreeable but slightly strong; pit oblong, tapering at the top, truncate, partly
adherent; season late September in France.

Belle l’Herissier. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 470, Pl. 1875.

This cherry was raised from seed in 1865 by M. Doublet, horticulturist at Montrichard,

Loir-et-Cher, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in clusters,

212 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

depressed on the side, with a faint suture; stem very long, slender, adhering strongly to
the pit; skin a brilliant red but never black; flesh pale red, juicy, sweet, slightly sprightly;
quality very good; pit irregular, very small, elongated; ripens the middle of June in France.
Belle de Kis-Oers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2.Guide Prat. 13. 1895.

This is a Hungarian cherry. Fruit of medium size, elongated, marbled with red;
flesh white, sugary; in France it ripens the middle of July.

Belle de Loche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 187. 1876.

This name is wrongly used as a synonym of Magnifique. Distributed by Jacque-
ment-Bonnefont, nurseryman at Annonay, Ardéche, France, who described it as a very
good, large, productive fruit, ripening in June.

Belle d’Orleans. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358, 540 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 211. 1856. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:84, 85 fig., 86. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:314 fig., 315. 1877.
Beauty of Orleans. 5. Ill. Handb. 15 fig., 16. 1867. 6. Can, Exp. Farms Rpt.
415. 1899.

Belle de Bruxelles. 7.Guide Prat. 10,17, 181. 1895.

Some writers state that Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, originated this
variety about 1852; others hold that it is of French origin. Tree large, very vigorous,
productive; fruit usually attached in pairs, medium to above in size, roundish-oval or often
cordate; stem medium in length, rather slender; skin transparent, clear pale yellow with
a light red cheek, occasionally slightly mottled; flesh pale amber, juicy, tender, sweet;
good in quality; stone large, roundish-obovate; season early.

Belle de Ribeaucourt. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:269. 1854. 2. Mortillet Le Certsier
2:181, 210. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:170 fig., 171. 1877.

Schéne von Ribeaucourt. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335, 377- 1880.

This variety probably originated in Northern France. Fruit globular, flattened at
the ends, large, usually borne in twos; stem long; cavity large, deep; skin transparent,
red, more intense in the sun; flesh yellow, rose-colored under the skin, sweet, juicy, acidu-
lated; pit small, oval, round; ripens about the middle of June.

Belle de Rochelle. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861.

Mentioned as remarkable for its size, its abundant juice and rich flavor which are
said to make it one of the best fruits of its season. Its long stems facilitate picking.
Belle de Rocmont. P. avium 1. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768.

Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3,
Mabwsiies 2517192.

Schone von Rocmont. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 311-316. 1819.

Pigeon’s Heart. 4. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.

Bigarreau belle de Rocmond. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Coeur de Pigeon Gros. 6. Ibid. 48. 1831.

Pigeon Heart Bigarreau. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832.

Bigarreau de Rocmont. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 6, Pl. 1846.

Rocmonter Marmorkirsche. 9. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:39. 1858.

Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche. 10. Ibid. 39, 40. 1858.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK PRS

Belle de Rocmont is so similar to Yellow Spanish that some writers consider them
the same. If not the same they are so nearly so that a description of this variety is
unnecessary.

Belle de Saint Tronc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Flor. & Pom.
117. 1878. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 359. 1889.

This Heart cherry was introduced in 1873 by M. Antonie, Marseilles, Bouches-du-
Rhone, France. It is described by the French as a brownish-black cherry but Rivers
lists it as a light red sort. Fruit cordate; stem short; brownish-black; flesh deep red,
juicy; first quality; early; productive.

Belle Vezzouris. Species? 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit
Cult. 664. 1897.

A medium to large, light red, somewhat transparent cherry with a subacid flavor;

quality good; ripens with Downer.
Belle de Voisery. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 17.
1895.
Similar to Duchesse de Palluau according to Guide Pratique.
Bender (of Michigan). P. cerasus. 1. Wood Cat. 32. 1912.

This is a seedling found by aman named Bender near Shelby, Michigan. It ripens
between Early Richmond and Montmorency, surpassing the latter in size, color and
quality; sour.

Bender (of New York). P. avium X P. cerasus.

Marguerite. 1. McKay Cat. 7. 1912.

This variety is an accidental seedling found by J. O. Bender, Fayetteville, New York,
about 1875. It is a late cherry of the Duke group. The fruit is attractive both in size
and color, making a valuable market sort. Fruit roundish-cordate to oblate, compressed;
cavity medium, flaring; suture very shallow; stem slender, above medium in length; skin
of medium thickness and toughness, separating from the pulp, light red, yellowish on the
shaded side; flesh pale yellow, somewhat coarse and stringy, tender, melting, subacid,
juicy ; good in quality; stone large, slightly clinging along the ventral suture. Very similar
to Late Duke.

Berlin Amarelle. P.cerasus. 1.Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

A vigorous variety received from L. Spath, Berlin, Germany. Fruit medium to large,
oval; skin glossy red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasingly acid; season from the middle to the
last of July in Canada.

Bernard. P.cerasus. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88. 1869.

Described by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as a seedling of the Morello group. Tree
vigorous, pyramidal in growth; fruit the size, shape, color and flavor of English Morello
but with a smaller pit.

Bettenburger Glaskirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort.
445, 446, 689. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 171 fig., 172. 1860.

Transparent de Bettenburg. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:77, 78, fig. 37. 1866-73.

Belle Allemande. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.

Truchsess, a German, grew this variety from a stone of the Prager Muscateller, in

214 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

1794. The tree has a close growth and with its large, wide leaves is easily recognized from
other light Duke cherries. The fruit is often confused with Double Glass but the color
is darker, the stem longer and thicker, the flavor sweeter, and the season from eight to
ten days later. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit large, cordate, rather obtuse, with a
pronounced suture extending into the cavity; stem long, set in a smooth, shallow cavity;
skin tough, clear purple changing to dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, juicy,
not colored unless well ripened, sweetish-sour, slightly aromatic; stone of medium size,
globular, plump, truncate at the base; season late.

Bettenburger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 65 fig., 66. 1860.

Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 115, 116. 18109.

Guigne de Bettenbourg. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.

This variety is a seedling of a worthless black Heart cherry, raised by Truchsess in
1794. Fruit very large, flattened, heart-shaped, sides compressed; stem short, set in a
shallow cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin tough, deep dark-brown with light spots.
turning black when ripe; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; stone almost small, plump, round-
ish; season the last of June in Germany.

Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort.
507-511. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:61. 1858.

A variety received by Truchsess as Kirsche von der Natte and disseminated by him
as such. After a few years he found that it was not true to name and to avoid further
confusion added the word Bettenburger. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base;
suture indistinct; stem short, slender, shallowly inserted; skin tough, dull, dark brown,
inclined to black; flesh dark red, juicy, aromatic, subacid; stone not large, plump; ripens
the middle of July in Germany.

Bettenburger Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:62, 63. 1858.

Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 521, 522, 523,

1819.

Bettenburger Wetchsel von der Natte. 3. Liegel Syst. Anlett. 171. 1825.

Griotte de Bettenbourg. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.

This German variety came from seeds of Grosse Gobet planted by Truchsess in 1794.
Fruit very large, sides compressed; skin tough, dark brownish-red; flesh and juice dark,
pleasingly sour, improves if left on the tree; stone large, cordate, pointed.

Bicolor Van Mons. Species? 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 208. 1866.

Fruit medium in size, slightly elongated; attractively variegated with red; of
mediocre quality; matures the last fortnight of June.

Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1880.

Listed in the reference given.

Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 569, 570, Pl. 1912.

In 1903, Alfred Nomblot planted what he believed to be a seed of Bigarreau Dénnissen
but the resulting tree in many of its characters resembled Bigarreau Noir de Kruger which
stood near the supposed parent. A cross between these varieties might result in a dark
fruit, similar to this. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive; fruit above medium in
size, cordate, attached in ones, twos and threes; stem long; skin marbled with purple

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 215

changing to black; flesh firm, sugary, juicy, high flavored; pit small, ovoid; early.
Recommended by the Société Pomologique de France as a good, early cherry.
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:144. 1882.

A short description of the tree-characters is given in this reference.

Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Matures late; according to Guide Pratique, 1895, it is very similar to Napoleon.
Bigarreau Bordan. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:183, 184 fig. 1877.

Bordans friihe wetsse Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.

Bordans Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 97 fig., 98. 1860. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,

197. 1876.

Guigne Blanche de Bordan. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 98, 208. 1866.

This variety was raised by M. Bordan of Guben, Prussia, Germany, and was first
described by Oberdieck. Leroy lists it as a Bigarreau as he believes the flesh is too
firm for a Guigne as many Germans have described it. Tree hardy, productive; fruit
usually borne in pairs, elongated-cordate, sides and base often compressed; suture
shallow; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, yellowish, spotted
and streaked with red, becoming almost entirely washed with red in the sun; flesh
tender, whitish, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated, pleasing; stone medium, oval, turgid;
season early.

Bigarreau de Bourget. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335. 18809.

Listed without.a description by Mathieu.

Bigarreau Brun. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.

Not described.

Bigarreau de Capucins. P. avium. 1.Gard. Chron. N.S. 19:255. 1883.

Kapuziner Knorpel. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.

This variety is little known out of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large,
obtuse-oblong, regular, depressed at the ends; skin amber-yellow, blushed with red; flesh
white, crisp, juicy.

Bigarreau de la Caserne. P. avium. 1.Gard. Chron. 663. 1866.

According to the reference this variety is spoken of in La Belgique Horticole as a variety
with prodigious leaves, yellow fruit dashed with red and of good quality.

Bigarreau Cayenne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:186 fig. 1877.

Cayenner Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

This variety was received by Leroy in 1857 from Angouleme, Charente, France.
Fruit generally borne in pairs; of medium size, oval, somewhat cylindrical, compressed at
the extremities, with a large, rather deep suture; apex generally prominent; stem long;
cavity broad and regular; skin thick, yellow, washed with pale red changing to lively red
in the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, brittle, juicy, sweet, slightly sugary and aromatic; pit
large, oval, slightly convex; ripens the last of June to the first of July.

Bigarreau de Chalons. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131, 132, 209. 1866.
A local variety, widely known in the departments of Jura and Sa6ne-et-Loire,

216 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

France, as Chalonnaise. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, depressed at the base, one face

flattened, the other bulged; suture slight; stem short; skin a deep purple tint in the sun,

spotted with clear red in the shade; flesh white or of a slight rose color, with uncolored

juice, sugary, aromatic; pit small; season the middle of June.

Bigarreau de Champvans. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide Prat.
7 LOO.

This is an excellent cherry of the Bigarreau type with colored juice and transparent
skin, which originated in the department of Sadne-et-Loire, France; said in the second
reference to be similar to Napoleon.

Bigarreau Corniola. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191, 192 fig. 1877.

The name Corniola is derived from cornaline, the French for cornelian. Tree medium
in size and productiveness; fruit attached in twos or threes, large, roundish, slightly com-
pressed at the ends and faces; suture deep; stem short, set in a rather deep cavity; skin
whitish-yellow, largely washed with rose color and spotted with deep carmine; flesh yellow-
ish, firm, not fibrous, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; season early June.
Bigarreau Court Picout Hatif. P.avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Listed in this reference.

Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Bigarreau Doénnissen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 189. 1876.
Deénnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche. 2. Liegel Syst. Anlett. 162. 1825. 3. Dochnahl
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:44. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 145 fig., 146. 1860.

Bigarreau jaune de Donissen. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:304. 1866.

This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, named for the originator;
it fruited first about 1824. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in twos, some-
times threes, large, roundish-cordate; suture slight; stem long, rather stout; cavity broad,
shallow; skin glossy, transparent, yellowish-orange when ripe; flesh whitish, firm, slightly
fibrous, moderately juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated; first quality; pit large, ovoid,
plump; ripens the last of June to the first of July.

Bigarreau Doré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 15. 1895.

Fruit yellow, round.

Bigarreau Double Royale. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:195 fig., 196. 1877.

Konigliche Fletschkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858.

Konigliche Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 467 fig., 468. 1861.

Guigne Royale. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866.

The fact that Oberdieck received this variety from the Société Horticole de Prague
under the French name Double Royale leads us to believe, as does Leroy, that it is of French
rather than of Austrian origin as many German writers hold. Tree vigorous; fruit usually
borne in pairs, large, cordate, rather abrupt at the ends; stem long, slender; cavity shallow;
suture almost indistinct; skin glossy, reddish-brown to nearly black; flesh moderately
tender, red, juicy, vinous, sweet; quality very good; pit small, ovoid, turgid; ripens about
the middle of June.

Bigarreau Dur. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Listed in this reference without description.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK Ziy7,

Bigarreau Duranno. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191. 1877.

This variety is first mentioned by Leroy in 1868, appearing in his catalog of 1875
incorrectly as Bigarreau Duracino. The trees are used for stocks. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate, uneven; suture narrow; stem long, slender; skin deep red in the sun; flesh firm,
dry, acidulated, sugary; matures early in July.

Bigarreau Galopin. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom.Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Bigarreau Glady. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:206 fig. 1877.

This variety was sent from the Jumard nursery about 1850 to Eugéne Glady, Bor-
deaux, France. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, elongated; stem of medium length,
set in a straight, deep cavity; skin brownish-red, striped with carmine; flesh a light rose
color, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; pit of medium size; ripens
the first of June.

Bigarreau Grand. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 13, Pl. 13. 1871. 2. Guide Prat.
15. 1895.

This cherry was introduced into the vicinity of Lyons, France, in 1849 by M. Grand
who probably brought it from his nurseries in Italy. It has many characters in common
with Lyons. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, trun-
cate at the base; suture wide, deep; stem medium, straight, set in a wide, deep cavity;
skin thin, smooth, changing from a whitish-green to a rose-red and later to a deep crimson;
flesh fine, half-tender, rose-colored, lighter near pit, with pale juice, sugary, aromatic;
good; pit large, oval; season very early.

Bigarreau Groll. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 135 fig., 136. 1860. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:207 fig., 208. 1877.

Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 328, 329. 18109.

Bigarreau blanc de Groll. 4. Guide Prat. 17, 182. 1895.

This seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, bearing the name of its originator,
has been known and rather widely written about since early in the Nineteenth Century.
Tree of moderate vigor; fruit generally borne in pairs, large, cordate, truncate at the base;
sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin
red, becoming darker, spotted and streaked; flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, aromatic;
first quality; stone large, oval; ripens in June and hangs for a long time.

Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.

Listed in the reference given.

Bigarreau Hatif de Champagne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.

Found at Champagne, Ain, France, and introduced in 1873 by M. Fandon. The
tree is an erect, vigorous grower; fruit large, brownish-black, ripening two weeks before
Lyons; of little value.

Bigarreau Hatif de Saint-Laud. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:107, 108, fig. 54. 1882.
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1880.

Fruit large, cordate, slightly irregular in outline; stem rather short, set in a wide,

round cavity; skin clear red, striped with deeper red changing to purple; flesh rather

218 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

tender, tinged red, with abundant colored juice, sugary, vinous; good; pit small, ovoid,

slightly compressed; matures the middle of June.

Bigarreau d'Italie. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:102-104, 219, fig. 21. 1866.
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:211, 212 fig. 1877.

Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 76, 94. 1866.

Black Bohemian. 4. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:104. 1882.

This old variety was much esteemed by the Italians and later by the Belgians who
grew it as early as 1815; it is of more recent introduction into France and England.
It is sometimes confused with the Florence of Hogg and Downing. Fruit roundish, slightly
heart-shaped, flattened at both ends; suture distinct; stem thick, short, inserted in an acute,
deep cavity; skin firm, thick, glossy, very deep purple changing to black; flesh firm, dark,
juicy, sugary, aromatic; pit medium, roundish-oval, convex, suture and grooves prominent;
season the last two weeks of June.

Bigarreau Jacquet. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1880.

Listed in this reference.

Bigarreau Jumard. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5: 206. 1877.

Mentioned as having been received by Eugéne Glady, Bordeaux, Gironde, France,
in a shipment of trees received about 1850 from the Jumard nursery.
Bigarreait Kriiger. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:215, 216 fig. 1877.

Bigarreau noir de Kriiger. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190. 1876.

Kniiger’s Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 366. 1889.

This variety was introduced into France by M. Eugéne Glady, 1858, from Guben,
Prussia, Germany, and is thought to have been originated by one of the Kriger family.
Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large to above, cordate, more or less roundish, faces com-
pressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a large cavity; skin yellowish-white, min-
gled with red, changing to brownish; flesh pale yellow, rather firm, slightly fibrous, juicy,
sweet though sprightly; pit large, elongated-oval, flat; ripens toward the middle of June.
Bigarreau Legrey. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 74. 1866.

A small, cordate-shaped Bigarreau, more curious than useful.

Bigarreau de Lory. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 205. 1819.

Bigarreau de Lotre. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Mentioned as a medium-sized, dark brownish-red, firm-fleshed fruit
Bigarreau Marjolet. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 7. 1895.

Guigne Marjolet. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:135, 136, fig. 68. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom.

Pom 360. 1889.

Bigarreau Marjeollais. 4. Ibid. 337. 1889.

Marjolets Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.

The descriptions of the Guigne Marjolet and the Bigarreau Marjolet are identical
and we have combined the two. The variety was named after its originator, M. Marjolet;
tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, dark red; flesh tender, red, vinous,
pleasing; ripens the middle of June.

Bigarreau Mongin. P.avium. 1.Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.
Tree of medium growth; fruit medium in size, cordate; stem long, inserted in a deep

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 219

cavity; skin clear yellow blushed with red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet,

pleasant; ripens in July in Canada.

Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 235. 1854.

Spoken of, in 1854, as promising but evidently it has been discarded as no reference
has been made to it since that date. It may be Reine Hortense.

Bigarreau Moreau. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 552, 553, Pl. 1913.

This cherry recently originated as a chance seedling near Lyons, France, several
persons claiming the honor of its discovery. Its value was discussed at the meetings of
the Société Pomologique de France in 1909 and 1911 when it was adjudged by leading
French pomologists to be one of the earliest of all varieties, earlier than Lyons, and showing
high commercial possibilities. Tree handsome in type of growth, with open, somewhat
erect branches; leaves large, deeply serrate; fruit very large; color beautiful clear red
becoming darker at maturity; flesh white, breaking, very firm, with uncolored juice,
sweet, very refreshing; stone medium to small; season in France very early.

Bigarreau Napoléon Noir. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.

Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:227 fig., 228. 1877.

Napoléon Notr. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 307. 1884.

Herzkirsche Napoléon III. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.

The origin of this cherry is uncertain. Leroy first noted it in the Simon-Louis catalog
in 1867. To avoid confusion with the well-known Napoleon, he added the number III.
Fruit usually attached in pairs, large, varying from elongated-oval to cylindrical; stem
long, set in a large cavity; color dull red changing to deep maroon; flesh rose-colored,
moderately firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June.

Bigarreau Noir d’Ecully. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1889. 2. Cat. Cong.

Pom. France 522. 1906.

Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, black at maturity; flesh firm, crisp,
dark, vinous, sugary, juicy, good; late.

Bigarreau Noir 4 Gros Fruits. P. avium. 1. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.

Fruit large, flattened; flesh firm, sweet; first quality; ripens early in June.

Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190. 1876.
Heintzen’s (Heintze’s) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
This is said to be a very good and productive cherry ripening in the fifth week of

the cherry season.

Bigarreau Noir de Tabor. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 190. 1876.

Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1860.

Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, cordate, often obtuse; sides compressed ;
suture but a line; stem medium long; cavity variable; skin glossy, dark reddish-brown;
flesh firm, dark red, sweet, rich; stone small, roundish; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau d’Octobre. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.

Oktober- Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858.

This variety was refused a place on the American Pomological Society’s fruit list
in 1858. Fruit small, oval to roundish-cordate, flattened at the cavity; stem short; skin
black, glossy; stone large, oval; good.

220 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Bigarreau de Once. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:5, 6, fig. 3. 1882.

It is thought that this variety originated in the vicinity of Nice, Alpes-Maritimes,
France. Fruit very large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct on one side, a colored line
on the other side; stem very long, slender; cavity deep, large; skin a clear cherry-red on
a yellow ground; flesh yellowish, crisp, firm, sweet, refreshing, with abundant, uncolored
juice; quality good; pit large; season the first of July.

Bigarreau Pourpré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

Gros Bigarreau pourpré. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:212, 215, 218. 1866.

Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-cordate; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh firm, good;
ripens early in July.

Bigarreau Printanier d’Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Bigarreau Reverchon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:235 fig., 382. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884.

M. Paul Reverchon introduced this variety about 1855, into France from Italy, where
it had long been known about Florence as Bigarreau Papal. Tree vigorous, moderately
productive; fruit attached in ones or twos, large, obtuse-cordate, marked distinctly on
one side by the suture; stem thick, short, set in a prominent cavity; skin smooth, glossy,
tough, rose-yellow streaked with purple in the sun and with red in the shade; flesh light
red, crisp, fibrous, moderately juicy, rather sweet; pit small, ovoid, plump; season the
last of June to the first of July.

Bigarreau Richelieu. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:235, 236 fig. 1877.

This variety, says Leroy, was introduced into France from Nikita, Crimea, Russia,
about 1858. Fruit borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate, with one side flattened; stem
long, inserted in a small mamelonated cavity; skin glossy, yellowish-amber, with a rose-
colored blush in the sun; flesh firm, breaking, filamentose, juicy, sweet, aromatic; first
quality; stone of medium size, elongated-cordate; ripens the last of June.

Bigarreau Rosa. P. avium 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:239 fig. 1877.

Tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate,
faces flattened; suture wide, deep; stem long, rather stout, set in a wide cavity; skin
yellowish on rose-colored ground, amply washed with brilliant red on which are scattered
small, white dots; flesh yellowish-white, firm, compact, filamentose, juicy, uncolored,
rather sugary, acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit large, turgid; ripens the last of
June.

Bigarreau Rose Dragon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 96. 1877.

Reported by the Committee on Foreign Fruits in 1877 as worthy of trial but not
grown at present. Fruit large, pale yellow, with a red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sweet,
good; season the middle of July.

Bigarreau de Schrecken. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

Schreckens Kirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 18809.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; brownish-black, glossy; flesh
moderately firm; first quality; matures in mid-June.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 221

Bigarreau Strié. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 115, 208. 1866.

Fruit large, elongated-cordate, faces compressed; suture wide; stem short, rather
stout; skin many shades of red and purple on a rose-colored ground with flesh-colored
spots; flesh reddish, firm, crisp, sweet; juice slightly colored; quality fair; stone small;
season early; deteriorates rapidly.

Bigarreau de Trie. P. avium. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 13. 1887.

Origin unknown, but rather widely cultivated around Trie, Hautes-Pryénées, France.
Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, slightly cordate; stem long,
slender; skin tough, deep red, transparent, with a slight blush of amber; flesh whitish-
yellow, very firm, juicy, uncolored, sugary, aromatic; good; season early July.

Bigarreau a Trochets. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.

An extremely productive variety distributed in some parts of France; fruit large,
red; flesh brittle; ripens in late June.

Bigarreau Turca. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:247, 248 fig. 1877.

This old cherry was described in 1785 as Heaume Rouge but was found in 1862 by
Leroy in Florence, Italy, as Bigarreau Turca by which name it was well known. It is
probably not of Turkish origin as the name would indicate. Fruit often borne in pairs,
large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable but not deep; stem short; cavity spacious; color deep
red, lightly spotted with gray; flesh rather firm, fibrous, mottled with light red becom-
ing darker near the pit, juicy, sweet, sprightly; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens late in June.
Bigarreau de Walpurgis. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:250 fig. 1877.

St. Walpurgiskirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.

Walpurgiskirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 41 fig., 42. 1867.

Cerise Walpurgis. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:157, 158, fig. 77. 1866-73.

This variety is a seedling from the village of Walpurgisburg, near Cologne, Germany,
originating about 1845. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in pairs, very large,
roundish-cordate, compressed; suture shallow, extending entirely around the fruit; stem
slender, rather long; cavity wide, shallow, sides only slightly raised; skin firm, adherent,
glossy, dark cherry-red changing to almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, aromatic,
vinous; pit of medium size, oval, dark red; ripens late in July.

Bigarreau de Zeisberg. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

Zeisbergische Kirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 31 fig., 32. 1867.

Cerise de Zeisberg. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:35, 36, fig. 18. 1882.

Oberdieck received this variety, which bears the name of its originator, from Hanover,
Prussia, Germany, in 1857. Fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture wide, flat on the
dorsal side, extending slightly beyond the apex; stem long, rather slender, set in a flaring
cavity; skin glossy, brownish-black, later becoming black, adhering to the pulp; flesh
firm, dark red, juicy, pleasant, with an aromatic sweetness when mature; season the last
of June.

Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.

Listed in the reference given.

Bigarreautier 4 Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.

A mediocre but productive cherry ripening in August.

222 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Bigarreautier 4 Petit Fruit Rose. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:503. 1860.

A variety raised from seed in 1824; tree vigorous; stem long; flesh tender, white,
sugary; quality fair; July.

Bill and Coo. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869.

Two lovers made the original tree their haunt, hence, the name ‘ Bill and Coo.”
This variety originated on the grounds of Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit
of medium size, regular heart-shaped, flattened at the apex; stem long, slender; cavity
deep; suture broad on one side, the opposite side knobby; color amber-yellow, marbled
with clear red; flesh rich, delicate, sweet; ripens early in June.

Bismarck. P. avium. 1. Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas Cat. 20. 1907.

This variety is a Sweet Cherry from near Baltimore, Maryland. Fruit very large,
dark red, firm, sweet, juicy and rich; vigorous and productive; ripens the first of July.
Black American. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Listed without description in this reference.

Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 37, 38. 1771. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:130. 1832.

Bigarreau hatif. 3. Le Bond Jard. 345. 1882.

Bigarreau noir Hatif. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884.

Black Bigarreau is an old variety of unknown origin quite distinct from any others
of its class. Tree productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, obscurely flattened;
stem long; skin at first dotted with red, later becoming black, glossy; flesh firm, rather
dry, with dark colored juice, breaking, sweet; not high in quality; ripens the last of June
and the first of July.

Black Bigarreau of Savoy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 2. Ibid.
215 OnmeelO S77.
New Large Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234, 235. 1841. 4. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Mag. Hort. 16: 538 fig., 539. 1850.

Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 6. Mag. Hort. 8:251. 1842.

Walsh Seedling. 7 Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 196, 197. 1854.

Bigarreau noir de Savoie. 8. Mas Le Verger 8:33, 34, fig. 15. 1866-73.

The original tree of this variety was brought from the south of France by the father
of George Walsh, Charlestown, Massachusetts. The tree came into bearing about 1840.
In 1841, fruits were exhibited from trees introduced into American collections from Italy
as New Large Black Bigarreau, and were thought by several people to be the Black
Bigarreau of Savoy. Until 1857, all writers held these two varieties to be distinct but
Downing then declared them to be the same and on his authority we combine the two.
Tree vigorous, handsome; fruit large, regular, cordate, slightly obtuse; stem long,
rather stout, set in a narrow, even cavity; skin smooth, not very glossy, nearly black when
mature; flesh dark purplish-red, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly adherent to the stone;
pit rather large; ripens the middle of July.

Black Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

A round, black Guigne of second quality with tender, transparent flesh; used for

dessert.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 223

Black Margaret. Species? 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.

Described as a fine, black, very late, English cherry.
Black Prolific. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Listed in the reference given.

Black Spanish. P. avium. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
177-180. 1819. :

Schwarze oder Spate Hertkirsche. 3. Krinitz Enc. 60, 61. 1790.

Spanish. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 217. 1835.

Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.

Bigarreau noir d’Espagne. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 189. 1876.

This is an old variety first mentioned by the English and in all probability is of English
origin. It has been greatly confused by some German writers with other black cherries
but Truchsess maintains that if placed beside the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and
the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit Festem Fleische, the two with which it is most
often confused, differences could be noted especially as to firmness of flesh and smallness
of pit. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem slender, short;
cavity small, smooth, shallow; skin dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along
the suture; flesh more tender than in most hard-fleshed sorts, dark red, sweet; stone small,
adhering before fully mature, colored; ripens early in July or earlier.

Black Turkey Heart. P. avium. 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.

Fruit large, black, late; suitable for market and home use.

Blasse Johanni Kirsche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.

Received by Thomas with a recommendation from Baron Emanuel Trauttenberg
of Prague.

Bocage. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

This variety is said, in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be similar to Carnation, a Sour
Cherry, while Thomas says it is similar to Reine Hortense, a hybrid sort.

Bohemian Queen. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Hort. 13:104. 1890.

This variety is said to come true to seed; to be similar in fruit-characters to Ostheim,
though larger and more fleshy; to be productive and a cherry of good flavor; and to
succeed well in moist land.

Bon Bon. Species? 1. Childs Cat. 153 fig. 1893.

A very early, large, dark red, juicy cherry; ships well and bears regularly.
Book. Species? 1. Pa. Dept. Agr. Rpt. Pt. 1:427. 1902.

This is a local variety recommended by John Weitzel, Bethesda, Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania. Fruit medium to large, dark red; ripens the middle of June.

Boppard. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 415. 1890.

Boppard’s Early. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:58. 1900.

Bopparder Friuhkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Tree vigorous; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; skin glossy, dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy,
sweet.

Boquet Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.
Amarelle Boquet. 2. Ibid. 331. 1885. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900.

224 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This is one of Budd’s importations of 1883, according to the third reference. It is
often confused with the Boquet Amarelle of the French. The fruit resembles Early
Richmond in size, shape, season and color, differing only in its flesh being more firm, its
pit smaller, and the tree less productive; of no value commercially.

Boreatton. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 215.
1854.

A small, roundish-cordate, nearly black Sweet Cherry, with half-tender flesh: poor
quality; ripens in mid-July.

Boughton Early Black Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. ATO ae

Mentioned in the reference given.

Boulebonner Kirsche. P. avium 1. Ill. Handb. 47 fig., 48. 1867.

Bigarreau Hatif Boulbon. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:103, 104, fig. 52. 1882.

This cherry was introduced into Belgium from France some years previous to 1867.
Tree not vigorous, but productive; fruit large, broadly cordate, variable in size and form,
sides compressed; suture distinct, deepest near the cavity; apex slightly depressed; stem
slender, usually long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin a glossy, rose-red color with
a yellowish tinge, dotted and streaked with clear blood-red and washed with dark pur-
plish-red; flesh yellowish-white, reddish-white under the skin, firm, juicy, rich, pleasing;
stone large, oval, somewhat flattened, with a short point; partially clinging; ripens the
last of June and, according to Oberdieck, hangs during wet seasons without cracking.
Bount Dantzic. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Bouquet-Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde Byeasis wig, 245 MME
Handb. 7 fig., 8. 1867.

The tree of this variety has the growth of a Sweet Cherry with small, black, Heart
fruits borne like the cluster cherries, one, two, three and four on the stem. The single
fruits are roundish-cordate, with flattened ends while the double and triple fruits are more
narrow and elongated; the fruit matures unevenly, having green, red and black fruits at
the same time; pit roundish-oval, slightly pointed at the base, somewhat larger in the
double fruits.

Bouquetweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 519, 520, 521. 18t0.

This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Mayer under the name Bouquet-
kirsche. Many of the flowers have six, seven, eight, and occasionally as high as twelve
petals, with two or three pistils. Fruit usually very small, attached to a long, stiff,
woody stem shallowly inserted; round, flattened beneath; suture shallow; flesh and juice
reddish-black, with a bitterish-sour flavor, which it loses if allowed to remain on the tree;
pit of medium size.

Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

A variegated Sweet Cherry.

Bowers’ Seedlings. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:64. 10903.

Three seedlings originated with John Bowers, Sigourney, Iowa. No. 1.— Fruit

medium, dark red; juice colorless; quality fair. No. 2— Tree hardy; bears regularly;

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 225

fruit large, oblate, roundish; stem long, slender; skin dark red; juice colorless; fair in
quality; late. No. 3.— Fruit large, red to dark red; juice slightly colored, mild subacid;
of very good quality.
Bowyer Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Kenrick Am.
Orch. 234. 1841. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:15, 16, fig. 8. 1882.
Boyer's Early. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 665.
1897.

Roberts’ Red. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.

This variety probably originated in England nearly a century ago. Some writers
confuse it with Early White Heart but the two are undoubtedly distinct. Tree vigorous,
round-topped, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly com-
pressed; cavity shallow, wide; suture distinct; stem variable in length; skin of medium
thickness, pale amber-yellow overspread with light red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet,
sprightly, refreshing; very good in quality; stone of medium size, short-ovate, plump,
blunt at the apex; season early.

Boyd Early Black. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 138. 1881.

Mentioned in a report from Ohio as a variety of great superiority and value.
Brandon. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 18096.

A prolific seedling of Prunus pumila; introduced by the Manitoba Station.
Brandywine. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist N.S. 5:492, Pl. 1855. Down-

ing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.

John R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Delaware, produced this variety from a seed of White
Bigarreau grown near May Duke. It fruited for the first time in 1851. Tree vigorous,
spreading, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, obtuse-cordate; suture indis-
tinct; stem long, slender; cavity shallow, small; skin yellowish, mottled and marbled with
light crimson, glossy; flesh semi-transparent, tender, very juicy, sprightly, acidulous;
stone rather large; season the last of June; recommended for culinary uses.

Brant. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig. 1854.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.

Brant was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, about the middle
of the Nineteenth Century, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit
large, roundish-cordate, uneven, sides slightly compressed; stem medium, set in an angular
cavity; skin thin, lively purplish-red changing to dark purplish; flesh dark purplish-red
with indistinct white lines radiating from the center, tender, with abundant, colored juice,
sweet and richly flavored; pit medium in size, roundish-oval, nearly smooth; season from
the middle of June to the first of July.

Brassington. P. cerasus. 1. Call Cat. 5, fig. 1913.

Achance seedling found in Oceana County, Michigan. Fruit large, dark red, sprightly
subacid; ripens with Early Richmond; productive.

Braunauer Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 168. 1825.

Braunauer Amarelle. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858.

This variety originated about 1825. Tree large, moderately productive, with large,
Sour Cherry leaves. Often classed as an Amarelle because of the resemblance in the

15

226 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

branches. Fruit very large, round, compressed; suture distinct; stem very long, shallowly

inserted; color dark red, rather cloudy; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasing subacid

when fully ripe; stone of medium size; ripens in August.

Braune Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 287. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kuirschensort. 583, 584, 585. 1819.

Tree of medium growth; branches drooping; fruit large to very large, flattened,
slightly depressed; stem long, set in a rather deep cavity; skin brownish-red; flesh dark
red at the stone becoming clear red beneath the skin, tender, with abundant, red juice,
pleasing subacid; stone roundish-elongated, one-half an inch long; season the last of July.
Braune Spanische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802.

Spate braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.

Braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.

This cherry differs from the black Hearts in being smaller, more compressed and
sweeter, the flesh softer and more melting. Tree small, productive; fruit small, roundish,
compressed on both sides; black, somewhat red on one side; ripens at the end of June.
Braunrote Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 544, 545. 18109.

Braune rothe Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802.

Griotte rouge foncé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.

This variety was found in Bernburg, Prussia, Germany. It is distinguished from
the other Sour Cherries ripening with it by its lingering brownish-red color, its pleasing,
mild sourness, its tender flesh, and by its wood. Tree not large, making a close growth,
productive; branches erect; fruit bunch-like, large, almost round, flattened at the ends,
sides slightly compressed; stem long, stout, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; color
remains brownish-red for quite a period, later becoming almost black; flesh tender, with
abundant, colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone egg-shaped, almost oval; season the last
of July.

Briggs Sweet. P. avium. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 22. 1899.

Briggs Sweet was raised from seed in the garden of Dr. J. A. Briggs, South Union,
Kentucky, where it has fruited for twenty years. The tree is thrifty, a regular bearer
and resembles Wood in appearance of both tree and fruit but is much hardier.
Brindilles. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 424. 1903.

This is a vigorous cherry with a low, slender habit of growth, blooming the middle
of June and ripening late in August. Fruit of medium size, round, depressed or oblate;
stem long, set in a narrow cavity; skin light, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly.
Brown Best. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat 24. 1900.

Brown Best was introduced some twenty-five years ago by Brown Brothers, Rochester,
New York, having been budded from an old tree. Fruit large, dark red, tender, sour,
rich; quality good; very late; productive.

Brown Seedling. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 214. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
457. 1869.

Originated in Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium in size, obtuse-
cordate, compressed with a line and a light suture; cavity broad ; skin whitish, shaded
and mottled with red; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; season early July.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 227

Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 277, 278,
677, 678. 1819.
A medium-sized cherry of fair quality from Guben, Prussia, Germany, where it first

fruited in 1816.
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 341,

685. 18109.

This is another seedling from Prussia, Germany; stem of medium length; flesh some-
what tender and light.

Budd No. 533. PP. cerasus. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14. 1910.

This is probably a Russian seedling sent out by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa.
Tree small, round-topped, with slender, recumbent branches; foliage scant, mostly on
the tips of the branches; fruit very large, roundish heart-shaped; stem short, thick; skin
tough, thin, dark, mottled red; flesh firm, yellow, slightly stained with red, astringent,
subacid; quality fair; stone large, round; season the last of July.

Buffalo. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 13:150. 1871.

This cherry was received from Buffalo, New York, by Smiley Shepard of Hennepen,
Illinois, in the “‘ fifties.’ The fruit with him proved very hardy and productive and
promised to become a valuable sweet variety for prairie orchards. Mr. Shepard sent cions
to different localities for testing but nothing has been heard further about the variety.
Bunte Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ja. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen Am.

Hort. Man. 23273. 1903.

This is not a Morello, though grown in North Silesia under this name. Tree vigorous
and hardy, but a late bloomer; fruit large, cordate, reddish; flesh light-colored, juicy.
Burbank. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 4, 19. 1911.

Burbank Early. 2. Leonard Coates Cat. 1911.

This is another of Burbank’s cherries, trees of which have not yet fruited at the
Station. Trees described as vigorous, sure croppers; foliage very large; fruit very large,
attractive deep crimson; season very early. Its large leaves, it is claimed, protect the
fruit from the birds and from cracking during late spring rains.

Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 166, 167,
1819. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:91, 92, fig. 46. 1882.

This cherry was raised by the German pomologist Burchardt from a seed of Rosenobel.
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem medium in length, set in a deep, straight cavity;
skin purple, changing to almost black; flesh purple, rather tender, juice slightly colored,
sweet; first quality; season the first of June.

Burghley Park. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, 230. 1870. 2. Gard.
Chron. 1057. 1870.

Burghley Park is a seedling, raised by R. Gilbert, Burghley Park, Stanford, England;
it was placed on the list of new fruits of the Royal Horticultural Society in July, 1871.
There is a question as to whether it is distinct, some believing it to be Reine Hortense.
Fruit very large, usually oval, often flattened, with an obscure suture; stem long, rather
slender; skin very thin, transparent, a brilliant dark red if left hanging; flesh dull yel-
lowish-red, veined or netted, very juicy, melting, with a pleasing astringency; ripens in
mid-season.

228 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Burr. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 233. 1849. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom.342. 1880.

Semis de Burr. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:163, 164, fig. 80. 1866-73.

Burr originated about 1844, with Zera Burr, of Perrinton, New York. Tree vigor-
ous, erect, round-topped, very productive, not always hardy; fruit medium to large,
obtuse-cordate with a pointed apex; stem long, slender; skin thin, mottled with light and
dark red; flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably sweet; very good in quality;
stone small, irregularly ovate, short, thick; ripens in early mid-season.

Biittner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 361, 362,
363. 1819. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:129, 130 fig. 31. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:214 fig., 215. 1877.
Biittner’s Yellow. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
2OmIS 7/5)

Wachsknorpelkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:44, 45. 1858.

Bittner, at Halle, Prussia, Germany, raised this cherry as a seedling and it is probably
superior to any of the varieties originated by this horticulturist. It fruited for the first
time about 1800 and was introduced shortly after. It was grown in America as Buttner’s
Yellow in the first half of the Nineteenth Century and was listed in the American Pomo-
logical Society’s fruit catalog in 1875 but was dropped in 1899. ‘Tree strong, vigorous,
hardy, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture
indistinct; stem thick, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin firm, thick, pale yellow,
slightly spotted with brownish-red; flesh pale yellow, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, aromatic,
with a rich, lively flavor; quality good; stone small, roundish-ovate, free; ripens early in July.
Biittner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 236, 237.

1819.

Buittner’s rothe Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858.

Another seedling raised by Bittner about 1797 and later tested by Truchsess. Tree
vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, with sides somewhat com-
pressed; stem long; skin yellowish-white mingled with clear red, sometimes dark red;
flesh yellowish-white, very soft, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone small, heart-shaped;
matures the first half of July.

Biittner Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 299, 300,
301. 1819.
Biittner’s rothe Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.
Bigarreau rouge de Bittner. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:240 fig., 241. 1877.

Grown from seed about 1795, by Buttner. Buttner Spate Rote, one of Biittner’s
seedlings is similar to this one. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
with a shallow suture; skin thick, lively red on one side and shaded with carmine on the
other; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, strongly adhering to the pit, sweet, aromatic; quality
good; stone of medium size, round; matures the last of June or the first of July.

Biittner Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 122, 123,
124. 1819. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 204, 205. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:64
fig., 65, 66. 1866.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 229

Bittner’s schwarze neue Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802.

Bigarreau Noir Buttner. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:222 fig. 1877.

Still another variety obtained from seed by Bittner in 1795. With several others
it was sent to Truchsess, about 1801, for testing. Tree strong, vigorous, erect, hardy,
productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture prominent; stem of medium
length, set in a deep cavity; skin firm, glossy, deep reddish-black; flesh dark red, moderately
firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size, roundish-oval; ripens
early in July.

Biittner Schwarze Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 601, 602,
603. 1819.

Bittner’s schwarze neue Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802.

Raised from seed by Bittner and sent to Truchsess for testing about 1797. Fruit
round, of medium size, glossy, black; flesh firm, red, moderately juicy, agreeably acid;
quality fair; ripens in August.

Biittner Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 320,
330, 682, 683. 18109.

Biittner’s harte Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.

Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Bittner. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:11, 12, fig.6. 1882.

Bittner’s Late Red. 4. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.

Another seedling raised by Bittner early in the Nineteenth Century and quite
similar to Bittner Rote, except in its time of ripening, which is later. Tree of medium
vigor, erect; fruit large, heart-shaped, flattened at the base, compressed at the apex; suture
medium in depth; skin thick and firm, yellowish-white mingled with red, changing to
dark red; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, sweet, aromatic, with abundant, uncolored juice;
quality good; stone large, oval, slightly clinging to the flesh; matures the last of July.
Biittner Spate Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 531 fig., 532. 1861.

Buttner’s September und Octoberweichsel. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 609. 1819.

Buittner’s October Zucker Weichsel. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Buttner’s Sehrspate. 4. Ibid. 47. 1831.

Buttner’s October Morello. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193, 194. 1845. 6. Am.

Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Griotte Tardive de Bittner. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:95, 96, fig. 46. 1866-73.

Bigarreau Tardif Bittner. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:245 fig., 246. 1877.

Biuttner’s October. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 288. 1884.

Produced from seed about 1800, by Bittner. As one of the latest of all cherries, it
was at one time considered of value for culinary purposes and for a time was grown to
a limited extent in this country. The American Pomological Society placed it on its
fruit catalog list in 1862 but dropped it in 1869. Tree hardy, productive; fruit often
hangs to the tree till October, large, round, somewhat oblate; suture indistinct; apex
depressed; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin thin but firm, reddish-brown, separating
easily from the pulp; flesh light red, reticulated with whitish fibers, firm, breaking, juicy,
sweet, rich, mingled with pleasant subacid; quality good; stone large, oval, semi-clinging;
ripens the last of August and early September.

230 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Byrnville. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in this reference.

Cameleon. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1620.

A strange cherry, changeable in color, spoken of by Parkinson because of its pecu-
liarities. The fruit is very red in color and of good taste, but varies greatly in color, shape
and arrangement. It also bears blossoms, green and ripe fruit at the same time.
Cardinalskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Worterb. 284.

1802.

A cherry similar to the Doctorkirsche in both tree- and fruit-characters; fruit dark
brown, with a subacid flavor.

Carmine Stripe. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
258. 1857.

Cerise Carminée. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:23, 24, fig. 12. 1882.

Carmine Stripe is a seedling from Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, com-
pressed on the sides, surface often uneven, with a suture on one side, followed by a line
of carmine; stem variable; skin amber-yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively
carmine; fiesh tender, juicy, sweet, with agreeable sprightliness; pit small; season the last
of June.

Caroline. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.

Originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright-spreading,
vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblong, one side slightly compressed; color
pale amber, mottled with clear, light red, becoming rich red in the sun; flesh tinged with
pale red, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet; pit of medium size, oblong, oval; season the
last of June. Delicious for dessert.

Catskill. Species? 1. Chase Cat. 1888.

This variety, sent out by R. G. Chase, Geneva, New York, in 1888, is probably now
extinct. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin light yellow, nearly covered with light
carmine; stem slender, long; flesh light yellow, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; good.
Cerise Albanes. Species? 1. Rev. Hort. 284. 1861.

Introduced from Revel, Haute-Garonne, France. It is a fruit of first size, excellent
quality, with dark green leaves, productive; fruit white with more or less yellow.

Cerise d’Angleterre Précoce. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 25, Pl. 1846.

According to Poiteau, this cherry, sometimes called Cerise Nouvelle d’Angleterre,
was confused by Duhamel with his Cerise Guigne. Fruit small in the first stages of
ripening, later becoming larger, flattened at the base and apex; color clear red changing
to almost black at complete maturity.

Cerise de l’Ardéche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.

Belle grosse d’Ardéche. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Schone von Ardéche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.

Distinct from other varieties in its manner of growth, according to Thomas.

Cerise Bellon. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 231

Cerise de la Besnardiére. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:172 fig. 1877.

Kirsche von Bénardiére. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 18809.

In 1841, Leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it was found in the
gardens of the Baron of Besnardiére. Mortillet believed it to be Carnation not being
convinced of the contrary until after he had published his description of the Carnation.
Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular, compressed at
the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity;
skin clear red, brilliant; flesh reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with
abundant, slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality; stone
small, round, plump; season the end of June in France.

Cerise du Bicentenaire. P.avinm X P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 284, 285, Pl. 1903.

Bicentenatrewetchsel. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.

This variety is supposed to be a bud variation of Royal Duke found in a garden at
Lieusaint, France. The trees resemble those of Royal Duke but the fruit is superior in
size and ripens from three weeks to a month later. Said to be valuable on northern
exposures which increase the advantages of late maturity.

Cerise Blanche a Petit Fruit. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860.

Similar to the Cerisier A Gros Fruit Blanc but smaller.

Cerise Commune. P. cerasus. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 11, Pl. 1846. 2. Le Bon
Jard. 346. 1882.

One of the French varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood of Paris to supply
the early market trade. Sometimes called La Grosse Cerise Commune.
Cerise 4 Cotes. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:258, 259 fig. 1877.

This cherry is similar in tree and fruit to Large Montmorency but the fruit is traversed
on both sides by a prominent suture. Fruit attached in threes, of medium size, globular,
compressed at the ends; suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in
length, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red; flesh yellow-
ish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of medium size, round; second
quality; season the end of June; moderately productive.

Cerise d’Espagne. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.

Fruit large, deep red, delicious, acidulated, ripening from June to July.
Cerise 4 la Feuille. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175. 1768.

The fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened; stem long; cavity deep
and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh red, with an acid flavor which it loses some-
what at complete maturity; stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of July.

Cerise de Gembloux. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:91, Pl. 1860.

M. Staquet Berger of Gembloux, Belgium, grew this cherry from seed. Tree produc-
tive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate; suture pronounced; stem long, slender;
skin thin, glossy, nearly black; flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone
small, oval; ripens the last of July.

Cerise Guigne. P. avium. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:195, 196, Pl. 16 fig. 1. 1768.
2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:140, 141 fig. 34, 142. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:1509,
160, fig. 78. 1866-73. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:254, 255 fig., 256. 1877.

232 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Griotte Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832.

Cerise Anglaise. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 26, Pl. 1846.

Rothe Muskateller. 7. Ill. Handb. 159 fig., 160. 1860.

This cherry is now of historical interest only. It has been called Cerise Guigne since
Duhamel described it in 1768, and may be the variety known long ago by the Romans
as Cecilienne. There is no record to show that Cerise Guigne was ever brought to Amer-
ica. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened
at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and length; skin thin; color clear
red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly
stringy, sweet, sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early.

Cerise de Mai Double. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.

Briefly discussed by Knoop.

Cerise de Mai Simple. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40, 41. 1771.

Resembles Cerise de Mai Double but smaller.

Cerise de Martigné. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:147. 1882.
The tree-characters are briefly described in this reference.
Cerise de Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.

Ostheim. 2. Ia. Sia. Bul. 73:79, fig. 18. 1903.

In 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, brought this variety to Iowa. It is
very similar to the Minnesota Ostheim but a few days later. Fruit of medium size, round,
occasionally cordate; stem of medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm,
deep red, with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good.

Cerise du Prince Maurice. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771.

Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots.

Cerise de Prusse. VP. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:151 fig., 152, 153, 221, 304.
1866.

Guindoux de Provence. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 429, 430. 18109.

Prussian Cherry. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.

Provencer Siissweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:50. 1858.

Cerise de l’Esviere. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Cerise de Prusse noire? 6. Ibid. 11:160. 1882.

This old variety is supposed to be of French origin. It is distinguished from other
sorts by its cordate form, its more or less distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart-
shaped pit. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate,
marked by a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of medium
length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough, separating from the pulp, deep
reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm, deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pro-
nounced acidity; stone rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in July.

Cerise de Rouén Double. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771.

Tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture of moderate depth;
color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground; flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable.
Cerise de Rouén Simple. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:42. 1771.

Resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is somewhat smaller.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 233

Cerise Rouge Pale. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-73. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:383, 384 fig., 385. 1877.
Cerister a Gros Fruit Rouge-pale. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:182, 183, 184, Pl. 9.
1768. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 14 fig. 1. 1792.

Villennes. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.

Bleichrothe Glaskirsche. 6. Ill. Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1867.

This cherry is of interest only because of its past. Of its origin no record can be found.
It is first mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, under a somewhat longer name, ‘‘ Cerisier 4
Gros Fruit Rouge-pale,’’ which many later writers have confused with Carnation. Tree
large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity
deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as maturity advances;
flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet sprightly; of very good quality; season
late.

Cerise Rouge Sanguine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in this reference. ;
Cerise Royale Ordinaire. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 22, Pl. 1846.

This variety is known in Normandy as Cerise Musquée because of its slight musky
taste. Fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair.
Cerise de Soissons. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Franz6siche Sussweichsel. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858.

Admirable de Soissons. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.

Cerise de Soissons is described as a Morello, medium to above in size, broadly cordate,
slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender,
juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the middle of July.

Cerise de Tiercé. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Cerise de Xavier. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 215.
1854.

A Morello cherry, first shown in 1851, by M. P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts.
Fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid.

Cerisier Commun a Fruit Rond. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:173, 173.
1768. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 658, 659. 1810.

Under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in France, grown from seeds,
whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the size, taste and time of ripening of the
fruits. One of the best of these is grown around Paris, the fruit being small; stem long;
pit large; quality and flavor variable.

Ceriser Commun Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 397. 1888.

This cherry was found in a Sour Cherry plantation. It resembles Montmorency in
habit of growth and the Heart cherries in texture of flesh. The tree is used for ornamental
planting and its fruit for culinary purposes. Tree very productive, bushy, branches
inclined to droop; fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, dark
red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium size, elongated-oval;
ripens early in June.

234 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Cerisier 4 Feuilles Laciniées. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 268 fig. 1877.

This is a chance seedling first mentioned by Leroy in his catalog in 1860. Because
of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit
generally attached singly, small, oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately
large; skin clear red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with abun-
dant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium size, elongated-oval,
plump.

Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:507. 1860.

A cherry ripening in July but described as very sugary and very good; flesh watery,
aromatic; productive.

Cerisier Royal Tardif 4 Fruit Noir. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:506. 1860.

The fruit ripens in July, becoming deep black.

Cerisier Trés-fertile. P.cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:175, 176. 1768.

Weichselbaum mit biindelformigen Fruchten. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig.

Tee O2:
Cerise a Trochet. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. §5:397,
398 fig. 1877.

Prolific Cherry. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:132. 1832.

Amarelle trés-fertile. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:201 fig., 202, 203. 1866.

Leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in France. Because it was
grown in the neighborhood of Angers and Saint-Laud, and was of the Montmorency type,
Leroy says it was locally named Cerisier Montmorency Hatif de Saint Laud. He is doubt-
ful whether it existed before the Eighteenth Century; Duhamel was the first to describe
it in 1768. The tree resembles the Cluster cherry and is probably but a variation of the
Cerise Commune type. Tree small; fruit generally attached in threes, of medium size,
globular, compressed at the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent;
stem of medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper when mature;
flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated; stone medium in size, roundish,
turgid; ripens the middle of June. Its graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite
for ornamental purposes.

Cerisier de Varenne. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860.

Belle de Varennes. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long; color bright red.
Challenge. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 18096.

Challenge is a Sand Cherry seedling grown in Canada; fair flavor and of medium
size.

Champagne. Species? 1. Horticulturist 5:76, 77 fig. 1850. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205.
1854.
Champagne is a seedling raised by Charles Downing, Newburgh, New York, and so

1 Charles Downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at Newburgh, New York,
July 9, 1802. He spent his life in the place of his birth, dying January 18, 1885. His parents were natives
of Lexington, Massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of Charles Downing, the eldest son, came to
Newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 235

named because of the peculiar and lively mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. Tree
very hardy, vigorous, bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately long; cavity
shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh amber, juicy, sprightly, rich;
ripens the middle of June.

Champion. P. pumila. 1.Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 307. 1808.

Champion is one of many seedlings of the Manitoba Sand, a native Canadian cherry
named and described in 1898, by Wm. Saunders of the Canadian Experimental Farms.
Fruit large, very dark red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency ;
quality good; ripens in Manitoba the last of August.

Chapman. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 2.Cal. Nur. Cat. 1:14. 1808.
3. Ore. Nur. Cat. 21. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Chapman was grown by W. H. Chapman of Napa, California, and is supposed to be
a seedling of Black Tartarian, surpassing that variety in size and earliness. By some
horticulturists Chapman and California Advance are considered identical, but most growers,
particularly in California, declare the two to be distinct. Fruit matures early; very large,
roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly tender; very good in quality;
stone small.

Cheresoto. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10, Pl. 11,
TOS LO La

Cheresoto is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto plum from the South
Dakota Experiment Station. The tree resembles the plum in growth but the fruit, in
looks and flavor, is like that of the Sand Cherry. Fruit rather long with a prickle at the
apex; about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom,
thin, free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.

abandoned to become a nurseryman. Here, in the first successful nursery established in the region, were
trained Charles and Andrew Downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge
of the business and of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomol-
ogists of their day. With the death of the father in 1822, before Charles had obtained his majority, the
responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him. Andrew J.,
the younger brother, in 1834, at the age of 19, united with Charles in the management of the nursery
business under the firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, a partnership which lasted only until 1839. Charles
continued in the nursery business for many years during which time he became the foremost pomologist
in the United States and eventually, about 1850, sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varie-
ties of fruits and the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. This great pomological book was
projected and published by Andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was done by
Charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. It is and has long been, as all know,
the highest authority on American fruits. Naturally of an inquiring turn of mind Charles Downing
studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his observation and seldom described with-
out the fruit in hand. His variety orchard is said to have contained at one time 1,800 varieties of apples
and 1,000 pears with lesser numbers of the other fruits. A few trees of this wonderful collection still stand.
Charles Downing was one of the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the
things of which his brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his. brother’s death when
he became a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature ‘‘C. D.’’ He was never
known to make a public speech. He earned his high distinction in American pomology by his accurate
and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits.

236 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

China Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:126. 1832.

China Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.

This variety was raised from the seed of an Ox Heart by William Prince, Flushing,
New York, and at first was called China Heart. W.R. Prince in his Pomological Manual
of 1832, calls it China Bigarreau as it is more of the Bigarreau than of the Heart type
of cherries. Tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a
distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when fully ripe, glossy red
mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor;
ripens just after Black Tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties;
very productive.

Choque. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 191. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:141,
T42.) 1882)

Guigne Choque. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.

Originated near Metz, Lorraine, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather
large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm,
very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June.

Christbauer. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1892.

A sort reported to ripen before Early Richmond.

Christiana. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.

This variety was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York, and resembles
May Duke in character of tree and fruit. The fruit is borne in clusters, is of a bright,
lively red color, and has a sprightly subacid flavor.

Churchill Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man.
290. 1884.

Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long; cavity shallow; skin
glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red when exposed to the sun, mottled with
dark red and orange; flesh pale yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end
of July.

Cistena. P. pumila X P. pissardi. 1.S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. tT9TT.

Cistena is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi, interesting only
because of its beautiful purple foliage.

Clark September. P. avinm. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22: XVIII. 1890.

Clark September is a local sort from Lower Granville, Nova Scotia. The fruits are
of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agree-
able flavor.

Cluster Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 481. 1904.

Tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin glossy, black;
flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild acid; ripens in July.

Cocklin Favorite. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 3:249 fig., 1861. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 458. 1869.

Late Amber. 3. Horticulturist 172381. 1862.

This seedling was introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, but
its origin is unknown. Tree upright, conical, very productive; fruit large, roundish,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 237

regular, slightly compressed, somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex

depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and mottled in the sun

with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone very small

for the size of the fruit; season late.

Coe Late Carnation. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 275. 1857.

Coe’s Spate Rote Kirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343, 344. 1880.

This is a late variety of unknown origin — possibly a seedling of Carnation. Fruit
medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color yellowish-amber mottled with clear red;
flesh tender, juicy, subacid; quality fair; season the last of July.

Coeur de Pigeon Noir. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:148. 1882.

Fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated.

Coeur de Poule. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832.

Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule 2. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.

According to Prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated in the south of
France especially in the vicinity of Toulouse, where it was known as Cor dé Galino. The
fruit ripens in July, has the form of the Hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as
does also the juice.

Cole. P. cerasus.

Cole is a rather small-sized Morello of little value and no doubt now out of culti-
vation. Fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures; stem long, slender, set in a wide
cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender, rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having
abundant, wine-colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late.

Columbia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1860.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, inclining
to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long,
slender; cavity large, deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh
whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of June.

Common Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:143, 144. 1832. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.

Wild Morello. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Common Red Morello. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 144. 1886.

This variety must not be confused with the well-known English Morello. Through
self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many seedlings which oft-times surpass it
in size and quality.

Como. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

Comtesse de Médicis Spada. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Condé. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Conestoga. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:423. 1853. 2. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862.

Conestoga was introduced by Casper Hiller, Conestoga, Lancaster County, Pennsyl-

238 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

vania. Tree a rampant, spreading grower, very productive; fruit very large, obtuse-

cordate, slightly compressed and indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long,

inserted in an open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm, rather

tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early July.

Constance Maisin. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17.
1895.

This is a Belgian variety, which, according to Guide Pratique, 1895, is very similar
to Montmorency.

Cook Imperial. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 25. 1904-05.

This variety, a seedling of Napoleon, originated with Steven Cook, Benton Harbor,
Michigan. It is mentioned as a promising new sort, resembling Black Tartarian in shape,
flavor, color, and length of stem but earlier and larger.

Cornelia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869.

Cornelia originated with Charles Pease, near Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright-
spreading, very productive; fruit medium to above in size, compressed, heart-shaped;
suture slight; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright
crimson on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively; quality
good; stone small; season the last of June.

Coming. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt.72. 1899. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:66 fig. 1903.

Corning is a cross between the Wragg and Lutovka and originated with A. F. Coll-
man, Corning, Iowa. Fruit oblate-cordate, above medium in size; suture lacking;
stem of medium length, stout, inserted in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather
thick, tender, red; flesh firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good;
stone medium large, ovate; ripens in August.

Corone. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
3. Hogg Fruit Man. 2901. 1884.
Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 149-152.
1819. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.

Corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named varieties, though strictly
speaking, since it was largely grown from seed, according to the old writers, it is
a type and not a variety. In character of fruit it seems to be midway between Black
Mazzard and Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size,
roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem slender, long; cavity
deep, round, narrow; color a deep, shining black; flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet;
ripens late.

Corwin. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854.
This is a medium-sized, roundish, red Morello with tender, acid flesh and a large
stone; season July.
Coularde. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 424-427. 1819.
Cerister de Hollande. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:184, 185, Pl. to. 1768. 3. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:298, 346. 1877. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 363. 1889.
Hollandische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or] Coulard. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust.
15) aby r2idio sont 702.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 239

Hollandische grosse Kirsche Coulard. 6. Christ Handb. 670. 1797.

Hollandische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard. 7. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802.

Holland Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280.

1832.

Hollandische Stissweichsel. 10. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858.

Cerisier coulard de Holland. 11. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.

Leroy states that Coularde has been known since 1740 but is often confused with
other cherries. According to Leroy, this variety was reintroduced as a novelty about
1864, under the name Belle d’Orleans. American writers, however, list a Belle d’Orleans
as early as 1850, which is of the Guigne type rather than the Griotte. Tree the largest
of its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large, round; skin red;
flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the end of June. The pistils being
much longer than the stamens, many flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms
a blighted appearance.

Courte-queue de Gaiberg. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 192. 1876.

Courte-pendu de Gaiberg. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed as having been received from Germany on the recommendation of Oberdieck.
Crawford. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed, not described.

Crown Prince. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900.

Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow with a light red blush;
flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality good; ripens the last of May.
Cserszeger Honigkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

A yellow Heart cherry.

Cullen Cherrie. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1620.

““The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which they of those
parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their drinke, to give it the deeper
colour.”’

Cumberland. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854.
Triumph of Cumberland. 2. Horticulturist '7:100. 1852. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 267, 268. 1857. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:87, 88, fig. 44. 1882.

Cumberland Heart. 5. Gard. Mon. 2:118. 1860.

Cumberland Spice. 6. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.

Cumberland is a chance seedling found in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania; intro-
duced by David Miller of Carlisle. Tree strong in growth, erect, vigorous, productive;
fruit obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open
cavity; apex slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one side;
skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-black; flesh deep purple,
crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice; quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed,
slightly clinging; ripens the middle of June.

Cyclone. P. avium. 1. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 23. 18094.

This variety is said in Nova Scotia to be somewhat similar to Wood and Rockport

but to be superior to either in size and quality.

240 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Dacotah. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 26:402, 403. 1860. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 450.
1869.

Dacotah is a seedling of one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s sorts, originated by his
son-in-law, Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. In growth it resembles Rockport; in fruit,
Black Tartarian although it is later. The fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well
as on the limbs, thus being protected from birds by the foliage. Fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity deep, narrow; skin
rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened; flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet;
of high quality; stone of medium size; productive.

Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 344. 1880.

Listed by Mathieu.

Dankelmannskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 242-246, 677. 1810.

Schwefelkirsche. 2. Krinitz Enc. 72, 73. 1790.

Agatkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 666. 17097.

Dankelmann’s Weisse Herzkirsche. 4. Ibid. 666. 1797.

Kleine weisse Perlkirsche. 5. Ibid. 683. 1797.

Dankelmann’s Molkenkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858.

Bigarreautier a fruit jaune? 7. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504. 1860.

Bigarreau jaune. 8. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:133. 1866.

In 1791, Truchsess received grafts of what he thought were several distinct varieties
and disseminated them as such. Later, they were found to be identical with the Dan-
kelmann. The fruit is recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey
sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. Fruit more round than cordate, with
a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin yellow washed
with red, transparent allowing the pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very
juicy, very sweet if ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season
the last of June to July.

Datge. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.

Mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth.
Davenport. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:154. 1832.

Davenport's Early Red. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835.

Davenport's Early Black. 3. Ibid. 233. 1841.

Davenport's Early. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 172, 173. 1845.

This early cherry, resembling somewhat Black Heart, was originated nearly a century
ago by Edward Davenport, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Tree medium in size, productive;
fruit above medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red
becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant, juicy, sweet; very
good in quality; season early.

De Belleu. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.

Mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate growth.
De Jacap. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

De Ravaene. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 241

De Sibérie 4 gros fruit et 4 rameaux pendans. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:508. 1860.

This is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre fruits ripening in
August and September.

De Spa. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857.

De Spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid Morello forming a prolific bush, ripening
soon after May Duke.

De Vaux. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.

Listed in the reference given.

Dearborn Red French. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.

This is a Duke cherry imported from France by H. A. S. Dearborn, Roxbury, Massa-
chusetts. The name having been lost, the importer renamed it.

Dechenaut. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 78. 1866.

Fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened; suture faint; skin
bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe, glossy; stem long, set in a wide,
deep cavity; flesh tender, succulent; resembling May Duke in flavor and season.
Delaware Bleeding Heart. P. avium. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1808.

This is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid flesh and good flavor.
Delicate. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 193 fig.

1854.

Delicate was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit
of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke.
Tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-
oblate; suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin, translucent, amber-
yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine; flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant,
sweet; very good in quality; stone small, roundish-oval; season the last of June and the
first of July.

Délicieuse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed by Mas.

Denner Black. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.

Listed but not described.

Des Cheneaux. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Deutsche Belzweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Woérterb. 290. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 603, 604, 605. 18109.

Probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. Fruit of medium size, round;
suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown;
flesh firm, dark, reddish directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone
small, oval; ripens the middle of July.

Disnoder Gewiirzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Listed as a black Bigarreau.

Ditst. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
16

242 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Dobbeete Moreller. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Listed in this reference.

Doctay. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.

Reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as grown by E. Man-
ning, Harrisburg, Ohio.

Doctor. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 1847-48. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168.
1853. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73.

American Doctor. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 71. 1866.

Doctor was originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from
a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May
Duke. Hogg called it American Doctor to distinguish it from the German Doctorkirsche.
Tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive; fruit medium to
large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin light yellow, mottled, blushed and
at times almost entirely overspread with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic,
sweet; good in quality; stone small.

Dr. Flynn. P. avium. 1. Coates Cat. 1911-12.

Dr. Flynn is a chance seedling which originated in Portland, Oregon, with a Dr. Flynn.
Fruit large, dark red; similar to Lambert in shape; preceding Napoleon.

Dr. Wiseman. P. avium. 1. Van Lindley Cat. 23. 1892. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
Zee SO =

This cherry was named after Dr. Wiseman, Davie County, North Carolina, who
claimed it to be the earliest Sweet Cherry. Van Lindley believes it to be the Doctor
which originated with Professor Kirtland. Fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded
with bright red, resembling Wood.

Doctorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 161. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 674.
1797. 3- Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 402-405. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 497 fig.,
498. 1861.

This variety was first mentioned in 1791. It should not be confused with another
sort mentioned by Bittner and Truchsess as Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, roundish,
somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing
to reddish-black; flesh dark red, melting, juicy, sweet yet with a sprightly flavor; pit
round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July.

Doctorknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 201, 202, 203. 1819.
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.

According to Truchsess, this sort was received by him in 1797, from Buttner at Leipzig
under the name of Doctorkirsche. Because one or two other sorts were growing at that
time under this name, Christ changed this one, following Biittner’s description, to Doctor-
kirsche mit Hartem Fleisch, which has since been shortened to Doctorknorpelkirsche.
Fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red,
juicy, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of August.

Dollaner Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 9 fig., 10. 1867.

According to Oberdieck, this variety originated at Dollan, Bohemia, Austria, the

home of the Dollaner prune. Fruit above medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 243

entirely by a suture; stem slender, jong, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough,

brownish-black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark red, flesh

firm, but tender enough to be classed among the Hearts, sweet, aromatic, with a slight

sourness before fully ripe; stone elongated-oval; season late.

Donna Maria. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74.
1862. 3. Am. Hort. An. 84 fig. 41, 85. 1869.

This is a Morello cherry, probably of French origin. It is distinct from the Early
May grown in the West with which it has been confused. Donna Maria held a place
on the American Pomological Society’s catalog of fruits from 1862 until 1899. Tree small,
productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly; good
in quality; season late.

Doppelte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 505, 506, 507. 1819.

Doppelte Amarelle. 3. Christ Obstbaume 158. 1791.

Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his later writings
changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from the Spanische Frihweichsel
in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer. Fruit above medium in size, globular; suture
shallow; stem long, rather stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin,
not glossy in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored. pleasing sub-
acid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the end of June.

Dorotheenkirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1880.

Mentioned in this reference.

Dorrells Neue Himbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.

Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin dark red; flesh firm,
whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the end of June.

Doty. Species? 1. Am. Inst. An. Rpt. 212. 1867.

This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by William M Doty, Star
Landing, New Jersey.

Double Yellow Spanish. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.

This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. The
tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet fruit of best quality.
Douce de Bardowick. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

Dougall. Species? 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:454. 1874.

Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James Dougall, Amherstburgh,
Canada. Ripens before Early Purple.

Doulin Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 460. 1869.

This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid, spreading grower,
bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side; stem slender, curved, set
in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy,
sweet, pleasant; quality good; season early June.

Dove Bank. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

244 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Downing Red Cheek. P.avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig.76. 1845. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 205. 1854.

Rouge de Downing. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73.

Downing's Samling. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 346. 1880.

This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by A. J. Downing,!
Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous,
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed;
stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white blushed and
mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but often very nearly white, half-
tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle
to the last of June.

Downton. P. avium. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:138 Pl. 1830. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124.
1832. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Ill. Handb. 485 fig., 486. 186r.
Downtoner Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858.
Guigne Downton. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 303. 1866. 7 Leroy Dict. Pom.
Bis 2 oe er S77
Impératrice Downton? 8. Mas Pom. Gen. 112161. 1882.

1 Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh on the Hudson, the town in which he always lived
and which he loved, October 30, 1815. He perished while trying to save other passengers in the burning
of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hudson River, July 28, 1852, at the age of 37. Andrew Downing's
education was largely acquired from self instruction although he attended the schools of his native town
and the academy in the adjoining village of Montgomery. His father, a nurseryman, whose work was
mentioned in the sketch of Charles Downing, elder brother of Andrew, gave the younger son every oppor-
tunity to cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. When
but a youth he joined his brother Charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained for but
a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening and pomological
subjects. His first publication was a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening adapted
to North America, with a view to the Improvement of Country Residences, with Remarks on Rural Architec-
ture,a book published in 1841, the author being but 26 years of age. The work passed into instant
popularity and is the word of authority which has told thousands of Americans what to do to make their
grounds beautiful. Within a few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response
to the demand he published his Cottage Residences, a companion book which was received with equal
favor, thus giving Andrew Downing first rank as an authority on rural art. In 1845 the Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was printed simultane-
ously in London and New York, a second edition coming out in 1850. In 1846 Andrew Downing became
the founder and editor of the Horticulturist, which he continued to publish until his death. In 1849 he
wrote Additional Notes and Hints about Building in the Country, published in Wightwick’s Hints to Young
Architects. The summer of 1850 was spent in England in the study of landscape gardening and rural
architecture from the result of which came his Architecture of Country Houses. His last work was the
editing of Mrs. Loudon’s Landscape Gardening for Ladies though Rural Essays appeared after his death
as a collection of his writings with a memoir by George William Curtis and a Letter to his Friends by
Frederika Bremer. He was employed in planting the public grounds of the Capitol, the White House
and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington when he met his untimely death. Downing is the creator
of American landscape gardening and shares with his brother Charles the honor of being the most dis-
tinguished pomologist of the country. In the epoch-making Fruits and Fruit Trees of America Andrew
Downing was the real genius, Charles Downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked
out the details.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 245

Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight, Downton
Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in growth, spreading; fruit attached
in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish,
heavily specked with red, which oftens merges into a blush on the sunny side; flesh light
yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly adherent; ripens after May Duke.
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.

A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany.

Drogan White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 79. 1866. 2. Thomas
Guide Prat. 20, 188. 1876.
Drogan’s Weisse Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 341, 684. 1810.
4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1867.

This is one of Drogan’s seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany, 1809. Leroy includes
Drogan’s White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his Guigne Blanche (Grosse) but the three
are distinct varieties. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened
on one side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex pointed;
skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where much exposed; flesh firm, pale
yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump, ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late.
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 147 fig., 148. 1860. 2. Hogg

Fruit Man. 79, 80. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:111, 112, fig. 54. 1866-73.

Bigarreau (Golden)? 4. Fell Cat. 41. 1893-04.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-cordate, resembling May
Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem
long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in
the sun; flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant. uncolored juice, with a sweetness which
increases as the season advances; quality high; pit small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate
at the base; ripens late.

Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206,
207), O77. S19:

A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable years is of good size
and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy, colored; ripens the middle of July.
Drooping Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.

Guignier a rameaux pendans. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.

Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it to be Toussaint
which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large, roundish or heart-shaped, glossy
black, with a long stem; flesh reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive.
Du Comte Egger. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed, not described.

Du Nord Nouvelle. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851.

Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of medium size,
bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness.

Duchesse d’Angouléme. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:155, 156, fig. 76. 1866-73.
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261. 1877. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67, fig. 12. 1903.
Herzogin von Angouleme. 4. Ill. Handb. 535 fig., 536. 1861.

246 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Duchesse d’Angouleme is supposed to have come from the vicinity of Vienna, Austria,
although some writers give France as its place of origin. It is often confused with other
sorts. Tree large, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to
above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a large, deep cavity; skin
firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at
extreme maturity; quality fair to good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens
from the middle to the end of June.

Duchesse de Palluau. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:407 fig. 28. 1853.
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261, 262 fig. 1877. 3. Rev. Hort. 236, 237, Pl. 1901.

Herzogin von Paluau. 4. Ill. Handb. 169 fig., 170. 1860.

Précoce Lemercier incor. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:142-146, fig. 1866.

Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre Bretonneau near Tours,
Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions of this variety, under the name Duchesse
de Palluau, to Leroy who propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large,
productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; skin
thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red, juicy, brisk subacid
becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free, oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early
mid-season.

Duke of Edinburgh. P. avium. 1. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales 19:998. 1908.

Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar to Belle d’Orleans;
ripens in November in Australia.

Dumas. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim AKzirschensort. 680-682.
1819.

Bigarreau a Longue Queue. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:121, 122 fig., 123, 219. 1866.

Bigarreau Rouge Foncé. 3. Ibid. 2:302. 1866.

Bigarreau Violet. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:249 fig. 1877.

This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about 1790. It was
received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under the name Bigarreau Violet.
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit
into halves; stem very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not tough,
yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy; quality
excellent; stone free, small, roundish-oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June.
Duraccia. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 292. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 175.

1895.

E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this variety from Lucca,
Italy, thinking it to be the famous “‘ Pistojese ’
Fruit above medium in size, cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity;

used extensively in Italy for brandying.

suture deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, finely pitted,
dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality
very good; pit of medium size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last
of July to August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 247

Dure Noir Grosse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Not described.

Dwarf Siberian. P. fruticosa. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832.

Dutch Weeping. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.

De Sibérie. 3. Ibid. 55. 1831. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 20, Pl. 1846.

Weeping. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 283. 1832.

De Sibérie a fruit rond? 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860.

Dwarf Siberian belongs to Prunus fruticosa, the dwarf cherry of the Old World, of
which Cerasus chamaecerasus is a synonym. This cherry was introduced into America
by Prince of Flushing, New York, and was thought by him to be the most suitable species
to furnish stocks for dwarf trees. At best the variety reaches a height of from three to
four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub. The flowers have long
peduncles, often solitary but are usually united in umbels of from three to five each,
which are sessile and axillary; fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender.

Early Amarella. P. cerasus. 1. Albertson & Hobbs Cat. 26. 1904. 2. Vincennes Nur.
Cat. 26. 1906.

Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red becoming darker as

it gets riper; stem very long.
Early Amber. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69. 80. 1866, 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.
Aga uOsie
River’s Early Amber Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 4. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 177. 1845.
Guigne panachée précoce. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 208. 1866.
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:49, 50, fig. 23. 1866-73. 7. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:174, 175 fig. 1877.

Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for this variety as a
strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however, states that his grandfather propa-
gated this cherry under the name Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without
knowing its origin. He dropped the précoce because other varieties ripened long before
this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes, medium in size, obtuse-
cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity;
skin firm, medium thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish, tender,
cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for the fruit; season early.
Early Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 60, 80. 1866. 2. Mortillet Le

Cerisier 23302. 1866.

Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black; flesh dark purple,
firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June and the first of July.
Early Eugene. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1808.

Reported by H. L. McGee, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as being a hardy and productive
variety.

Early May. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 12:375. 1861. 2. Trams. Ill. Agr. Soc. 5:199.
1861-64. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:123. 1867. 4. Ibid. 3:18-22. 1868. 5. Am.
Hort. An. 84. 1869. 6. Country Gent. 39:118. 1874.

248 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and was known there and
in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it became widely disseminated in the Middle
West where it was often confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmo-
rency. Early May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name
formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of the American sort
is much like Early Richmond though of inferior quality and is now probably wholly
replaced by the latter variety.

Early Prolific. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 193, 194. 1854.

Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree
healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture
distinct; stem variable; skin bright carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground;
flesh rather tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June.

Early Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2. Hogg Fruit
Man. 69, 81, 94. 1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.

Bigarreau Rouge de Guben. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:242 fig., 243. 1877.

This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the Pomological Society,
at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who were growing it in 1858, sent the variety
from Crimea to M. Eugéne Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately
vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large, obtuse-cor-
date, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, inserted in
a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm,
breaking, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the
last of June.

Early Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17.
1895. 3. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-99.

This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridge-
worth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton. Fruit large, pale red; flesh very
tender, rich and good; ripens in early June.

Early Red and Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842.

This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, from the seed of
a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground;
sweet, juicy; good; ripe the last of June.

Early Rivers. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 5 fig., 6. 1872. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 28,
204. 1876. 3. Flor. © Pom. 117. 1878. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App.
162. 1881. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 296. 1884.

Guigne Early Rivers. 6. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 104 fig., 105. 1904.

Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth,
England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive;
fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long,
rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, very
tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very small, elongated; season early.

Early York. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 666. 1897.

Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 249

Ebenter Cherry. Species? 1. Flor. & Pom. 111. 1879. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347.
1889.

This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake Constance, Germany, notably
at Lindau and Tettnang, and is distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone.
Ripens after all other table cherries.

Edouard Seneclause. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Not described.

Elfner Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1880.

Listed by Mathieu.

Elizabeth. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160.
1882.

Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County, Ohio, 1823. Tree
vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, flattened on the sides;
stem of medium length, set in a regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly
tinged with red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season the
middle of June.

Emperor Francis. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:111, 112, fig. 56. 1882. 2. Bun-
yard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 42. 1904. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 30:133. 1906.
Bigarreau Empereur-Francots. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 16. 1876.
Kaiser Franz Josef. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst. Fest-
schrift 122. 1910.

The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the references though the variety
seems to be quite well known in both France and England. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with
red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high flavored; stone small, bluntly
pointed; ripens rather late.

English Amber. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207, 208. 1854,

Probably this is an old variety known under some other name. Tree vigorous, strong
in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, regular; stem long;
skin delicate amber, mottled with pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate,
juicy, very sweet; pit of medium size; ripens the last of June.

English Bearer. P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 9. 1817. 2. Brookshaw
Hort. Reposit. 23131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823.

English Preserve. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.

This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as English Preserver. It
is distinguished from the Kentish only by its larger size and the dark, irregular spots under
the skin. Ripens early in July.

English Gaskin. Species? 1. U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 300. 1854.

An almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given.

Englische Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 284. 18109.

Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-white, crimson
where exposed, on maturity the white changes to yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens
in July.

250 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Englische Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.

Englische weisse ganz fruhe Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 3. Christ

Worterb. 280. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 251, 252, 253. 18109.

Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is without a doubt a
separate variety from the Guignier A gros fruit blanc of Duhamel. Fruit above medium
in size, elongated-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line
skin yellowish-white, tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white,
not very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate, acute; ripens
at the end of June.

Enopa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:178 PI.
Sa) SLo mT

Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was sent out in 1908
by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-sixteenths inches in diameter, round,
with a minute prickle at the apex; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue
bloom; flesh green.

Episcopale. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 193. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:265 fig. 1877.

This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of Paris and was intro-
duced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in 1846. The tree is distinguished from
that of Montmorency in being more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more
acid and later in ripening.

Eppers Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:67. 1858.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base, brownish-red, with
a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September.
Erfurter Augustkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbaume 159. 1791. 2. Truchsess-

Heim Kirschensort. 550-554. 18109.

D’ Aout Erfurt. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882.

Délices d’ Erfurt. 4. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Erfurt Delicious. 5. Gard. Chron. 19:429. 1896.

Hochgenuss Von Erfurt. 6. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest, Germany, where it is propa-
gated by suckers and is valued for its lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in
size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture
indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-black; flesh tender,
reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small, pea-shaped; ripens the last of July.
Etopa. P. pumila < P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:170.

IOI.

Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Said to be excellent
in quality and remarkable for its intense black, purplish color of skin, flesh and juice;
skin thin, free from acerbity; ripens there about September twelfth.

Eugéne Furst. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 18. 18095.
First's Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858.
Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium length, slender; skin

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 251

black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the last of June to July. Said to be similar

to May Duke.

Everbearing. P. cerasus. 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 2:276. 1903.

Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long, inserted in a broad,
shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe; flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly
acid; quality good.

Excellente Douce Tardive. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:101, 102, Pl. 1854.

This cherry was produced from seed, in France in 1839. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem long, stout, inserted
ina deep, wide cavity; skin thin, glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish-
black, often yellowish-amber in the shade; flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly acid-
ulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish, apex pointed; ripens in August.
Eyami. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:179.

IQIt.

Eyami is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum and was sent out
by the South Dakota Station in 1908. Fruit one and three-sixteenths by one and five-
sixteenths inches in size, round; skin thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green,
pleasant; pit large.

Ezaptan. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:180 Pl. 9, 181. tort.

Ezaptan, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was introduced
in 1911 by the South Dakota Station. It is remarkable for its early and heavy bearing;
skin thin, free from acerbity, dark purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit.

Faversham Heart. P.avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Favorite. P.avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207 fig. 1854.
Elliott's Favorite. 2. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
361. 1849. 4. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853.

Favorite is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries originating in Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Maz-
zard, or May Duke. The tree resembles American Heart while the fruit is similar to
Choisy in flavor and texture but larger. Tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive:
fruit medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in an even and
regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright, marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh
pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular,
smooth.

Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. IIl. Handb. 35 fig., 36. 1867.
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 7 fig. 1.
1792.

Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
193-195. 1819.

Bigarreau-notr a chair trés-ferme. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876.

This cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed cherries, differing from

252 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche in its firmer flesh. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit

rather large, plump, truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem

stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at maturity, flesh very firm,

juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate,

sides compressed, clinging; ripens late.

Flagg. P. cerasus. 1. Cult. &@ Count. Gent. 41:502. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
3rd App. 164. 1881.

Flagg was introduced by its originator, D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as Wier’s Early
Kentish, a selected seedling of Early Richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. Tree slender,
short-jointed, regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy situations,
with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin black, firm; flesh tender, purplish-
red, juicy, changing from a rich subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to
kitchen and table use.

Flamentine. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 211-215. 1819. 2. Mas Le
Verger 8:137, 138, fig. 67. 1866-73.

Bigarreautier a petit fruit hatif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165, 166. 1768.

Bigarreau a petit fruit blanc. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Early Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:111, 112. 1832.

Early White Bigarreau. 6. Ibid. 2:129. 1832.

Petite Bigarreau hatif. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:130, 131. 1866.

Bigarreau Blanc (Petit). 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:182 fig., 183. 1877.

Turkine? 9. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910.

This cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the vicinity of Angers,
France. Names of wholly distinct varieties have sometimes been attached to it causing
much confusion in the nomenclature. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in
threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, compressed; suture
often a line; stem long, almost stout, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy,
whitish-yellow, mottled with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm,
juicy, aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of June.
Flemish Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

A small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh, ripening early in
July.

Fleurs Doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174. 1768. 2. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Great rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1620.
Double Floured Cherry. 4. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 8. 1636.
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefiillter Blithe. 6. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. rr fig.
Te 7O2e

Glaskirsche mit dickgefullter Blithe. '7. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.

Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefillter Blite. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 640-644.
1819.

Small Double Flowering. 9. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 253

Dwarf Double Flowering. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151, 152. 1832.

Gefuilltbliihende Amarelle. 11. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:68. 1858.

The tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts, attains but mod-
erate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. The blossoms are exceedingly double,
very showy, with a slight tinge of pink on opening, the blooming season extending over
three or four weeks. Frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with the
petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center of another. The
trees very seldom, if ever, bear. Truchsess reports having fruited it twice in ten years.
The early English writers make brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which
have been included under this variety.

Fleurs Semi-doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 13173, Pl. V. 1768.
2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.

Lesser rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629.

Red-flowered. 4. Ray Hist. Plant. 1538. 1688.

Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.

Gefullter Kirschbaume. 6. Kriinitz Enc. 43, 44. 1790.

Weichsel mit halbgefillter Blithe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 21 fig. 1. 1792.

Glaskirsche mit halbgefullter Blithe. 8. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.

Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefillter Bliite. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 646-649.

1810.

Halbgefilltbliihende Amarelle. 10. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:68. 1858.

Amarelle mit halbgefillter Blithe. 11. Ill. Handb. 93 fig., 94. 1867.

The home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly confused with other
double-flowering sorts. The flowers have a double row of from fifteen to twenty petals and
often have two pistils, especially on the older trees. These generally bear twin-fruits though
often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the flowers are neither
large nor attractive. The tree is of the Amarelle type, small, blooming profusely; fruit
moderately round, compressed on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity
wide; skin clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish, tender, juicy,
sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly pointed, often small and round, free
when fully ripe; ripens the middle of July.

Florianer Kirsche. P.avinm. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858.

A productive seedling Bigarreau of medium size, elongated, angular; stem short, stout;
skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second quality; ripens at the end of June.
Folgerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 283. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen-

sort. 415-419. 18109.

Hollandische Folgerkirsche incor. 3. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.

Cerise de Folger. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 209. 1866.

A few authors describe this cherry as Volgers; the Volger described by Knoop in 1771,
however, is a distinct variety. Duhamel’s variety, Cerise-Guigne, is possibly the same.
Fruit large, roundish, truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are
strongly compressed, with a noticeable suture; stem stout, long, set in a wide cavity; skin
deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate, sweet with a piquant taste; stone small,
turgid, roundish-oval.

254 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Folgers Swolfe. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 292. 1802.

According to Christ, Salzman says that in Holland several Sour Cherries were known
as Folgers. This is a large, black, pleasant subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth.
Fouche Morello. P.cerasus. 1. Am.Gard.g:264. 1888. 2. Ja. Sta. Bul.'73:75. 1903.

This variety is said to have been imported by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa,
from Riga, Russia, where it was found planted along walks and drives. Tree rather small;
fruit small, roundish-oblate; cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line;
skin thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking, juicy, colored,
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of medium size; ripens early in July.
Frauendorfer. P.cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900.

Frauendorfer Weichsel. 2. Ill. Handb. 513 fig., 514. 1861. 3. Montreal Hort. Soc.

Rpt. 103. 1886-87.

Griotte de Frauendorf. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.

This variety was imported into this country by Professor J. L. Budd in 1883 from
North Silesia. The Montreal Horticultural Society believes two forms exist, one from
North Silesia being perfectly hardy while another from Metz, Germany, is far less so.
Tree productive; branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture
shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at maturity; flesh tender,
tinted with abundant, uncolored juice, acidulated; stone large; matures the last of June
and the first of July.

French Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890.

Trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow with a blush, two
weeks later than Early Richmond.

French Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1801.

In the reference this cherry is listed as a Russian variety introduced by Professor
J. L. Budd. If so, it was probably under some other name, as it seems not to be mentioned
by Budd.

Frogmore Early Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 606. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man.
298. 1884. 3. Flor. © Pom. 148 fig. 1867. 4. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43.
1904.

Frogmore Early Prolific. 5. Daniels Bros. Cat. 51. 18095.

Frogmore Bigarreau. 6. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales. 998. 10908.

Unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a Bigarreau in tree-habit,
leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore classified as such. The variety is a seedling
raised by Thomas Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens at Windsor, Berkshire, Eng-
land. Tree bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, with
a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin waxen, orange-yellow, with a net-
work of red and a blush of deeper red on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very
tender, translucent, rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but
short.

Frogmore Early Crown. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 364. 1866.

Also a seedling from Mr. Ingram. It is a small, red fruit about ten days earlier than

May Duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 255

Frogmore Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. © Pom. 220, Pl. fig. 1. 1874. 2. Guide
Prat. 15. 1895.

Still another seedling raised by Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens. Fruit large,
bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin
pale, waxy-yellow, bright red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late.
Frogmore Morrelo. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.

New Frogmore Morello. 2. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1885.

This variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which it had been brought
in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, Berkshire, England, where it is believed to have
originated. For productiveness and size it is said to far surpass the old Morello.

Fromm Heart. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister
2:68, 69 fig., 70. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:322, 323 fig. 1877. 4. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164, 674. 1819. 6.

Liegel Syst. Anlett. 150, 151. 1825.

Fromm Heart was obtained from seed in 1806 by Fromm, at Guben, Prussia, Germany.
In sandy soils and favorable years the trees are very productive; fruit usually borne in
pairs, above medium in size, truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of
single fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-brown to glossy
black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated, aromatic; second quality ;
pit medium in size, turgid, roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season.

Friihe bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 222, 223, 224.
1819.

Friuhe Lange Wetsse Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 278. 1802.

Guigne panachée longue précoce. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876.

This cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form and should not be
confused with several others of similar type. It was found near Weinberge, Germany,
by Bittner who sent it to Truchsess in 1797. Fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened
on both sides, slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem
long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly splashed with red where
exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm,
juicy, without much sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early.
Friihe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.

Mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry.

Friithe Maikirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 391-394.
1819.

Frithe Maikirsche differs from May Duke in being darker of skin and juice, smaller
in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture.

Friihe Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 185 fig., 186. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister
23306. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:47, 48, fig. 24. 1882. 4. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 349. 1889.

An old variety of uncertain origin. Tree large, spreading; fruit often large, roundish,
flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender, shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black

256 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

when mature; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, acidulated; stone round, plump; ripens the
first of June in France.
Friihe Sduerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 554, 555. 1819.

This cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of Kirsche von der Natte. Tree medium
in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size, round, sides compressed; stem long;
cavity shallow; skin tough, black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of
sweetness; ripens the middle of July.

Friihe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truch-
sess-Heim Kurschensort. 197, 198, 674, 675. 1810.

Obtained by Bittner in 1797 who later sent it to Truchsess. Tree productive; fruit
small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem of medium length; skin glossy,
reddish-black deepening to black; flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight
bitterness; stone ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of July.

Friihe von der Natte. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 153 fig., 154. 1860.

Frihe Natte aus Samen. 2. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen-

Sort. 413, 414, 415. 1810.

Fruhe Stissweichsel von der Natt. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.

Hative de Nattes. 5. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:158, 304. 1866.

Natte hative de semis. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Christ received this cherry in 1793, as Frithe von der Natte aus Saamen. Fruit
above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem long, often
dividing about an inch down into two, three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy,
dark brown when ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone medium,
oval; ripens early.

Friiher Gobet. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 619-621. 18109.

Gobet Hatif. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:125, 126, fig. 61. 1866-73.

Truchsess received this variety from Mayer as Gros Gobet which it resembles very
closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier and not as flattened. Fruit of medium
size, flattened; suture but a line; stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow;
color clear red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, pleasingly
acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem.

Friiheste Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 207-210.
1819.
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 3 fig. 1. 1792.
3. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802.

Friihkirsche? 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.

Friiheste bunte Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: 26. 1858.

Guigne panachée tres-précoce. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 7 Mas Pom.

Gen. 11:13, 14, fig. 7. 1882.

The origin of this variety is unknown although it probably originated in Austria,
as the celebrated Austrian pomologist, Kraft, was the first to mention it. Tree vigorous
and in favorable seasons productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed,
with a suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, yellowish-white,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 257

striped with red around the base, spotted about the apex; flesh yellowish-white, with

clear juice, sweet, pleasing, deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging;

ripens the last of May.

Friiheste der Mark. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 350. 1889. 2. Lucas Handb.
Obst. 121. 1893. 3. Lange Allgem. Garten. 440. 1897.

Fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a wide,
deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm, pleasing; ripens early.

Fiirst Schwarze Septemberkirsche. P. avium. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 153. 1825.

Discovered by Liegel in Braunau, Bohemia, Austria, and named for his friend I. E.
Furst. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate; stem very long; skin black; flesh
firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large; one of the last to ripen, September to October.
Galusha. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 188r.

This cherry is seedling No. 11 from D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois. Tree hardy, vigorous,
an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size, light red changing to a very dark, bright
red; subacid becoming a rich sweet; ripens three days before Early Richmond.
Gamdale. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.

A cherry described by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio, as of second rank in size and
quality.

Garcine. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:75 fig., 76, 77. 1866. 2. Thomas
Guide Prat. 24, 198. 1876.

Garcine was obtained from seed about 1808 by M. Garcine, near Grenoble, Isére,
France. It is propagated in that locality by suckers, hence it was called by some,
Aventuriére. Tree pyramidal, productive; fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened,
sides convex; stem long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark,
firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of June.

Gardiner. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 10906.

Gardiner is a seedling of Black Tartarian. It is frequently killed back by severe
winters in Maine.

Gaskins. Species? 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884.

Gaskins is a corruption of Gascoignes. About Rye, Sussex, England, the name is
still in general use, the people believing the variety was brought from Gascony, France.
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.

Listed in this reference.

Geer. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 18097.

Geer is a new cherry from eastern Oregon said to be later than Napoleon and to

surpass it in size and quality.
Gelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 161. 1791. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kurschensort. 342-349. 1810.
Grosser weisser glanzender Herzkirschbaum. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 1.
1792.

Guigne Jaune. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:99, 303. 1866.

Guigne Grosse ambrée. 5. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.

First mentioned in 1786 as Gelbe or Weisse Herzkirsche. It is distinguished from

I7

258 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Goldgelbe Herzkirsche through its cordate form, lighter color and earlier ripening. Fruit

above medium in size, borne in twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow;

stem long, slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent, blushed

with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated; stone free, small, elongated-

cordate; ripens in July.

Gelbe Wachskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 355, 685, 686. 1819.
2. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.

An unproductive seedling from the North Sea, ripening later than Gelbe Herzkirsche
which it resembles. Fruit medium in size, round, flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear
waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens
from the middle to the end of July.

Gemeine Glaskirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 292. 1802.

This is a well-known Duke cherry in Germany. Tree large; fruit large, almost round;
skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sour-
ness; ripens early in July and lasts a long while.

Genesee. P. avium.

A chance seedling of the Bigarreau type originating about twenty-five years ago
and recently introduced by J. A. Morgan of Scottsville, New York. The fruit is above
medium in size, cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex
roundish; stem slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled
with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, meaty, crisp,
mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium, ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly
tinged red; use late market.

German. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1890.

German (Kraus). 2. Ibid. 1432181. 18097.

German is said to have been introduced into Michigan from New York. Tree vigorous,
though not productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad,
moderately deep cavity; color very dark red, nearly black; flesh firm, red, sweet, slightly
bitter, with dark juice; ripens early in July.

German Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832.
Gnotte d’Allemagne. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:192, 193, Pl. XIV. 1768.
3- Christ Obstbaume 159. 1791. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:276, 277 fig. 1877.
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. 2. 1792.
Deutsche Griotte. 6. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. '7. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort.
569, 570, 571. 1810.

Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche. 8. Ibid. 421. 1819.

Griotte de Chaux. 9. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

German Duke. 10. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.

Deutsche Weichsel. 11. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:62. 1858.

Stissweichsel von Chaux. 12. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1867.

De Chaux. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 478. 18609.

Cerise d’Allemagne. 14. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882.

This old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its origin is uncertain.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 259

Fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough,
brownish, almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a
dry, warm soil; stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of July; productive.
Germersdorf. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:60. 1900.

Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 189. 1876.

Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. I: No. 7, Pl. 1882.

A seedling of German origin. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit very large,
roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in a deep, wide cavity; skin dark
brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleas-
ingly acidulated; stone of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season.
Geschiltztblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.

An ornamental cherry distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and
laciniated leaves.

Gestriefte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 259, 260. 18109.
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858.

Fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tender, white,
streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh
tender, soft, fibrous under the skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in
July lasting about three weeks.

Gewohnliche Muskatellerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.

Fruit smaller than that of the Black or Red Muskateller, roundish, very dark brown,
almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at the end of June.
Giant. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 8. 10914.

Giant was grown in 1900 by Luther Burbank and introduced by The Luther Burbank
Company in 1914. It is claimed by its introducer that it is the largest cherry grown.
Tree rapid in growth, with large and heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious;
ripens in California about June 2oth.

Gibb. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2239. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890.
3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.

Gibb was imported from Orel, Central Russia, without a name. It is much like
Brusseler Braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a double crop of blossoms and fruit,
but is hardier. Fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crim-
son changing to purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong;
ripens the last of July to early August.

Gifford. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 270. 1857.

Fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive; season the last of
June.

Glasherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 246-248. 1819.

Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 281. 1802.

Glas-Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:30, 31. 1858.

This cherry differs from others of its class in being rounder, darker, and later. Fruit
of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on one side, compressed on the other, with
a shallow suture; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and

260 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

clear white, often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not high; stone

large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of July.

Glaskirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 470-473, 689.

1819.

According to Truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often taken for Double
Natte, Friihe von der Natte, and Double Glass.

Glasskirsche Kurzstielige. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.

This Sweet Cherry is supposed to have come from Vilna, Russia.

Gloire de France. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict.
» Pom. 5:271, 272 fig. 1877. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881.
Bonnemain. 4. Guide Prat. 9, 184. 1895.

Originated from seed by Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps, Seine-et-Oise, France, fruit-
ing in 1845 for the first time. On Mazzard stock the tree never reaches full size but on
Mahaleb it grows large and regular and is more globular in form. At best it is only
moderately productive. Fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat
depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large, slightly depressed;
stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a reddish-brick color, occasionally
mottled with greenish-brown in the shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish,
transparent, rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated, agree-
able; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first of July.

Golden Knob. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

Golden Knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening the middle of July;
skin yellow and flesh firm.

Goldgelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 350-354. 18109.
Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4

fig. 2. 1792.

Kleine Ambra. 3. Christ Handb. 665. 1797.

Distinguished from other yellow Heart cherries by its round form, dark yellow color,
and rather firm flesh. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; stem very long,
slender, deeply inserted; skin thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden-
yellow; flesh moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the skin,
very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium size, oval, slightly
adherent; ripens the last of June.

Goldsmith Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Mentioned but not described in this reference.

Goodspeed. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.

Goodspeed is of the Montmorency type ripening just after Early Richmond. The
trees are long-lived and regular bearers. Fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate;
cavity deep, broad; suture shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh
moderately firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone free,
of medium size, roundish-ovate.

Gormley. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 20:317. 1897. 2. Ibid. 21:297. 18097.

This hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found by John Gormley

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 261

of Pickering, Canada. It resembles Montmorency in color, English Morello in shape,

and a Bigarreau in texture. Its firm, yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit.

Gottorper. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 289, 290, 291. 1819. 2. Liegel
Syst. Anlett. 159. 1825.

Gottorper Marmorkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:41. 1858.

Cerise de Gottorpe. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:117-119. 1866.

Originated in the vicinity of Coburg, Germany, toward the latter part of the Eight-
eenth Century. It resembles Yellow Spanish. Tree above medium in size, very pro-
ductive; fruit abruptly cordate to roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin
tough, red, mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very
sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth week of the cherry
season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature; excellent for home use.

Gould No. X. Species? 1. Jil. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 18096.

Reported by the Illinois Horticultural Society in 1896.

Governor Luce. Species? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 143:181. 1897.

Listed as growing at the Michigan Station.

Grafenburger Friihkirsche. Species? 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910.

A very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table and market use;
fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early.

Graham. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28. 1910.

The Washington Experiment Station lists this variety as: Tree of medium size,
upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh light
red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season the last of July; productive.

Grande Ronde. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897.

A new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern Oregon; ships well.

Great Bearing. P. cerasus. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676.

Fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red within. Ripens
late, with a sharp taste; bears well.

Great Leafed. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1620.

This is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive, bearing pale red fruit
of only medium size.

Gridley. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123, 124. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 187. 1845. 3. Gard. Mon. 11:219. 1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.12. 1871.
Apple. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234. 1849.

This variety was discovered by William Maccarty about the beginning of the Nine-
teenth Century, growing in the garden of Deacon Samuel Gridley, Roxbury, Massachusetts.
For a good many years it was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by
better sorts. Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, roundish;
stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium juicy, sprightly, rather acid
at first becoming milder when fully ripe; stone small; matures in mid-season.

Grenner Glas. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 94. 1914.

Tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in clusters, large, oblate,
one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small

262 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

depression; skin bright red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season

the middle of July.

Griotte Acher. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:275 fig., 276. 1877. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:67, 68, fig. 34. 1882. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.

Griotte Double. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38, 39. 1771.

Acher’s Weichsel. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.

The origin of Griotte Acher is not known but it may have sprung up by chance in Hol-
land a century and a half ago. Tree medium in growth, productive; fruit usually borne in
pairs, medium to large, flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture
distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm, vivid purple shading
to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet,
somewhat pleasing because of a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone
medium in size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of July and the first
of August.

Griotte de Biittner. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888.
A dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like Imperial Morello.
Griotte Commune. P.cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:508. 1860. 2. Thomas
Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:282 fig., 283. 1877.
Griotte. 4. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:187-189, Pl. XII. 1768. 5. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 431, 432. 1819.

Griotte simple. 6. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 39. 1771.

Griottier Weichselbaum. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 2. 1792.

Common French Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.

Gemeine Stissweichsel. 9. Dochnahl Fruhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.

Cerise Commune. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:146 fig., 147, 148, 220. 1866.

The origin of this variety is unknown but according to French writers it was brought
from Syria by the Crusaders about 1485. Tree large, productive; fruit medium in size,
usually borne in pairs, distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black
skin, and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem long, rather
stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark red, changing to black; flesh
colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy; first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the
first of July.

Griotte Douce Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 39. 1771. 2. Thomas
Guide Prat. 21, 194. 1876. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900.
Stisse Fruhweichsel. 4. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 170. 1825. 5. Ill. Handb. 183 fig., 184.
1860.

Liegel’s Stisse Fruhweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:58. 1858.

This variety is often confused with Stisse Friihweichsel. The two are distinct, how-
ever, in that the latter has light colored flesh while the former is a dark fleshed sort. Tree
vigorous, drooping, productive; fruit often borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish,
compressed; suture shallow; stem rather slender, variable, medium to above in length,
inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red changing to reddish-black;
flesh tender, dark red, juicy, subacid, becoming milder at maturity; stone small, roundish;
ripens the forepart of June.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 263,

Griotte de Kleparow. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:186 fig., 187, 221. 1866.

Polnische grosse Weichsel. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 2. 1792.

Pohlnische Kirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 682. 1797.

Polnische Weichsel. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858.

Kleparower Siissweichsel. 6. Ill. Handb. 69 fig., 70. 1867.

Kleparavoska. 7 Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.

Griotte Kleparite. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 22277. 1903. 9. Ja. Sta. Bul.

73:71 fig. 10903.

Budd found this variety very hardy about Galicia, Austria, and Warsaw, Russia,
and imported it for central and southern Iowa. It is grown from seed in the forests of
Poland. The Griotte Kleparite of Budd-Hansen is probably the same variety. Tree
strong in growth, large, productive; fruit of medium size, generally attached in pairs,
roundish-cordate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line; stem long, slender,
set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, clinging to the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red,
deep black when ripe; flesh tender, fibrous, lightly colored, juicy, acid, although sugary,
aromatic; quality fair; pit small, turgid, almost spherical; ripens the last of July.

Griotte Lodigiana. P.cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:290, 291 fig. 1877.

Introduced into France from Florence, Italy, by Leroy about 1864. Fruit of medium
size, globular, compressed at the ends; stem of medium length, inserted in a wide cavity;
apex depressed; skin deep red; flesh pale yellow, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, very sugary,
slightly acidulated; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens the last
of June.

Griotte Noire. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

Listed as a large, blackish-red, acidulated fruit, ripening in July.

Griotte Noire de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:294, 295 fig. 1877.

Griotte a gros fruit noir de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

This variety, probably from Piedmont, Italy, was received by Leroy in 1864. Fruit
generally borne in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture
indistinct; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin uniformly blackish-red; flesh tender, red-
dish, very juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet; quality fair; stone of medium size, roundish-
oval, swollen; ripens the middle of June.

Griotte du Nord Améliorée. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.

Mentioned as possibly larger and better than Griotte du Nord.

Griotte 4 Petit Fruit. P.cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

Listed in the reference given.

Griotte Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 2. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 23277. 1903.

According to the first reference, this variety was brought into Spain from Central
Asia and was known in parts of Europe as “‘ Early Spanish.” It was imported to America
from Russia. Tree hardy; fruit large, flattened; suture distinct; stem medium in size,
curved, set in a deep cavity; skin bright, glossy red; flesh soft, breaking, uncolored; quality
very good; ripens the middle of June.

264 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Griotte Rouge de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:303 fig., 304, 385. 1877.

Griotte a gros fruit rouge de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

According to Leroy, it is not at all improbable that this cherry is the one spoken of
by Pliny under the name, ‘“Apronian.” Fruit attached in pairs, above medium in size,
globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a small
cavity; skin lively red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, acidulated, somewhat bitter yet sugary;
second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the last of June.
Griotte de Schaarbeck. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 353. 1880.

Mentioned in this reference.

Griotte Tardive d’Annecy. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Listed in this reference.

Griotte Tardive de Plombiéres. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 503. 1888.

This variety is recommended because of its lateness but it remains a local variety,
little known outside of Plombiéres, Vosges, France, where it was found. Fruit oval-
cordate, elongated at the apex; skin glossy, brownish at complete maturity; flesh firm,
adherent to the stone, whitish-gray, very sweet, agreeable; pit cordate; ripens the last
of August, remaining on the tree during September.

Griotte de Toscane. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:304, 305 fig., 396. 1877.

Leroy brought this cherry from Florence, Italy, to France about 1864. Fruit glob-
ular, more or less compressed at the ends; suture very shallow; stem long, set in a pro-
nounced cavity; skin intense red changing to blackish; flesh of a garnet color, tender,
juicy, sugary, slightly bitter; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens
in early July.

Griotte de Turquie. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Fruit large, round, red; flesh tender, ripens early in July. Similar to Choisy.

Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucullées. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 286 fig., 287.
1877.

Cerisier cuculle? 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Originated at Tours, Inde-et-Loire, France. Its only point of merit is in its cucul-
lated foliage. Fruit small, globular, compressed at the ends; suture imperceptile; stem
short; cavity variable; skin almost clear red; flesh tender, light rose-colored, juicy, acidu-
lated, mildly sweet; quality hardly fair; pit very small, round, more or less swollen; ripens
at the end of June.

Griottier 4 Fruit Aigre. P.cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860.

Tree of medium size, rather vigorous; fruit small, oval-roundish, blackish; flesh tender,
juicy; mediocre quality; ripens in September and October in France.

Griottier 4 Longues Feuilles. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:291, 292 fig. 1877.

Leroy grew this cherry as early as 1845 but did not know its origin. Fruit above
medium in size, globular, slightly compressed at the ends; stem very short, inserted in a
pronounced cavity; skin deep red, with gray dots; flesh tender, fibrous, yellowish-white,
juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet, agreeable; second quality; stone of medium size, round-
ish-oval, turgid; ripens the first of July.

Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 18809.

Listed in the reference given.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 265

Gros Bigarreau Rond. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 208. 1866.

Fruit large, even, roundish, though often larger and less flattened than Bigarreau
d’Italie; stem medium in length; color becoming black; flesh red, firm, sweet, pleasing;
pit small and slightly elongated; ripens the last of May.

Gros Guindoul Hatif. P.cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.

Tree large; fruit of first size, superior quality, large, dark red, juicy, sprightly; ripens
in June-July.

Grosse Blanche Carrée. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843.

A firm, red, heart-shaped cherry of second size and quality, used principally for the
table, ripening in July.

Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 226, 227, 228.
1819.

Wetss Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obsthaume 161. 1791.

Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Frihr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858.

This cherry is distinguished from others of its class by its peculiar coloring. At one
time it was recommended because of its size, flavor, and length of season. Fruit large,
thick at the base, both sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender, set
in a shallow opening; ground color a dingy pale yellow more or less covered with red; flesh
tender, melting, pleasing; ripens at the end of June.

Grosse Friedrichskirsche. Species? 1. Dochnahl Frihr. Obstkunde 3:39. 1858.

Fruit large, compressed, roundish-cordate, pale yellow, washed with crimson; flesh

slightly aromatic; ripens the end of June; productive.
Grosse Glaskirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Kritwnitz Enc. 57, 58. 1790. 2. Christ
Worterb. 292. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 473-475. 1819.
Grosse Cerise Transparente. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:172-175, fig. 1866. 5. Guide
Prat. 18, 190. 1895.

Through an error which he later rectified, Truchsess described the Double Glass as
this variety. This cherry differs in having a shorter stem, larger size and in ripening later.
Fruit very large, almost round, flattened at the ends, depressed at the apex; stem stout,
short, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, becoming dark red; flesh pale yellowish, melt-
ing, juicy, mild yet with a piquant, pleasing sourness; stone roundish, turgid, clinging
to the flesh more than to the stem; ripens in August.

Grosse Gomballoise. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:150, 151. 1882.

Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Fruit large to very large, thickly cordate, often elongated, truncate at the ends; suture
deep, but a colored line on one side; stem long, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thick,
firm, intense purple changing to almost black; flesh purple, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous,
aromatic; pit of medium size; ripens at the end of June.

Grosse Guigne Blanche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 258. 1819. 2.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:315, 316 fig. 1877.
Guigne @ gros fruit blanc. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:161, Pl. 1 fig. 3. 1768.
4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 99. 1866.
Kleine weisse Frihkirsche. 5. Christ Worterb. 278. 1802.

266 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Guigne Blanche. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 7% Pom. France 7:No. 20, Pl.

20s eLO7iTe

Early White Guigne. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.

White Heart. 9. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 107. 1846.

An old variety, probably of French origin, which, according to Leroy, was described by
Merlet in 1667. Fruit large, attached in pairs, cordate, slightly elongated; stem medium
in length, set in a wide cavity; skin dull yellow, tinged and mottled with dull red; flesh
whitish, tender, juicy, slightly acidulated; quality fair, insipid in wet seasons; stone large,
ovoid, clinging; ripens the last of June.

Grosse Guigne Noire a Court Pédicelle. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:503. 1860.

Guignier a Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule. 2. Pom. France 7:No. 28, Pl. 28.
1871.

An old variety of uncertain origin. Fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture broad;
stem short, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tender but firm, beautiful black at matu-
rity; flesh soft, juicy, agreeable; quality good; stone of medium size, oval, reddish; ripens
the last of June.

Grosse Hockerige Marmorkirsche. P.avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.

Fruit very large, uneven, roughened, dark red; flesh hard, rather sweet; ripens at the
end of July; not very productive.

Grosse Mogulkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 160. 17091.

Fruit large, cordate, red, dotted here and there with white; flesh mild; excellent; pit
small.

Grosse Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 545-548. 18109.

Grosse Morelle double? 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Fruit large, globular; stem medium in length, slender, set in a smooth cavity; skin
glossy, smooth, inky-black; flesh blood-red, veined, juicy, wine-sour, not unpleasant;
stone of medium size, blood-red; ripens from the end of June to July; often dried.

Grosse Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 287. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. §17, 518, 519. 1819.

Varrenne, De. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.

Grosse Cerise des Religieuses. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:97, 98, fig. 49. 1882.

Probably of French origin. Tree moderately productive; fruit of medium size, round,
sides unevenly compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a wide cavity; skin
brownish-black, glossy; flesh tender, colored, juicy, subacid; stone small, very broad,
clinging to the stem; ripens the middle of July.

Grosse Picarde. P. cerasus.

The United States Department of Agriculture received this variety from F. Jamin,
Bourg-la-Reine, France, in 1905, after which trees were sent to this Station for testing.
Tree vigorous, rapid in growth; fruit of the Montmorency type, above medium in size,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, abrupt;
suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin moderately thick, tough, separating

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 267

readily from the pulp, very dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh dark red, stringy,

tender, melting, astringent, sour, juicy; poor to fair in quality; stone of medium size, ovate,

slightly pointed, smooth, tinged with purple; season very late.

Grosse Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche. P.avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 2 fig. 2.
1792. 2. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 158. 18109.

Guigne a Gros Fruit Noir Hatif. 4. Pom. France '7:No. 25, Pl. 25. 1871.

This cherry differs from Frithe Maiherzkirsche in having a firmer flesh. Fruit above
medium in size, cordate, pointed, black; suture distinct on one side; stem long, slender,
deeply set; ripens in June.

Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802.

Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 142-145, 156,157. 1810.

Guignier a gros fruit noir? 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:502. 1860.

Fruit large, cordate, flattened on one side; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin thick,
dark red changing to black, pitted; flesh rather firm, tender, fibrous, dark red, juicy,
exceedingly sweet and refreshing, with a slightly bitterish after-taste; stone clinging; ripens
in July.

Grosse Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 200, 201. 18109.

Found in a German garden in 1797; distinguished from Elkhorn in ripening later.
Fruit large, round, flattened on the sides and apex; skin black, glossy; stem thick; flesh
firm, juicy; ripens early in August.

Grosse Siisse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 126-130.
1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858.

Grosse Stisse Maikirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 17097.

Fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium
length, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, almost black; flesh tender, red-
dish-black, juicy, sprightly, rich; stone of medium size, broadly cordate, with a faint point;
ripens at the end of June; used for table and kitchen.

Grosse Tardive. P.avinm. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17. 1876.

Grosse spate Amarelle. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.

Grosse Tardive is thought to have originated near Paris, France. It ripens the first
of August when all other sweet, black cherries are gone. The tree resembles Montmorency.
Grosse Transparente. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Grosse Ungarische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Krinitz Enc. 66-68. 1790.

Ungarische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 661. 1797.

Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858.

Fruit large, oval, rather angular; stem medium in length; cavity deep, irregular;
suture distinct; skin glossy, black; flesh dark red, fine-grained, aromatic, sweet; stone
large, oval; ripens early in July; productive.

Grosse de Verrirées. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 71, 72, Pl. 1870-71.

This cherry is extensively grown at Verriéres, France, where it is often called, “ La

Grosse.” The fruit, however, is but a trifle larger than Cerise Commune from which it

268 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

differs only in its slightly elongated-cordate form; stem medium in length; skin deep red;
flesh red, juicy, sweet; season the middle of July.
Grosse de Wagnellee. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 465. 1860.

A vigorous, productive cherry of Belgian origin; fruit large, oval; skin yellow, washed
and spotted with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens in July.

Grosse Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 385. 1881.

Grosse-Griotte a vin. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 196. 1876.

Fruit flattened, roundish, rather large; stem rather long; suture indistinct; skin very
dark, glossy red; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sprightly, acid; pit egg-oval; ripens in July;
used for conserves and coloring wines.

Grosse Weisse Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 285, 679, 680.
1819.

Fruit large, truncate-cordate, one side compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long,
stout, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm, tough, pale yellow, washed with deep red;
flesh firm, juicy, sweet, pleasing; stone small, round, plump, partly clinging; ripens the
middle of July.

Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1880.

Listed without description in this reference.

Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.

Bigarreau jaune de Groth. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 189. 1876.

Groth’s Wachskirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337, 358. 18809.

Tree vigorous and very productive; fruit rather large, truncate-cordate; skin trans-
parent, brilliant yellow; flesh rather firm, very sweet, agreeable; first quality; matures
early in July.

Griinstiel-Kirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fithr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.

Fruit black, of medium size, obtuse-cordate, noticeably furrowed; stem long, shal-
lowly inserted; flesh firm, colored, subacid; pit of medium size, round, somewhat clinging;
ripens the middle of July.

Guben. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

Bigarreau noir de Guben. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

Gubener Schwarze Knorpel. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 369. 188r.

Late Black Bigarreau? 4. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.

Guben originated near the town of the same name in Prussia, Germany. Fruit large,
obtuse-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem rather long; cavity
shallow; skin firm, glossy, nearly black; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, with a pleasing sourness;
pit roundish; ripens the last of June.

Gubens Ehre. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 2. Lange Allgem. Garten.
423. 1897.
Fruit large, dark red, with a slightly aromatic flavor.
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Guigne d’Argovie. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 269

Guigne Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:316. 1877.

Received by Leroy from Germany in 1860 and said by him to lack size and quality.
Guigne Bonne Alostoise. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne de Buxeuil. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Guigne Carnée Winkler. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:317, 318 fig., 319. 1877.
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 278, 279. 18109.
Guigne Blanche de Winkler. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:161, 162, fig. 79. 1866-73.

Guigne de Winkler. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 199. 1876.

This variety is said to be a seedling raised by a Herr Winkler at Guben, Prussia,
Germany, about 1816. Fruit attached in pairs, large, roundish-cordate, compressed;
suture not prominent; stem long, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin flesh-colored;
flesh tender, slightly fibrous, light yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasingly aromatic; pit of medium
size, plump, oval; ripens the second week of the cherry season.

Guigne de Chamblondes. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne Chamonale. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:151. 1882.

Flowers and foliage only described.

Guigne Chavanne. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom.

Pom. 359. 1889.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne Courte-queue d’Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:62 fig., 63, 218.

1866.

Guigne a courte queue? 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20. 1887.

This variety is said to have originated at Oullins, near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous,
upright, productive; fruit rather large, obtuse-cordate, truncate; stem short to very short,
inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; suture a well-marked line; skin rather thick, glossy,
shaded with red changing to deep black; flesh red, tender but not soft, sweet with some
acidity, agreeable; quality excellent; pit large for the size of the fruit, ovoid; ripens early
in June.

Guigne Ecarlate. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

A worthless, medium-sized, red, oval fruit, with firm flesh, ripening in July.

Guigne de l’Escalier. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11.

1895.

This is a large, brownish-black, French cherry of the Heart class. Fruit with an
uneven surface; flesh red, sugary, sweet; first quality; ripens the first of July.

Guigne de Gland. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 213. 1880.

Guigne de Gland received its name from the small community of Gland, Aisne, France,
where it appears to have been first cultivated. It is one of the first to be found on the
markets; is very productive, and of good quality; fruit large, clear red, very sweet.
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hative. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

A firm, red, cordate cherry of second quality for table use; ripens in July.

270 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Listed in this reference.

Guigne Guindole. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.

Many writers, including Leroy, believe this cherry to be identical with the Flamen-
tine. Tree vigorous, productive; grown for market; fruit large, elongated-cordate; skin
deep red with carmine mottling on a yellowish ground; flesh tender, soft, juicy, sugary;
matures the last part of June.

Guigne Hative d’Elsdorf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 198. 1876.

A German variety “‘ much recommended.”

Guigne Marbrée. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 18. Pl. 18. 1871. 2. Wickson Cal.
Fruits. 286. 1889. 3. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 523. 1906.

The origin of this variety is uncertain. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture wide,
shallow; stem of medium length, set in a shallow, wide cavity; skin glossy, white, washed
with a rose color changing to carmine, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellowish, firm, sweet,
faintly aromatic; pit small, roundish; ripens early in July.

Guigne Marie Besnard. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876.

A large, oblong, Heart cherry of good quality; skin light yellow overspread with red;
flesh tender, juicy; late.

Guigne de Nice. P.avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.

Fruit very large, oblong, light red; season early in warm years; trees rather tender.
Guigne Noir Luisante. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.

Cat. 74. 1862.
Guignier a gros fruit noir luisant. 3. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:162, 163. 1768.
Grosse glanzende schwarze Herkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 3 fig. 2. 1792.
5. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 146, 147. 1819.

Grosse Guigne noire luisante. 6. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:72 fig. 73, 74, 218. 1866.

Guigne Reinette notre. 7. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.

Guigne notre hative a gros fruits. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 108 fig., 109. 1904.

This variety should not be mistaken for the Black Spanish of the Germans although
Elliott speaks of it as such with the statement that it was grown in New Jersey about
1823, from whence it was introduced into Ohio. It was known as Guigne Reinette Noire
about the provinces of Main and Anjou, France, where it is said to have originated. Some
authors have confused it with Hogg’s Black Heart from which it differs in being more
firm. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in threes, obtuse-
cordate, plump; suture wide; stem medium in length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity;
skin thick, glossy, brownish-red changing to black; flesh colored, tender, fibrous, juicy,
sweet, vinous; quality good; pit small, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the last of June.
Guigne Noire Hative. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Guignier a Gros Fruit noir hatif. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:330 fig., 331. 1877.

This old variety originated in France early in the Sixteenth Century. Tree moderately
productive; fruit attached in threes, large, obtuse-cordate, irregular; stem long, stout;
cavity large; skin becomes reddish-black; flesh deep red, fibrous, juicy, acidulated, sweet;
quality fair; pit above medium, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of May.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 271

Guigne Noire de Monstreux. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.

Described by M. M. Vérilhac, nurseryman at Annonay, France, as a large, good,
productive cherry ripening the first part of June.

Guigne Nouvelle Espéce. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne Olive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:79, 80 fig., 81, 220. 1866.

Fruit large, elongated-oval, more pointed at the cavity; suture wide; stem long, slender,
set in a slightly deep, abrupt cavity; skin at first rose-colored, marbled with red changing
to almost black; flesh tender, colored, agreeably acid, with a slight bitterness; pit very
large, oval, resembling the pit of an olive; ripens at the beginning of July.

Guigne Petite Blanche. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne Petite Rouge. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.

Listed in this reference.

Guigne la Plus Hative. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:51-54, fig. 1866.

Guigne marbrée précoce. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:115, 116, fig. 56. 1866-73.

Guigne d’Annonay. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 197. 1876.

Fruit of medium size, cordate, often slightly elongated; skin thin, mottled with red
changing to almost black; stem moderately slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity;
flesh purplish, tender, juicy, agreeably acidulated; pit small, ovoid; ripens the last of May.
Guigne Précoce Leo d’Ounons. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.

This variety was found in an orchard near Vigne, France. The fruit is large and
sweet with an agreeably aromatic juice; ripens the first half of June.

Guigne Précoce de Mathére. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.

Early Mathere. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 416. 1899.

Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem short; skin red; flesh yellow-
ish-red, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging; early.

Guigne Précoce Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:208. 1866.

A variegated cherry with uncolored juice, mentioned by Mortillet.

Guigne de Provence. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
Ir:152. 1882. 3. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.

Although very similar to Transparente de Coé, according to Guide Pratique, 1895,
Guigne de Provence is a distinct variety. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium
size, obtuse-cordate; skin reddish-carmine; flesh rather firm, sweet; first quality; matures
the last half of June.

Guigne Ramon Oliva. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 355. 1888. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom. 112 fig., 113. 1904.

A chance seedling noticed first by M. Charozé, horticulturist, at Pyramide-Trelazé,
near Angers, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in twos or threes,
roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; color brownish-black, glossy; flesh fine,
juicy, sweet; pit large, oval; ripens early in June.

Guigne Rose Hative. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 199. 1876.

Kleine frithe rothe Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164. 1819.

272 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Rosenrothe Maikirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb.
55 fig., 56. 1860.

Guignier a fruit rose hatif. 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.

Guigne Rose Hative was received by Jahn from Dochnahl who believed Rheinpfalz,
a former palatinate in Germany, to be its home. Tree productive, drooping; fruit of
medium size, uneven particularly about the stem, roundish-cordate, sides flattened; suture
indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity shallow; skin rose-colored in the middle of May,
later changing to a reddish-purple or black; flesh tender, with colored juice, sweet if ripe;
stone rather large, ovate to oval; ripens at the end of May or the beginning of June.
Guigne Rouge Commune. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882.

The flowers and foliage only are described.

Guigne Rouge Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:89 fig., 90, 91, 218.
1866.

This cherry is similar to Rothe Molkenkirsche but is different in pit. It was found
in the province of l’'Isere, France. Fruit large to above, depressed at both extremities,
flattened on both sides, one of which is traversed by a wide, shallow suture; stem above
medium in length, set in a shallow, rather narrow cavity; skin firm, thick, brilliant, changing
to deep red, mottled; flesh white, faintly rose-colored especially about the pit, moderately
firm, at maturity it loses its sourness becoming sugary and aromatic; pit large, oblong-
oval; ripens at the beginning of June.

Guigne de Russie a Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Guigne Trés Précoce. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 301. 1884.

A very early, black cherry, a week earlier than the Early Purple. Fruit rather small,
obtuse-cordate, irregular in outline; stem long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide cavity;
skin quite black; flesh very tender; juice colored; good.

Guigne van der Broek. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:39, 40. 1771.

A very small, juicy cherry similar to the Black Guigne in form, color and taste; some-
what oblong; dark, brownish-black; of a very sweet, agreeable taste.
Guigne Villeneuve. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876.

Villeneuver Herzkirsche. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.

This variety is believed to be native to the region around the Auvergne mountains,
France. Fruit very large, quadrangular; skin a vivid rose color overspreading a whitish
ground; ripens late in June.

Guignier 4 Fruit Noir et Trés-long Pédoncule. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp.
Jard. 2:503. 1860.

Obtained from seed and fruited first in 1824. Tree erect, vigorous; fruit small,
conical, black; stem nearly four inches long; flesh watery, colored, sweet, agreeably
acidulated.

Guignier a Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:502. 1860.

This variety differs from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only in size of fruit.
Guindoux Noir de Faix. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

Mentioned by Thomas without description.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 273

Gunsleber Spate Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 320, 321.
1819.

A seedling of White Spanish ripening early in August. Fruit small, blushed with light
and dark red on a white ground; flesh firm, sweet; unproductive.

Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:66, 67. 1858.

Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefullter Blute. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 606, 607,

608. 1819.

Truchsess says that only the semi-doubles have perfect pistils and the other flowers
do not produce fruit. Fruit oblate; stem long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin,
tough, glossy, black; flesh tender, fibrous near the stem, with dark juice, pleasing.
Halifax. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 94. 1854.

Halifax is an old variety reported from Maryland.

Hallock. P. avium.

Hallock is a supposed seedling of Downer found by Nicholas Hallock, Milton, New
York; not disseminated. It resembles Downer in color but is slightly smaller and about
two weeks later.

Hallowell. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906.

Hallowell is a seedling of Black Tartarian.

Hamell Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Hamels Arissen. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Hartlib. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Hartlippe. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1620.

“ The Hartlippe Cherrie is so called of the place where the best of this kinde is noursed
up, being betweene Sittingbourne and Chattam in Kent, and is the biggest of our English
kindes.”’

Hartz Mountain. Species? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1874.

This variety was brought from Germany by a Mr. Meyer of St. Peter, Minnesota,
with whom it has proved hardy and productive.

Hative de Balis. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1880.

Mentioned in the reference given.

HAtive ou Précoce. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Hative de Prin. P.cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 280, 281, Pl. 1893. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Priner Friihweichsel. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

This variety was introduced by M. Maquerlot of Fismes, Marne, France. It resembles
Montmorency in shape, with a longer stem. Fruit often borne in fours; cavity deep;
skin thin, deep red; flesh of a rose color, transparent, sugary, acidulated, juicy; pit of
medium size, orbiculated.

Hative de St. Jean. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Listed without a description.

18

274 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Headley. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Healy. P. avium. 1. Sweet Cat. 11. 1807.

Healy is an old, sweet variety thought to have come from Pennsylvania; intro-
duced by George A. Sweet, Dansville, New York.
Hedelfingen. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

Hedelfingen Risenkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 77 fig., 78. 1860.

Colassale d’Hedelfingen. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.

Géante d’Hedelfingen. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 194. 1876.

Monstrueuse d’Hedelfingen. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:59, 60, fig. 30. 1882.

Bigarreau de Hedelfingen. 6. Gard. Chron. 20:160. 1806.

This variety probably originated in the village of Hedelfingen, Germany. Tree
strong, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable on both
sides; stem very long; cavity deep, narrow; skin glossy, tough, dark brown changing to
black, with light red dots; flesh fibrous, dark red, more tender than many Bigarreaus,
yet firm, juicy, pleasing, aromatic; stone of medium size, long, truncate at the base; ripens
in July; good for table, kitchen and market.

Hedwigs Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom.Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
362. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Heidelberger Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 290. 1802.

A very dark, black, small, short-stemmed Sour Cherry ripening at the beginning of
September.

Heiges. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.

Heiges is a seedling of the Bigarreau type, from C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon,
ripening there the last of June. Fruit large, heart-shaped, very smooth; cavity medium
in size and depth, regular, flaring; stem short, slender; suture shallow, narrow; skin thin,
tenacious, dark purplish-black, with minute golden, indented dots; flesh very dark, pur-
plish-black, with a few light veins, meaty, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality best;
pit large, oval, semi-clinging.

Heintzen (Heintze’s) Friihe Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.

Listed in the reference given.

Henneberger Grafenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 548, 549, 550. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:64.
1858. 4. Christ Obstbadume 159. 1791.

Cerise du Comte de Henneberg. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307. 1866.

Fruit of medium size, flattened, without a suture; black when ripe; stem long, slender,
shallowly inserted; flesh tender, with a pleasant sourness; ripens in July.

Hensel Early. Species? 1. Horticulturist 22:233 fig. 1867.

Hensel is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of G. W. Zahm, Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, and named after the former owner of the property. Tree moderate in
growth, hardy, productive; fruit roundish, obtuse at the base; stem slender; flesh half-
tender, juicy; good; ripens the first part of June; not disposed to rot.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 275

Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.

Mentioned but not described by Mathieu.

Herzkirsche Trauben. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153. 1882.

The flowers and foliage only are described.

Herzkirsche Wils Friihe. Species? 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 439. 1897.

Listed without a description.

Herzkirschweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.

According to Christ, this cherry is a Morello; fruit large, with an indistinct suture;
stem rather long, deeply set; color reddish-black; flesh tender, subacid; stone cordate;
ripens the middle of July.

Herzog May. P. avium X P.cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Ohio Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.

Imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Southwestern Russia where it does well on
wet, unfavorable soil. Tree open and upright, a true Duke of the best quality.
Hoadley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 209 fig. 1854.

Hoadley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, and was
named by Elliott in honor of George Hoadley of Cleveland. Tree healthy, vigorous,
with a round, spreading head; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate; stem of
medium length; cavity shallow; skin pale yellow, mottled and striped with clear carmine;
flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, almost translucent; pit of medium size;
season the last of June; valuable for table use but will not stand shipment.

Hockenberg. P. cerasus.

Mentioned in a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton, Indiana, as resembling
an Amarelle; of no particular value.

Hogg Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
Ir:161. 1882.

Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long; skin black, glossy; flesh and juice
dark, rich, sweet, tender; season at the beginning of July.

Hogg Red Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 60, 84. 1866.

Fruit medium large, roundish, inclined to heart-shape; stem long; skin red, mottled
with amber-yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich, with uncolored juice; ripens the
first of July.

Hoke. P. avium X P.cerasus. 1. U.S. D.A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894.

Hoke is a Duke, long known in York County, Pennsylvania, and regarded as worthy
of wider dissemination. It originated at Hanover, Pennsylvania, with Henry Wirt, and
was known as Wirt until the farm changed hands in 1848, when it became known as
Hoke. The fruit, as grown at this Station, is large, obtuse-cordate; cavity large, deep;
skin thick, tough, resisting rot in rainy weather, dark, mottled with red; stem long,
moderately thick, swollen at either end; flesh firm, meaty, dark pink, subacid, sprightly;
quality very good; stone medium; season the last of June.

Hdllandische Spite Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 2. Christ
Worterb. 288. 1802.
Hollandische Kirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 597-599. 1819.
Hollandische Weichsel. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.

276 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety is distinguished from others of its class by its smaller stone, tender flesh,
longer stem and later ripening. Tree never large, productive; fruit large, nearly round,
sides slightly compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color brownish-red; flesh tender,
colored, juicy, very sour; ripens in August but hangs until September.

Holman Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 1. 1729.
2. Prince Pom. Man. 22135, 136. 1832. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99.
1846. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:346, 347 fig. 1877.

Cerise Royale Tardive D’Angleterre. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:107, 108, Pl. 1853.

Cherry-Duck. 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860.

Royale Tardive. 7. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:155, 156 fig., 157, 158, 305. 1866.

8. Pom. France '7:No. 1, Pl. 1. 1871. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Holman Duke is thought to be of English origin and a seedling of May Duke. The
name, Royale Tardive, a synonym of Holman Duke, has been used interchangeably for
several Duke cherries. Fruit large to above, roundish-cordate; suture moderate; stem
above medium in size, set in a rather deep, narrow, irregular cavity; skin thin, brownish-
red changing to nearly black when fully mature; flesh red, fibrous, juicy, vinous, acidulated;
pit of medium size, ovoid; dorsal suture not very apparent; ripens the middle of July.
Holme Late Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.

Mentioned by Thomas without a description.

Holstein. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851.

A medium-sized, round, red, seedling cherry.

Homer. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71, 72. 1903. 2. Jewell Cat. 35. 1906.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Homer is a seedling of the Morello type from New Haven, Connecticut, introduced
from Homer, Minnesota; said to be valuable in the Northwest. Fruit medium to large,
roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; cavity shallow, moderately broad; skin red, becoming
darker, thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mildly subacid; pit round, semi-
clinging; ripens the last of June.

Honey. P. avium. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.

Large Honey. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 183t.

Yellow Honey. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:110. 1832.

Cream. 6. Horticulturist 1:148. 1846-47.

Summer’s Honey? 7. Cole Am. Fr. Book 228. 1849.

Late Honey? 8. Ibid. 235, 236. 1840.

Honey, though grown only in America, is probably of foreign origin — an old sort
renamed. ‘Tree similar to Black Mazzard but more spreading. Fruit small, roundish-
oval, yellowish, mottled with red, becoming deep amber-red; stem long, slender; flesh
tender, melting, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.

Honey Dew. P. avium. 1. Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 11:340. 1877.

Spoken of as a valuable variety originating in Connecticut.

Honeywood. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort.g:205. 1843.

Mentioned as unworthy of cultivation.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 277.

Hoppock Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 12:164. 1886.

This variety originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from seed sown by Cornelius
Hoppock. Fruit of medium size, cordate, sweet; very productive.

Hoskins. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Ibid. 292, Pl. VI. 1803.
3- Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 18099.

Hoskins originated with C. E. Hoskins,’ Newberg, Oregon, about 1880, as a seedling
of Napoleon. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate
suture a line; stem short, set in a roundish cavity; color dull purplish-red; flesh purple,
fibrous, firm, sprightly, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season.

Hovey. P. avium. 1. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:25, 26, Pl. 1851. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:405, 406
fig. 27. 1853. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Hovey originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts, being selected from
a bed of seedlings in 1839; first fruited in 1848. For a time it was considered a cherry
of considerable value but at present it is but little known. Tree very vigorous, upright,
spreading, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem short, rather stout; skin rich
amber mottled with brilliant red; flesh pale amber, rather firm but tender, sprightly
becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone slightly adherent to the pulp, small, oval.
Hoy. P. avium. 1. Chase Cat. 12. 1909. 2. Ibid. Pl. toto.

A new cherry recently found in one of the suburbs of Philadelphia and introduced
in 1909 by the Chase Nursery Company, Geneva, New York, as a very valuable Sweet
Cherry. As grown at the Geneva Station it is smaller and no better than Napoleon.
Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, unproductive on the Station grounds. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate, slightly flattened, with irregular surfaces; cavity deep; suture a line; stem of
medium thickness and length, adhering to the fruit; skin rather thin, of medium toughness,
adhering to the pulp, amber covered with light red, sometimes spotted; flesh whitish,
juicy, stringy, tender, somewhat meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; quality good; stone cling-
ing, roundish, plump; ripens in mid-season.

1 Oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, Seth Lewelling and C. E. Hoskins,
the subject of this sketch. Cyrus Edwin Hoskins was born on a farm in Clinton County, Ohio, July 3,
1842, and there he grew to manhood. Almost at the first call for men to defend the Union in the Civil
War, Mr. Hoskins responded and joined the 13th Ohio regiment, serving until the close of the war.
Returning to Ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing many varieties of several fruits and producing
some new grapes and berries. In 1877 Mr. Hoskins moved to Newberg, Yamhill County, Oregon, settling
on new land and thus becoming a pioneer in the Northwest. His first pomological venture in Oregon
was in growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having built
one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in America. For some years he maintained his prune
ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest reputation in prune markets and
made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the United States. Early in his orchard work
in Oregon Mr. Hoskins began to produce new varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of
promising seedlings of which Vesta, Lake, Occident, Stryker and Hoskins were most worthy. Unfortu-
nately, ill health in the family compelled Mr. Hoskins to move from Yamhill County, to which place, after
having spent several years in Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Hawaiian Islands, he returned with the
expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, August 18, 1908, occurred
before his work had been again well begun. The Pacific Northwest owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Hoskins
for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry of that region and pomologists the country
over owe him much for his labors in breeding cherries.

278 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Hubbard. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898.

Hubbard is a variety of the Morello class grown about Villa Ridge, Illinois. Tree
dwarfish, drooping, bears early, productive; fruit large, cordate, nearly black; precedes
Early Richmond.

Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man.

302. 1884.
Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 4. Rea Flora
206. 1676.

Although there seems to be a discrepancy in the size of the cherry mentioned by
Parkinson and Rea and the one described by Hogg, all three writers undoubtedly referred
to the same sort. While the first two references describe the variety as exceptionally
large no definite statements are made, thus giving strength to the following description
made by Hogg many years later. Tree productive; fruit rather below medium in size,
obtuse-cordate; skin amber, mottled with red on the sunny side; flesh white, half-tender,
mildly sweet; quality fair; stone large, ovate; ripens in July.

Hyde Late Black. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 262. 1857.

This variety originated with T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree strong
in growth, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh half-
firm, melting, juicy; resembles Eagle but is later.

Hyde Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
E75 OAS.

Hyde's Seedling. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 232. 1840.

Another seedling from T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, hardy,
spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate; stem short; skin pale yellow, becoming
lively red; flesh tender, with a pleasant sprightliness, juicy; season early July.

Imperial Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 279. 1857.

Poitou griotte. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.

Imperial. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 209. 1854.

Griotte Impériale. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 195. 1876. 5. Can. Exp. Farm Bul.

17:9. 1802.

Griotte a4 Courte Queue. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:284 fig., 285. 1877.

Guindoux du Poitou. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 113113, 114, fig. 57. 1882.

Kaiserliche Weichsel. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1880.

An old variety recently introduced into the Northwest where it has proved very hardy.
Tree small, low-headed, productive, bears early; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval;
stem very short, shallowly inserted; skin very dark red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasantly
acid when ripe; pit small, long, pointed; ripens the middle of July.

Incomparable en Beauté. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

Intorka. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 667. 1897.

Intorka is an importation from Russia. Fruit of medium size, round, yellow and
red; flesh firm, yellowish, subacid.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 279

Jaune de Prusse. P. avium. 1. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:544. 1855. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 466. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:93, 94, fig. 47. 1882.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender, inserted
in a narrow cavity; skin firm, light yellow, translucent; flesh yellowish-white, tender,
juicy, sweet but slightly bitter before it is fully ripe; pit large for the size of the fruit;
ripens after Downer.

Jean Arendsen. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.

According to Knoop, it closely resembles the round Pragische Muskateller in both
form and color but is not as good in quality.

Jenkin Black Heart. P. avinm. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Mentioned without description.

Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153, 154. 1882.

Flowers and leaves only are described.

Jerusalemskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 557-561. 18109.

Spate Konigliche Weichsel. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 19 fig. 2. 1792.

3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 561-563. 18109.

Spate grosse konigliche Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.

Pyramidenkirsche. 5. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802.

Pyramidenweichsel. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 529-531. 1810.

The origin of this old variety is unknown but it was chiefly grown in Germany. Tree
unproductive; fruit large, oval, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a shallow cavity;
skin dark red, changing to black, glossy; flesh moderately firm, juicy, pleasing subacid;
pit large, walnut-shaped, clinging; ripens the last of July in Germany.

Jocosot. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168, 404. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 197
fig. 1854.

Jockotos. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 270. 1857.

Jocosot was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit
of the Yellow Spanish and named after an Indian chief. Tree thrifty, round-topped,
productive; fruit large, regular, obtuse-cordate, indented at the apex, sides compressed;
suture broad; stem long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, of a dark-liver color,
almost black; flesh tender, with indistinct radiating lines, juicy, sweet; pit below medium
in size, smooth; ripens the last of June.

Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:22.
1858.

Fruit small, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted;
skin black; flesh rather firm, sweet, juicy, colored; pit oval, clinging; ripens the middle
of July to the middle of August.

June Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. la. Sta. Bul. 73:72.
1903.

Cerister juniat. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 649, 650, 691. 18109.

Junius Amarelle. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.

Jumniat Amarelle. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 6. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328.

1888. 7. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:243. 1898-99.

June Morello. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:548. 1892.

280 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Truchsess refers to this cherry as having been described by Sickler in 1805. Budd,
in his importations of 1883, from Russia, included this variety. Tree of medium size,
vigorous, rather unproductive; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; stem stout,
of medium length; suture indistinct; skin thin, rather tough, separating readily from the
pulp, light red; flesh firm, meaty, yellowish, juicy; flavor subacid; quality fair; stone of
medium size, somewhat round; season that of Early Richmond which it resembles in size,
flavor and color.

June Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.

Shippen. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 248. 1817.

A tart variety similar to May Duke, known about Philadelphia as Shippen and
Wetherill. Tree vigorous; fruit large and pleasing; ripens late in June.

Justinische Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 523, 524. 18109.

Justinische Amarelle. 3. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.

This variety is separated from other Sour Cherries ripening with it, through its firm
flesh, its straight, shallowly set stem and its astringent, sour flavor. Fruit of medium
size, roundish, sides broadly compressed; stem of medium length, rather stout; suture
shallow ; skin tough, brownish-red; flesh dark red, with clear red juice.

Kamdesa. P. pumila X P. persica. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908.

Noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Opulent peach.
“The blossoms show a tendency to double.”

Kappenblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde
3:47. 1858.

Distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and rolled leaves.

Kassin Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Erganzungsband 601. 1883. 2. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.

Kassin, a vineyardist, in Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, raised this sort from
seed. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem of
medium length, thick, set in a small cavity; skin dark brown changing to reddish-black,
dotted; flesh dark, juicy, sweet; excellent; stone roundish-oval; ripens the first week of
the season.

Katie. (P. avium X P. cerasus) X P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86 fig. 1869.

Katie is a seedling of Louis Philippe crossed with a Mazzard. The tree has the
Mazzard habit of growth, yet produces fruit resembling May Duke in form and size but
deeper in color; flesh tender; matures with Downer.

Kaufmann. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 345. 1906.

Kaufmann is a stray seedling of English Morello from Minnesota. It is larger and
a little longer in stem than the supposed parent and ripens with the last of the Early
Richmond.

Kazan Seedling. Species? 1. Vit. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:240. 1898-09.

Listed in the reference given.

Kelly. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 253. 1903.
A Sweet Cherry from Berrien County, Michigan.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 281

Kennicott. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig. 1854.

Kennicott was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland and named by Elliott after Dr.
J. A. Kennicott of Northfield, Illinois. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive;
fruit large, oval-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short, inserted in an irregular
cavity; skin amber-yellow, mottled with bright, clear, glossy red; flesh yellowish-white,
firm, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens about the middle of July.
Kentish Drier. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

A medium-sized, red cherry of first quality used for culinary purposes; ripening in
July. Confused by some with Early Richmond.

Kentish Preserve. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Keokuk. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig.
1854.

Keokuk is another seedling raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from
a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May
Duke. Tree vigorous, strong; fruit large, cordate; stem stout; skin dark purplish-black;
flesh half-tender, purple, rather coarse; deficient in flavor; pit of medium size; season
early in July.

Kesterter Friih Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1880.

Listed in the reference given.

King George the Second. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 6. 1817. 2. Brook-
shaw Hort. Reposit. 1:3, Pl. II fig. 1. 1823.

This variety is distinguished from other black cherries by its uneven surface. Fruit
large, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of June and hangs for six weeks.

King Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul.
and Ser. 3:60. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903.

King Morello is another of Budd’s importations from Russia. Tree very hardy,
moderate in growth; fruit large, oblate; stem variable; skin dark red; flesh yellowish-
white, firm, sprightly, juicy, good; pit very small; ripens with Early Richmond.

Kirsche von Basel. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 19 fig., 20. 1867.

Jahn, in his Handbuch, calls attention to the error in calling this variety Bigarreau
Hatif de Bale as it is not a Bigarreau but a variegated Heart. Fruit compressed unevenly
giving it a cordate appearance, small; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; stem long,
slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, bright yellow washed with pale red, mottled
and streaked; flesh pale yellow, soft, with abundant, uncolored juice, pleasing but not
high in quality; stone large, roundish, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Kirchheimer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 290. 1802. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549.

IgOl.

Kirchheimer Wetchsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 580-583. 1819. 4. Jil.
Handb. 85 fig., 86. 1867.

This old cherry is from Kirchheim, Erfurt, Prussia, Germany. It is propagated
by root cuttings and is used for wine and for canning. It is mentioned as growing in
British Columbia but is otherwise not spoken of by American writers. Tree large, vigorous,

282 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

drooping; fruit of medium size, round; suture a line; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted;
skin thin, glossy, almost black when ripe; flesh mild subacid, pleasing, juicy; stone small,
oval, turgid; ripens at the end of July.

Kirtland Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist 22:292, 293 fig. 1867.

Kirtlana’s Large Morello. 2. Horticulturist N.S. 3:123. 1853.

Large Morello. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.

A seedling originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio; it thrives in sections
of the south and west where Sweet Cherries are generally unsuccessful. Tree vigorous,
spreading; fruit uniformly distributed, borne in pairs, large, uniform, roundish; stem
short; cavity round, narrow; skin glossy, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; high quality;
pit small; ripens early in July.

Kleindienst Braune Knorpel. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.

Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:184, 185 fig. 1877.

Leroy, in 1866, stated that this variety was raised from seed by M. Kleindienst,
a vineyardist at Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately productive; fruit usually
borne in pairs, large, cordate, flattened; stem long, moderately stout; skin vivid red,
changing from grayish-red to almost black; flesh of a whitish-rose color, firm, filamentose,
juicy, sugary, acidulated, aromatic; first quality; pit large, ovoid; ripens the last of June.
Kleine ,Amarelle. P.cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 644-646. 1810.

Truchsess states that this variety was described by Bittner in 1797, as Kleine Glas-
kirsche but that it belongs to the Amarelles. Tree productive; fruit small, globular, pale
reddish-yellow; flesh melting, watery; ripens the middle of July.

Kleine Bunte Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 248-251. 1819.

Bigarreau a petit fruit rouge hatif. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:166, 167. 1768.

3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.

Bigarreautier a petit fruit rouge. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308-310. 1819.

Bigarreau rouge hatif (petit). 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:243 fig., 244. 1877.

Petit Bigarreau Hatif? 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:105, 106, fig. 53. 1882.

Fruit of medium size, usually attached in pairs, irregular, cordate, flattened on both
faces; stem long, slender; skin almost wholly red, occasionally showing streaks of yellow;
flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, aromatic; pit of medium size, ovoid; ripens about the middle
of June.

Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 219-222. 1819.

Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858.

Fruit small, nearly round, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem long, slender,
deeply inserted; skin dull blood-red, with yellow spots; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy,
honey sweet; stone small; ripens at the end of June.

Kleine Friihe Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 650-652. 1819.

Fruit small, round, flattened; stem short; suture a line; skin clear red, transparent,
tender; flesh tender, pleasant subacid; stone small, adhering more to the stem than to
the flesh; ripens the last half of July.

Kleine Natte. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.

Listed in the reference given.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 283

Kleine Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim irschensort. 585-588. 18r0.
2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:65, 66. 1858.

This variety is a seedling of the common wild Sour Cherry. The fruit is the smallest
of the Sour Cherries and resembles the black Bird cherries but has a shorter stem. Tree
of medium size, drooping; fruit very small, oblate; stem short, shallowly inserted; skin
glossy, black, thin but tough; flesh firm, tender, juicy, with a peculiar sourness; stone small,
round, adhering to the flesh more than to the stem, stained violet; ripens early in August
continuing for three weeks.

Kleine Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 155,
156. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858.

No doubt this variety, the Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, and the Black Heart greatly
resemble each other and some writers combine them.

Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb 275. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kurschensort. 148, 149. 1819.

Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Frihr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.

This variety is distinguished from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only through
its size and later ripening; fruit regular, cordate, somewhat flattened; skin brownish-black;
flesh soft, tender; ripens the latter part of July.

Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truch-
sess-Heim Kzurschensort. 195-197, 674. 1819.

Distinguished from others of its class through its smallness and firmness. Fruit
small, variable, flattened at the ends; suture often lacking; skin very dark brown; flesh
firm, dark red, juicy, not unpleasant but not excellent; stone small; ripens early in August;
productive.

Kleine Weisse Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Airschensort. 256-258.
1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.

Described as one of the first to ripen. Fruit of medium size, oblate, compressed;
stem long, inserted in a shallow basin; skin tough, yellowish-white, shaded with red; flesh
tender, juicy, sweet; ripens early in June.

Kleiner Friiher May Herzkirschbaum. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 2
figs te x02:

Distinguished from the Grosser Frither Mai-Herzkirschbaum by its inferior size and
lighter flesh and juice; ripens at the end of May.

Knapp. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1880.

This cherry is a seedling from George Knapp, Lafayette, Oregon; introduced by
E. R. Poppleton, 1885; fruit of medium size, round, black.

Knight Late Black. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204.
1843.

Bigarreau-noir de Knight. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

Fruit large, black, obtuse-cordate, firm; second quality; ripens at the end of July.
Knudson. P. avium X P. cerasus.

According to a letter from the Utah Experiment Station, this variety was discovered
by William O. Knudson, Brigham City, Utah, in 1896. Although similar to Late Duke,

284 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

further testing may prove it distinct. Tree bears early, hardy; fruit medium to large,

bright scarlet; ripens over a long period; used for pies and canning.

Knyasnaia Sjevera. P. cerasus X P. avium. 1. S. P. I. Bul. 722519. 1912. 2. Ibid.
732536 Pl. 1912.

This is a large-fruited cherry, originated in 1888 by the Russian plant-breeder, I. V
Mijurin, at Kozlov, Central Russia, and named ‘‘ Knyasnaia Sjevera,” meaning “ Queen of
the North.”” The United States Department of Agriculture introduced it into this country
under the number 32674. It is claimed to be a hybrid between an early Vladimir and a
variety of Sweet Cherry called ‘White Winkler.” It possesses excellent shipping and
keeping qualities. This cherry has stood the severe winters of Central Russia very well
and may be expected to thrive in parts of the Middle West and where the climate is more
or less semi-arid. Tree vigorous, upright, with few side branches; trunk smooth and
clean; fruit large, pale red, with a fresh sour-sweet flavor; ripening about the end of
June.

Koch Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:38.
1858. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.

Originated about 1851. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem medium
long, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black; flesh firm, piquant; quality high; stone
small, roundish-oval; ripens at the end of August.

Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel. 2. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910.

A strong-growing, productive variety, said to exceed its parent, Ostheim, in size, color,
and flavor.

Koeper. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 341. 18093.

Listed in the reference given.

Kolaki. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:20, 30, fig. 15. 1882.

According to Oberdieck, this variety is of Bohemian origin. Fruit of medium size,
cordate, slightly elongated; apex obtuse; suture distinct; stem medium long, slender, set
in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, transparent, yellow in the sun, purplish
in the shade; flesh tinged yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat sugary; first quality; pit small,
oval, flattened at the base, obtuse at the apex; ripens the first of June.

Korkovanyer Kirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.

Listed but not described.

Koslov. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:278. 10903.

Koslov bush Morello. 2. Can. Hort. 12:216, fig. 58, 218. 1889.

Koslov-Morello. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900.

The Koslov cherries are seedlings, not a single variety. A number of seedlings were
imported by the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association in 1889, from Koslov, Crimea, Russia,
where they were grown by Russian peasants, being propagated from pits. The trees are
low, bush-shaped, slow in coming into bearing and most of the fruit is worthless. The
one most grown is moderately large, roundish, pointed at the apex; suture barely traceable;
stem long, set in a slight depression; skin dark red, turning black; flesh dark red, tender,
juicy, acid; ripens from the last of July to the last of August.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 285

Kostelnice. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:19, 20, fig. 10. 1882.

Originated in Neustadt, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit medium
to below in size, obtuse-cordate; stem short, set in a straight, rather deep cavity; skin
tough, vivid purple changing to almost black; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, agreeably acid-
ulated; good; stone very small, ovoid, turgid; ripens early in June.

Kostelniti. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

Kriek van den Broek. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 165, 166. 1819.

This variety, coming to Truchsess in 1808, from Holland, was confused with several
others received at the same time.

Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche. Species? 1. Obstztichter 8:52. 1910.

An intensely black, large, late cherry which is valued for market because of its color.
Kronberger Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802.

Kronkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797.

Kronberg Black Heart. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 124-126. 1819. 4. Mag.

Hort. 9:203. 1843.

Kronberger Herzkirsche. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.

Wildling von Kronberg. 6. Ill. Handb. 29 fig., 30. 1867.

Bigarreau de Kronberg. 7. Guide Prat. 15, 182. 1895.

According to German pomologists, this variety was raised from seed at Kronberg,
Prussia, Germany. Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sides unevenly
compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin tough, glossy,
black when mature, lighter along the suture; flesh firmer than others of its class, dark red,
aromatic, sweet; pit broadly cordate, somewhat adherent; ripens at the end of June.
Kronprinz von Hannover. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 479 fig., 480. 1861.

Prince Royal du Hanovre. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.

Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:232 fig. 1877.

Prince de Hanovre. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:43, 44, fig. 22. 1882.

Grown by M. Lieke, a nurseryman at Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany, fruiting for the
first time in 1854. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in
pairs, roundish to pointed-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather
deep cavity; skin rather tender, glossy, yellowish, streaked and mottled with red; flesh
firm, yellowish, juicy, pleasingly acidulated; pit medium large, ovate, plump; ripens early
in June.

Kriiger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 67 fig., 68. 1860.

Krigers schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 161, 162. 1810.

Krigers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.

Guigne de Kruger. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,198. 1876. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:77,

78, fig. 39. 1882.

This cherry was first heard of at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in 1810. It is distin-
guished from Eagle in being larger, shorter stemmed, lighter in color, and less tender in
flesh. Tree vigorous, productive, upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, oblate; suture
shallow; stem medium long, rather deeply inserted; skin dark brown or black; flesh dark

286 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

red, juicy, vinous, tender, yet often firm; stone small, roundish-oval, plump, adhering
slightly to the flesh on one side; ripens about the middle of July.
La Nappe. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Listed in this reference.
Lacure (Large). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1620.

“The great Lacure or Hart Cherrie differeth not in forme, but in greatnesse, being
usually twice as great as the former [Lacure (Small)], and of a reddish blacke colour also:
both of them are of a firme substance, and reasonable sweete. Some doe call the white
cherrie, the White hart cherrie.”’

Lacure (Small). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1620.

“The smaller Lacure or Hart Cherrie is a reasonable faire Cherrie, full above, and a
little pointing downward, after the fashion of a heart, as it is usually pointed, blackish
when it is full ripe, and lesser than the next ” [Lacure (Large)].

Ladé Late. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.

Von Lade’s Spate Knorpelkirsche. 2. Lauche Erganzungsband 605. 1883.

Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé. 3. Guide Prat. 15, 184. 1895.

A German variety probably raised from seed by M. Ladé. Fruit of medium size,
long, cordate, compressed at the stem, roundish at the apex; suture indistinct; stem long,
thin, slightly curved; cavity shallow; skin yellowish overspread with glossy light red,
darker in the sun, faintly streaked; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, vinous; excellent; stone
long, oval; ripens in September lasting a month; productive.

Lady of the Lake. P. avium. 1. Country Gent. 28:398. 1866-67. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 467. 1869.

Lady of the Lake is a seedling from Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous,
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-obtuse-conic, compressed,
with a shallow suture; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity; skin light yellow, shaded
and mottled with bright crimson; flesh half-tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; season
according to the climate, early May to late June.

Lady Southampton. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 609, 85. 1866.
Lady Southampton’s Yellow. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 187. 1845.

According to the reference, this is an almost worthless yellow Bigarreau. Fruit of
medium size, heart-shaped; skin yellow; flesh pale, firm, rather dry, with uncolored juice,
season the middle of July.

Laeder Kirsebaer. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.

Mentioned but not described.

Lake. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.

Lake was named in honor of Professor E. R. Lake, then of the Oregon Agricultural
College, by the originator, C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. The tree came into bearing
about 1892 and is reported in the American Pomological Society’s fruit list of 1909 as
succeeding well in the northwest. Fruit large, sweet, and very good.

Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 287

Lamaurie. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177231. 1899.
Early Lamaurie. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 461. 1869. 3. Wickson Cal. Frutts
286, 291. 1889.

The chief asset of this variety is its earliness for which it is cultivated in England,
France and America. The parentage and originator are unknown. ‘Tree of medium vigor
and productiveness; fruit large, roundish-cordate, compressed; stem slender; skin thin,
moderately tough; color dark reddish-purple; flesh dark red, juicy, stringy, tender, mild,
sweet; of very good quality; season very early.

Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 204,
205, 676. 18109.
Lampers Knorpel- Kirsche. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Bigarreau noir de Lampé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 22302. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide
Prat. 20, 190. 1876. §. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:226 fig., 227, 352. 1877.

A German cherry raised from seed at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in 1810, and named
for its originator. Fruit above medium in size, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate;
stem slender, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin thin, rather dark reddish-brown; flesh
dark red, rather firm, juicy, sugary, wine-like; second quality; pit large, oval; ripens early
in June.

Lancaster. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881. 2. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900.

Lancaster is an accidental seedling on the grounds of Daniel Smeych, Lancaster,
Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, more open and spreading than Early Richmond;
fruit medium large, heart-shaped to oblate, slightly roundish; cavity deep, broad; stem
long, slender; suture very slight; apex small; skin light red, very thin, tender; flesh white,
moderately soft, juicy, sweet with a sprightly flavor; stone roundish, slightly ovate, par-
tially free; season June.

Langsurer Prachtweichsel. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

Mentioned in this reference.

Large Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

A medium-sized, firm, black Heart cherry of poor quality, ripening early in July.
Large Double Flowering. P. avium. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom.

Man. 2:111. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199. 1845.

Merisziere. 4. Rea Flora 20. 1676.

Merise a Fleur Double. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:157. 1768. 6. Lond. Hort.
Soc: (Care sak) 183i

Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefullter Blithe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:4, Tab. 8.
1792.

Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefiillter Blithe. 8. Christ Handb. 668. 1797.

Susskirschenbaum mit ganz gefullter Bliite. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 363-370.
18109.

Gefulltblihende Stisskirsche. 10. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858.

This variety in growth and foliage resembles the Mazzard and Black Heart and not
the common double-flowering cherry with its small tree and small, pointed leaves. The

288 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

flowers which appear at the usual season are produced in the most showy profusion being
from one to one and one-half inches in diameter; they are composed of about forty white
petals disposed in the form of a rose, with about thirty stamens and a large, abortive pistil.
The numerous double flowers, resembling clusters of small, white roses, make the tree a
very useful ornamental.
Large Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.

Large Griotte resembles Griotte Commune but is larger and earlier; skin glossy
black; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, pleasing.
Large Guindolle. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149, 150. 1832.

Leaves are deeply indented, double-toothed; fruit large, flattened at the ends, pale
red; flesh white, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of June or beginning of July.

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:129. 1832. 2.
Elliott Fr. Book 199 fig. 1854.

Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 4. Ibid. 46. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 453. 18609.

Monstrous Heart. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 78, 87. 1866.

A variety of French origin which was never extensively grown in America. Tree
strong, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture often raised; stem vari-
able, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark, glossy red, nearly black, surface uneven; flesh
firm but tender, reddish, pleasant, moderately juicy; good in quality; stone large, oval;
ripens the first of July.

Large Late Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128, 129. 1832.

Bigarreau a gros Fruit Rouge Tardif. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 183T.

The fruit is somewhat smaller and much later in maturity than that of the Large
Red Bigarreau. The color is dark red on the shaded side and on the other a brownish-red,
almost black which has given it the name Black Bigarreau; flesh firm, juicy and of
excellent flavor.

Large Spanish. Species? 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Laroses Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 177 fig., 178. 1860.

Larose. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:352 fig., 353. 1877.

This cherry was raised from seed in 1826 by M. Larose, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; sides com-
pressed; suture shallow; stem medium in length, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy,
tough, mottled with pale red becoming darker; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous,
juicy, mildly acid; pit rather large, plump, oval, flattened at the base; ripens the last of
July.

Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book
235. 1849. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 199. 1854.

Late Bigarreau was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, round-topped, very productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, occasionally
somewhat angular; stem long; skin attractive yellow, occasionally nearly overspread with
crimson-red, delicately blotched or mottled; flesh yellowish, with distinct radiating lines,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 289

juicy, firm, crisp, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone rather small, roundish;

season late, the same as Downer.

Late Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:112 fig. 25, 113, 114. 1866. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1880.

This variety differs from Black Bigarreau in being smaller, less heart-shaped, and
in ripening later. It was first known as Bigarreau Noir Tardif but Prince, in 1832, at
which time he possibly brought it to America, translated the name into English and called
it Late Black Bigarreau under which name it is now known in English and American
pomologies. Tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; suture
indistinct; color dark brownish-red changing to glossy black; flesh purplish-red, with
abundant, highly colored juice, very firm, crisp, sweet yet sprightly, aromatic; quality
good; ripens in mid-season or later.

Late Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

According to the reference, this is a small, black Heart of poor quality ripening early
in July.

Late Large Black Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145, 146. 1832.

Worthy of consideration because of its beauty and lateness, often remaining on the
tree until October. Tree of medium size; branches numerous, slender; fruit large, roundish;
stem very long; skin dark red, nearly black; flesh red, very acid and bitter, somewhat
milder at maturity.

Late Purple Guigne. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 468. 1869. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.

A large, dark red, German variety ripening the latter part of July; flesh firm, juicy,
agreeable.

Late Richmond. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900. 2. Ja. Sta. Bul.
73273- 1903.

The origin of this variety is uncertain but it seems to have been grown in the Middle
West about forty years ago. It is supposed to bea seedling of Early Richmond differing
from its parent in ripening later, being of better quality, and more upright in growth.
Fruit round, conical; stem thick, moderately long; cavity shallow, broad; skin thin; flesh
tender, with abundant, colorless juice, acid; quality good; ripens a week or ten days later
than Early Richmond; unproductive.

Late Ripe. P.cerasus. 1. Gerarde Herball 1504, 1505, fig. 5. 1636.

According to Gerarde, this cherry is similar to the wild English cherry in branches
and foliage but the flowers are often doubled; fruit small, round, dark red, often dried
with the stems on; used by physicians.

Late White Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Fruit nearly round, with a deep suture; skin whitish or very pale amber, tinged with
light red; flesh firm, agreeable; ripens in France in September.
Latham. Species? 1. Ont. Sta. An. Rpt. 3:45. 1806.
Listed as having been grown at the Simcoe Station.
Laura. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.
Laura originated with Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree spreading, upright,

19

290 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, often one-sided; stem medium,

inserted in a shallow depression; skin pale yellow, largely overspread with rich, bright

red; flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, half-tender; pit medium to small; ripens early in June

and hangs well.

Leather Stocking. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
Ditiis Pua, — iksiey.le

Leather Stocking was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842,
from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; fruit large,
heart-shaped, often obtuse; skin faint red becoming a rich reddish-black when fully ripe,
with irregular stripes and blotches of black; cavity deep, open; flesh firm, tinged with
red, sweet, fair; pit of medium size; season the last of July.

Leib. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 14:28. 1872. 2. Horticulturist 29:256. 1874. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 188r.

This variety was brought from Germany about 1850 and planted in the garden of
a Mr. Leib, Galena, Illinois. It resembles Early Richmond and was claimed to be very
productive and hardy at the time of its introduction; it has not been widely disseminated.
Tree hardy, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly; fruit of a crimson color,
sweet; quality good; season the end of June, following Early Richmond.

Leitzkauer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 287. 1802.

Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche. 2. Krinitz Enc. 73, 74. 1790.

Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 567-569. 18109.

No doubt the name of this cherry arises from the cloister, Leitzkau, in Magdeburg,
Prussia, Germany, where it is widely planted. It is propagated by root cuttings and if
not pruned, grows tall, weak and drooping. Fruit medium to small, roundish; stem long;
skin dark brown to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, sour; stone small, red; ripens in August;
of little value.

Lemercier. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hort. Reg. (Am.) 1:343, 344. 1835. 2. Mag.
Hort. 132399 fig., 400. 1847. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 85. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide
Prat. 25. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:353, 354 fig. 1877.

Fruhe Lemercier. 6. Ill. Handb. 157 fig., 158. 1860.

Discovered by M. Lemercier in Brabant, Belgium, about 1830; introduced into Paris
in 1835 and into America in 1842. It resembles Late Duke with which it ripens. Fruit
large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin
glossy, transparent, mottled with red; flesh yellowish before ripe, becoming red, firm but
melting, juicy, slightly acidulated, with a peculiar fragrance; stone rather large, roundish,
truncate at the base, slightly clinging; ripens the last of July.

Léopold (II). Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1880.

Mentioned but not described.

Leopoldskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 564-566. 1819.

Griotte de Léopold. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876.

This variety was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Pastor Winter as Brusseler
Bruyn by which name it was called by a few German pomologists. It should not be con-

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 291

fused with the present Brusseler Braune. Fruit large, almost round, compressed on one
side; skin dark brown changing to nearly black; flesh dark red, juicy, melting, mild when
mature; stone almost round; ripens toward the end of July. The drooping branches,
the small, sour cherry leaves which turn yellow and drop and the sweetness in flavor sepa-
rate it from the Grosse Morelle.

Leschken (Leschke’s) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.

367. 1880.
Mentioned in the reference given.

Lethe. P. avium. 1. U.S. D.A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.

Lethe was grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit of the Bigarreau
type, large, heart-shaped, surface smooth, glossy; cavity medium in size and depth, irreg-
ular, flaring, marked by irregular waves; suture shallow; stem very long, slender, curved;
skin thin, tenacious, purplish-black; dots minute, indented; flesh very dark purplish-red,
firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet; quality good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging;
ripens the last of June in Oregon.

Liefeld Braune. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1880.

Guigne brune de Liefeld. 2. Guide Prat. 6, 191. 1895.

Tree of medium size, very vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, brownish,
mottled; flesh red, sweet; of first quality; matures early in June.

Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1867. 2. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.

Bigarreau Tardi de Lieke. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876.

Originated with Herr Lieke of Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany, fruiting for the first
time in 1851. The fruit is one of the latest to ripen; large, obtuse-cordate, compressed;
stem long, slender, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin glossy,
tough, yellow, streaked and spotted with a mild red; flesh faintly yellow, firm, sweet with
a pleasing sourness; stone small, oval; season late.

Lincoln (I). P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.

Lincoln is a vigorous, spreading variety, found near Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit large,
oblong-cordate, pointed; suture broad, shallow; stem long; cavity deep; skin dark brown
when ripe; flesh firm, veined and mottled with shades of red, juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleas-
ant; pit above medium in size; season the first to the middle of July.

Lincoln (II). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29.
1gIo.

Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, raised this variety in 1865 probably from a
seed of Eagle. Tree large, spreading, with an open top, seriously affected with black
aphis; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; skin very dark, thick, tough; stem short;
flesh firm, deep red, juicy; good quality; pit small, round.

Lindley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.

Lindley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland from seeds given him by M. Lindley,
Euclid, Ohio. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific; fruit large, heart-shaped, surface
uneven; skin dark purplish-red; flesh almost firm, tinged red, juicy, deficient in richness;

season the first of July.

292 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Lipp. P.avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:279. 1903.

Lipp Late Blood. 2. Green Cat. 29. 1906.

Lipp originated in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, dark red or crimson; stem
long; flesh and juice very dark, meaty; late.

Litham. P. cerasus. 1. Stone & Wellington Cat. 33. 10907.

This is a Russian cherry introduced by Stone & Wellington, Toronto, Ontario. Fruit
of medium size; color red; flesh firm.

Little Phil. Species? 1. Wyo. Sta. Bul. 34:129. 1897.

Mentioned as not hardy in Wyoming.

Logan. P.avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 200 fig. 1854.
p. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 201. 1876.

Logan is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries originating in 1842 from a pit
of Yellow Spanish. Tree hardly healthy, somewhat spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
with a shallow depression at the apex; stem variable, set in a deep cavity; skin purplish-
black when ripe; flesh firm, dark red, with white, radiating lines, juicy, sweet, rich; pit
above medium in size, oval; mid-season.

Long Finger. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.

“The long finger Cherry is another small long red one, being long and round like a
finger, whereof it took the name: ae
Look No Further. P. avium. 1. U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 294. 1853.

This variety was introduced into this country in 1815, from the Royal Gardens of
Luxembourg, Paris, by Samson V. S. Wilder of Bolton, Massachusetts. Said to be very
productive, sweet, large and attractive.

Lord Belhaven White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.

Mentioned but not described.

Lothaunner Erfurter. Species? 1. Mas Pom.Gen.11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Lothkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschen-
sort. 595-597. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.

Fruit large, nearly round, flattened on one side; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh
very tender, red, sour; ripens the first of August.
Louise. P. cerasus. 1. Chase Bros. Cat. 20. 1907.

Louise was found about 1887 by the late Lewis Chase in the vicinity of Rochester,
New York. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, dark red, sour; ripens in June.

Louisiana Iron Clad. P. cerasus. 1. La. Sta. Bul. 22:682. 1893. 2. Ibid. 112:11. 1908.

This cherry originated in Louisiana about 1900 with A. K. Clingman. It is said to
be the only cherry which will produce fruit in Louisiana; of the Morello type.

Loéwener Friihkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 359. 188t.

Fruhe Englische Kirsche aus Lowen. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1867.

Hative de Louvain. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 200. 1876.

Lowener Fruhweichsel. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

This variety probably originated in Belgium nearly half a century ago. Fruit variable
in size, often large, sides and ends compressed giving it a square appearance; suture shallow;

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 293

stem long, strongly inserted in a wide, regular, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, dark brown-

ish-red; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acidulated, refreshing; stone plump, almost round,

base abrupt, with a slight depression; early.

Lucien. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 228, 229. 1819. 2. Liegel Syst.
Anleit. 157. 1825. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:79, 80, fig. 38. 1866-73. 4. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 5. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.

Guigne Lucien. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.

This foreign variety is planted in Canada but is not known in the United States.
It was found by Uellner in Lineburg, Prussia, about 1806. Leroy is of the opinion that
this is the cherry he calls Guigne Carnée Winkler which came out a few years later as a
seedling of Winkler from Guben, Prussia.

Ludwig Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 86. 1866.

Guigne Ludwig. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:326

fice a87,7-

Ludwig's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367, 368. 1880.

Ludwig is a seedling obtained by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, about
1860. Fruit large, cordate, terminating in a sharp point; suture slightly indistinct; stem
very long, slender, inserted in a wide cavity; skin glossy, bright red, paler on the shaded
side; flesh pale yellow, tender, melting; pit small, roundish, plump; ripens the last of June.
Lukeward. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Phillips Comp. Gard. 79.

1831. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 106. 1846.

Lukeward’s Heart. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832.

A variety supposed to have come from Italy which has long since passed from culti-
vation. Fruit cordate, dark brown or nearly black; ripens early in August.

Lundie Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:118. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854.

Lundie Guigne is an old English cherry first spoken of by Forsyth in 1803. Tree
vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish-elongated, dark purplish-black; flesh tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant; season July.

McAdow. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88 fig. 1869. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 18609.

McAdow is supposed to be a cross between Black Tartarian and Elton, grown from
seed by Dr. McAdow, Chillicothe, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit
large, obtuse-cordate, compressed, without a suture; stem slender, deeply inserted; skin
light, pale yellow, overspread and mottled indistinctly with light, clear red; flesh firm,
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant but not rich; quality good; stone medium to large, oval.
MacRoach. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.

This cherry was found near Guthrie, Kentucky, on the farm of John MacRoach,
where it has fruited for many years and is considered a very good cherry of the May Duke
type.

Madame Courtois. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.

Found by Bonamy, a nurseryman, in 1860, upon a farm belonging to the Chateau
of Lamothe, near Puylaurens, Tarn, France. Tree productive; fruit large; skin clear
red; flesh tinted with a rose color, sweet, very agreeable; ripens in June-July.

294 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Madame Grégoire. P. avium. X P.cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 18. 1895.

This variety is said in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be very similar to Reine Hortense.
Madeleine. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 201. 1876.

Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine). 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 12, Pl. 1846.

Cerisier de la Madleine. 3. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860.

Amarelle de la Madleine. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.

Madeleine is probably a late strain of the old Cerise Commune formerly extensively
grown about Paris. Fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture a line;
stem medium in length; skin clear red changing to brownish-red; flesh whitish, tender,
acid; pit small; ripens the last of July; productive.

Madison. P. avium. 1. Elliott Wr. Book 211. 1854.
Madison Bigarreau. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
367. 1849.

Madison's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889.

Madison is a seedling of the White Bigarreau, raised by Robert Manning, Salem,
Massachusetts. Tree healthy, productive, moderate in growth, spreading; fruit of medium
size, regular, heart-shaped; stem rather short, slender; skin heavily dotted and mottled
with rich red on amber-yellow ground; flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with agreeable
sprightliness; pit small, oval; season the last of June.

Magann. P. avium. 1. New Haven Nur. Cat. 12. 1899-1900.

Magann is a hardy, Sweet Cherry originating in Franklin County, Missouri; fruit
large, nearly black, borne in large clusters.

Magése. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:327
figs 1877.

Magése was received by Leroy from Florence, Italy, about 1864. Fruit large, attached
in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem stout, short, inserted in a wide, deep cavity;
skin yellow, washed with carmine; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sugary,
acidulated; first quality; stone small, round, plump; ripens the first of June.

Magnifique de Daval. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:154. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 368. 1889.
The flowers and foliage are described by Mas in his Pomologie Générale.
Magog. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 18092.
Listed in the reference given.
Mammoth. P. avium. 1. Ohio Pom. Soc. Rpt. 10:44. 1862.
Kirtland’s Mammoth. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 108 fig. 1854. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:31,
32, fig. 16. 1882.

Mammuthkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.

Mammoth was raised, probably about 1842, by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland,
Ohio, from a pit of a Yellow Spanish tree grown apart from other cherries. Tree large,
vigorous, round-topped, usually unproductive; fruit of the largest size, often averaging
three and one-half inches in circumference, obtuse-cordate, with a large, prominent suture;
stem of meditim thickness, long; skin moderately thick, attractive clear yellow, blushed

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 295

or mottled with light red; flesh whitish, with abundant, uncolored juice, fine-grained,
with distinct radiating lines, nearly tender, sweet yet almost sprightly; very good in
quality; stone roundish-oval, regular; season early.
Mammoth Oxheart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.

Listed, probably not propagated at present.
Manger. Species? 1. Jl. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 1896.

Mentioned without a description.

Manning Early Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
Pitts, — IMosisysle

This variety was grown from a pit of Black Heart by Robert Manning, Salem
Massachusetts. It differs from the parent only in time of ripening, which is ten days
earlier, and in form of tree, which is more spreading.

Manning Early White Heart. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 243. 1841.

Still another seedling raised by Robert Manning, this one coming from a seed of White
Turkey Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, cordate, pale red, amber in the sun, sweet,
fine; ripens in June.

Manning Late Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book
234. 1849.

Manning Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841.

Black Bigarreau. 4. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847.

This is another of Robert Manning’s seedlings of the Black Heart. Tree vigorous,
hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate; skin deep purple, nearly black;
stem long; flesh purplish-red, firm, rather juicy, sprightly, with a pleasant, luscious flavor;
ripens the second week in July.

Manning Mottled. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 2. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 361. 1849.

Mottled Bigarreau. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283. 1842.

Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, raised this cherry from a seed of White
Bigarreau. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, roundish-cordate, flattened on
one side, with a distinct suture; stem slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin amber,
shaded and mottled with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance; flesh yellow
when fully ripe, tender, with a sweet, delicious juice; stone large; season at the end of
June.

Maple Heart. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 8. 1817. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Catieceenean:
This a rather firm-fleshed, red Heart of second size and third quality, ripening in
July.
Marells Royal. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1805.
Mentioned as having been planted in Arizona.
Maria Gaucher. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Listed as a variegated, hard-fleshed cherry.
Marie de Chateauneuf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876.
Probably named after the wife of the Marquis de Chateauneuf; fruit very large,

296 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh rose-colored, moderately firm, juicy, sugary, agree-
able; ripens the middle of June.
Marie Thérése. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:358 fig. 1877.

This variety originated with M. de Luigné near Chateaugontier, Mayenne, France,
and was named after his daughter Marie Thérése. Tree strong, vigorous, moderately
productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad;
stem long, slender; cavity small; skin transparent, firm, red, dotted with whitish-
gray; flesh yellow, compact, melting, juicy, aromatic; first quality; ripens the last of
June.

Markirsche. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29, 30. IgI0.

Tree large, upright, open-topped, productive; foliage frequently attacked by aphis;
fruit large, dark red, cordate, with a short stem; skin thick, tender, while the flesh is meaty
and deeply stained; stone round, smooth; ripens the third week in July, often hanging
on the trees until the middle of August.

Marsotte. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 12. 1895.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size; stem of medium length; skin black;
flesh juicy, sugary; used in making Kirschwasser.
Mary. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.

Mary was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York. Fruit borne in clusters,
having a bright, lively red color and a sprightly subacid flavor.
Master White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.

Listed in this reference.

Mastodon. P. avium. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1804.

Black Mastodon. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889.

Mastodon is a seedling of Pontiac and originated with W. H. Chapman, Napa, Cali-
fornia; introduced by Leonard Coates, then of the same place. Fruit very large, obtuse-
cordate, base very broad; cavity large, deep; stem stout, long; skin entirely mottled with
pinkish or heavy red; flesh firm, yellowish, tinged with red, meaty, moderately juicy,
with a rich, lively sweet flavor.

Matilda. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892.

Matilda originated with C. E. Hoskins, formerly of Newburg, Oregon. Fruit medium
to large, broad-cordate, surface smooth; skin glossy, dark red, nearly black; dots very
fine; flesh dark red, firm, sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens in Oregon about the middle
of June.

Matts. P. avium.

J. G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsylvania, writes that this cherry is a seedling
of Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large.
Mayo. P. avium. 1. Samuels & Co. Cat. 22. 1892.

The original tree of Mayo is on the farm of a Mr. Mayo near Jackson, Tennessee.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large, amber shaded with red, tender; resembles
Wood.

Mazarine. Species? 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 216: 1822.
Listed as one of the twenty principal varieties in the United States.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 297

Mednyansky. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899.

Moduyansky. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 18094.

This Hungarian variety was introduced to this country in 1894. In the second
reference the name is spelled Moduyansky but in the first it is given Mednyansky which
form is deemed best to follow here. Tree upright, spreading, rather vigorous; fruit
cordate; suture variable, indistinct on some specimens but a noticeable ridge from the
cavity to the apex on others; stem stout, long, inserted in a narrow, deep, irregular cavity;
skin very dark purple turning black; flesh firm, rich, sweet, sprightly; quality very good.
Meininger Spdte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 137 fig., 138. 1860;

2. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370. 188r.

Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876.

Tree vigorous, productive, blooming late; fruit of medium size, cordate, sides com-
pressed; suture shallow; stem slender, variable in length, set in a narrow, shallow cavity;
color pale golden-yellow, spotted with pale red, which often conceals the ground color;
flesh firm, whitish-yellow, reddish-yellow under the skin, juicy; stone large, oval, usually
somewhat adherent; ripens in August lasting until September.

Meissener Weisse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.

Probably a small, wild variety.

Merise Petite Ronda. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Merisier Fastigié. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 3, Pl. 1846.

Poiteau was uncertain as to the name of this variety which he noticed in the gardens
of M. Cels. Tree very pyramidal; fruit yellowish-amber.
Michigan. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17. 1885.

Michigan is a supposed cross between Black Tartarian and Yellow Spanish fruiting
for the first time in 1877. It was grown by Stephen Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Fruit large, cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; suture lacking; skin deep red, nearly
black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens early in July. Said to be nearly rot proof.

Miller. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Listed but not described.

Millet. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 7. 1817. 2. Brookshaw
Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 2. 1823.

Described as one of the best black, heart-shaped late Dukes, ripening the last of June
and continuing until September; flesh moderately firm; stone small; excellent.
Minnesota. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:280. 1903. 2. Mich. Sta.

Bul. 205:27. 1903.

Sprouts of this variety were brought from Sweden to Professor J. L. Budd, Ames,
Iowa. Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; skin
dark red; flesh dark, tender, juicy, subacid; very good.

Minnesota Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900.

Ostheim. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 371. 1881.

298 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety was introduced into Minnesota from North Germany by E. Meyer,
St. Petersburg, Minnesota. It is well adapted to cold regions where the Montmorency
group does not flourish. Tree upright, dense; fruit large, roundish-oblate, dark red;
flesh dark, tender, sweet subacid; good in quality; stone roundish, slightly flattened; ripens
the middle of July.

Minnie. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.

Minnie is a vigorous seedling of Prunus pumila grown in Manitoba, Canada; fruit
large and good.

Monkirsche Rote. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Monstrous Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:360 fig., 361. 1877.

Monstrous Duke is mentioned by MM. Simon-Louis in 1866 as a new sort of the
Anglaise hative. It is probably of English origin, but the name is misleading as the fruit
is only moderately large; attached in pairs, globular; stem stout, short, shallowly inserted;
skin transparent, yellowish, partly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous,
very juicy, sugary, sprightly; pit small, roundish, plump, adhering to the stem; ripens
the last of June.

Monstrueuse Hennequine. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Listed without description.

Montmorency Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17, 196. 1895.

Described as a handsome tree with drooping branches. Its fruit is somewhat similar
to that of the Montmorency.

Montmorency de Sauvigny. P.cerasus. 1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 120 fig., 121. 1904.

Cerise de Sauvigny. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.

Belle de Sauvigny. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.

Schone aus Sauvigny. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

This cherry is a popular fruit about Paris where it is used for confitures and brandy.
Fruit large, roundish, attached in twos or threes; stem short; cavity large, shallow; color
dark red; flesh yellow, transparent, slightly fibrous, acidulated; stone small, round; ripens
the second half of July.

Montmorency Stark. P. cerasus. 1. Stark Bros. Cat. 4:46. 10913.

Montmorency Stark is described as having been produced on the Stark Brothers
Nursery grounds, Louisiana, Missouri, from a select tree which bore large fruit.
Montreuil. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 80:23. 1892. 2. Ibid. 194:41. 10901.

3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.

Belle de Montreuil. 4. Rev. Hort. 451. 1875.

Schéne von Montreuil. 5. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910.

This variety was mentioned by European writers as early as 1875 but was not known
in America until recently. It is a valuable cherry and was placed on the fruit list of the
American Pomological Society in 1909. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, more pro-
ductive than Reine Hortense; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; stem long, stout; skin
mottled red approaching black; flesh tender, light red, with abundant, colored juice,
subacid, pleasing; quality good; season July; valuable for dessert and culinary purposes.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 299

Moorhouse. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. tg1t.

Moorhouse is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent, Napoleon.
Morella Extra Noir. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Morella Wye. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.

Listed in this reference.

Morelle von Wilhelmshohe. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 16. 1895.

A very good table cherry ripening the seventh week of the season.
Moreller Langstilkede Sode. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Morisco. Species? 1. Langley Pomona 86. 17209.
Mentioned without description.
Morocco. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 16209.

“The Morocco Cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an indifferent big berrie,
long and round, with a long stalke of a darke reddish purple colour, a little tending to
a blew when it is full ripe, of a firme substance; the juice is of a blackish red, discolouring
the hands or lips, and of a pleasant taste: some doe thinke that this and the Morello be
both one.”

Morten Seedling. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed but not described.

Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858.

Fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem long, slender; skin
black, tough; flesh dark, tender, very sweet; pit oblong-cordate; ripens the middle of
July; productive.

Moyer Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 8:22. 1858. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 469, 470. 1869.

This variety was grown by Josiah G. Youngken, Allentown, Pennsylvania. Tree
healthy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture
small; stem long, slender; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red; flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet, pleasant; often partially clinging; ripens the middle of June.

Miickelberger Grosse. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.

A Sweet Cherry originating in Guben, Prussia, Germany.
Murdock. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:289. 1903.

Murdock’s Bigarreau. 2. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886. 3. Reid Cat. 35. 1892.

Murdock is thought to have originated in 1887 with John R. and A. Murdock, then
of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Treg large, vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit large, roundish-
cordate; cavity deep, wide, rather abrupt; stem long, slender; skin thin, moderately tough,
amber overlaid and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, firm, crisp, somewhat sprightly,
juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone clinging, large, ovate, flattened, smooth; ripens
early in July, hanging long on the trees; not susceptible to rot.

Nancy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869.

Nancy originated with Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright-spreading;

fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem long, stout, inserted in a large cavity; suture slight; skin

300 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet; very good;
stone small; ripens the last of June.
Naples. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1620.
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858. 3. IIl.
Handb. 39 fig., 40. 1867.

Bigarreau de Naples. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876.

This is an Italian cherry introduced into Germany, France and England from
Florence, Italy. It is very productive and is distinguished by its color and its lateness.
Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides only faintly compressed;
suture indistinct; stem of medium length, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, firm,
glossy, becoming dark brown or black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, vinous; stone oval, plump;
ripens the sixth week of the season.

Ne Plus Ultra. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 22:208. 1880.

Ne Plus Ultra was raised by John Mosely of Goodrich, Ontario. It resembles Napo-
leon but is inferior.

Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.

Bigarreautier de Naples. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504. 1860.

Napolitaine. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

This is a large, lemon-colored, rather firm-fleshed variety that should not be confused
with Naples. Tree small, vigorous; flesh sweet, pleasing; ripens late in July.

Nebraska Sweet. P. avium. 1. Gage County Nur. Cat. 8. 1906.

Listed in this reference as a dark, Sweet Cherry doing remarkably well in Nebraska.
Nelson Kentish. P. cerasus. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1892-93.

Said to be more vigorous in growth and more hardy in bud than Early Richmond.
Neue Englische Weichsel. P.cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 542, 543. 18109.

2. Ill. Handb. 83 fig., 84. 1867.

Neue Englische Kirsche. 3. Christ Worterb. 286. 1802.

According to Truchsess, Mayer grew this cherry about 1775. Tree of medium height,
moderately productive; fruit often large, roundish, more or less compressed; suture faint;
stem straight, medium in length; cavity wide, deep; skin glossy, tender, black; flesh tender,
dark red, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit plump, small, oval; ripens early in July.

Neue Ochsenherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 73 fig., 74. 1860.

Herrnhdauser neue Ochsenherzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.

Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.

Fruit very large, acute-cordate, irregular near the apex; stem long, slender; skin
glossy, brownish-black; flesh dark red, tender, sweet, vinous; stone cordate-oblong; ripens
the middle of July; not very productive.

Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathicu Nom. Pom. 370. 1880.

Mentioned in the reference given.

New Century. P. cerasus X (P. avium X P. cerasus). 1. Texas Nur. Cat. to.
1907.

New Century is thought to be a cross originating in Grayson County, Texas, between

English Morello and some Duke; it was introduced by the Texas Nursery Company.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 301

Tree of the Duke type, upright; fruit medium to above in size; light red; good. The
trees are free from mildew in Texas but do not hold their fruit well.
New Royal. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Nienburger Friihe Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:27.
1858.

Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium length, stout, straight ;
skin yellowish, spotted and streaked; flesh aromatically sweet; pit oval; ripens the middle
of June.

Noble. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 20:576. 1899. 2. Bunyard-Thomas F’r.
Gard. 44. 1904.

This variety is said to resemble May Duke. Fruit large; color deep crimson to darker;
flesh firm, colored, rich; late; productive.

Noire des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:105, 106, fig. 51. 1866-73.

Griotte Noire des Vosges. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 98 fig., 99. 1904.

This old variety is probably a native of eastern France. The fruit is used for con-
fections and liquors. Fruit attached in pairs, medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture
indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; color almost black at maturity;
flesh dark, tender, vinous, acidulated; stone small, oval, obtuse at the apex; ripens late
in July.

Nonpareil. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.

Nonpareil is a black cherry which originated at Vacaville, California.
Norfolk. Species? 1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 87. 1872.

Mentioned as a seedling cherry grown by J. H. Fenno; not described.
Norma. P. avium. 1. Fruit Grower 19:368. 1908.

Norma is a black cherry grown by R. H. Weber, The Dalles, Oregon; it is earlier
than Napoleon.

Northeast. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul. 27:11. 1904.

Northeast is a rather dwarf cherry of the Morello type; very productive. Said to
be valuable as a late market variety but the trees are lacking in vigor and subject to
leaf blight.

Northwest. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76 fig. 16, 88. 1903.

This is one of the varieties originated by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, and first dis-
tributed by Professor J. L. Budd as Wier’s No. 29; the fruit resembles Baldwin. The
American Pomological Society placed Northwest on its fruit catalog in 1899 but dropped
it in 1909. Tree medium in size, resembling English Morello closely both in size and
habit, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, obscurely heart-shaped; stem
long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; skin tough, medium in thickness, dark attractive
red, becoming nearly black; flesh deeply colored, firm, brisk but pleasant acid, mingled
with a slight astringency; good in quality; stone small, roundish; season early.

Occident. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Occident is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook,

302 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Oregon. Fruit heart-shaped, above medium in size, smooth; stem long, slender; cavity

large, regular, deep, flaring, shaded with pink; suture shallow; skin very dark purplish-

red, thick, tenacious; dots numerous, small, russet, indented; flesh dark reddish, translucent,

with white veining, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich; good to very good; season late

in June; a good shipper.

Ohio Beauty. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 19. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
212. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:93 fig. 18, 94, 95. 1866. 4. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 12. 1871.

Bigarreau Bauté de l’Olio. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:177, 178 fig. 1877.

Ohio Beauty probably originated in 1842 with Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio; first disseminated in 1847. The American Pomological Society listed it on its fruit
catalog in 1871 but dropped it in 1895. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive;
fruit medium to large, cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide; stem slender,
long; skin thin, of medium toughness, light yellow overspread with crimson; dots numerous,
light russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet;
good in quality; stone clinging, irregular-ovate; season early.

Okiya. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:176,
PINGS rons

Okiya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum. Fruit roundish, dark
red; flesh green; excellent quality.

Oliver. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895. 2. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 18. 1900.

Oliver is said to be a valuable cherry for home use in Nebraska; slow in coming into
bearing.

Opata. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:173,
174° Pl. 4, 175, 176. 1911.

Opata, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum which was sent out in 1908.
It isa plum in habit of growth, vigorous; foliage large, glossy; fruit one and three-sixteenths
inches in diameter, roundish; skin thin, tender, dark purplish-red with blue bloom; flesh
green, firm; flavor very pleasant combining the sprightly acid of the Sand Cherry
with the rich sweetness of the Gold plum; pit very small; season early, the middle of
August.

Oregon. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150.
1895.

Oregon is a seedling of Napoleon originated by H. W. Prettyman, East Portland,
Oregon, and named by the Oregon Horticultural Society in 1888. W. S. Failing of Port-
land introduced it the same year. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, roundish-
cordate, irregularly flattened along the suture; stem medium in length, stout, set in a deep,
irregular cavity; skin black; flesh firm, very dark, juicy, sweet; later than Napoleon.
Orel. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Maine Pom. Soc. Rpt. 145.

1880.

This name is given to a dwarf cherry similar to Vladimir from Orel, Russia. It has
small leaves and a close habit of growth; comes into bearing when from three to four feet
in height; fruit larger than Montmorency, nearly black when ripe, mildly subacid.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 303

Orel No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:77,
78. 1903.

This variety was imported by Budd but the name was lost. Some believe it to be
Lutovka but as grown at the Iowa Station it is more like Early Morello in form and size
of tree and fruit. Tree smaller and more open than Lutovka; fruit of medium size,
roundish-oblate; cavity deep; stem medium in length, stout; suture a faint line; skin thin,
translucent, cornelian-red; flesh firm, colored, juicy, pleasingly acid; good; pit round,
angular; season the latter part of June.

Orel Sweet. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:549. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910.

Orel No. 26. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888.

Orel Sweet is known in Europe as Lianzkaja Black; it was introduced into America
by Budd as Orel 26; one of the hardiest of Sweet Cherries. Tree large, with a spreading
top; fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; skin thin, tender, dark
red; flesh soft, subacid; pit small, round, stained; ripens the last of July in Washington.
Orleans. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 19. 1906.

Orleans originated in Orleans County, New York. Probably not propagated at pres-
ent, although known to many as an improved Montmorency.

Orléa Smith. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Mentioned but not described.

Osceola. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 200 fig.
1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.

Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, originated the Osceola in 1842, from a
pit of the Yellow Spanish. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1862 but was taken from the list in 1891. Tree round, spreading, hardy, healthy,
productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; stem moderately stout inserted in a deep cavity;
suture deep, broad; color dark purplish-red, inclining to black; flesh dark red, juicy, rich,
sweet; pit medium or small, ovate, rounded; season the last of June and early July.
Ostheim (of Morris). P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 75. 1890.

This is a small, dark colored cherry differing from the Minnesota Ostheim in being later
and slightly inferior in quality. Fruit round, compressed; quality fair, lacking in juiciness;
pit large; ripens about August 6th in Ottawa, Canada.

Othello. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 18096.

One of the Canada Experiment Farm’s seedlings of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry;
fruit large, very black, fair.

Owanka. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:176. IgIt.

Owanka, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum, was discarded soon after
it was sent out because of its bitter skin; tree hardy, productive; fruit one and three-eighths
inches in diameter; apex terminated by a minute prickle; skin dark red, with blue bloom;
flesh yellow.

Ox Heart (of America). P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899.
Major Francis. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.127. 1875. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29. 1910.
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau? 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

304 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This cherry originated with G. W. Walling, Oswego, Oregon, about 1865, and was
renamed in honor of Major Francis of Portland. As yet it is known only in the Northwest.
The fruit is of good quality, attractive color, ripening with Black Tartarian, but is readily
sought by the birds. Tree very large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large, heart-
shaped, dark red; flesh deeply stained with red, juicy, sweet; quality good; too tender
for long shipment; season early.

Pandys Glaskirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.

Listed but not described.

Paramdam. P.cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 308. 1884.

This variety was found nearly a century and a half ago in Paramdam, England. Tree
small; fruit small, round; skin pale red; stem an inch long; flesh pale, tender, lively acid,
agreeable; ripens the last of July.

Parent. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 302. 1890.

Listed in the reference given.

Paretzer Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed in this reference.

Pariser Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 430. 1819. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:160. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 1889.

This cherry is thought by some to be Duhamel’s Griotte but it differs in its more
tender flesh, sweeter taste, and smaller stone.

Parisian Guindoux. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.

Tree moderately large; fruit large, pale red; flesh sweet; excellent; ripens the middle
of June.

Paul. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 185. 1908.

Paul was found by E. V. D. Paul of Ukiah, Oregon; it was propagated and introduced
by the Leonard Coates Nursery Company, Morganhill, California, in 1908. Fruit large,
black, mottled with dark red; late; a good shipper.

Pauline de Vigny. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Peach-Blossomed. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.

An ornamental cherry with rose-colored flowers.

Pease. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86, 87. 1869.

Pease is a black, sweet seedling from Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; flesh purplish, juicy, rich; follows Black Tartarian in
ripening.

Perlkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschen-
sort. 237-242. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 111 fig., 112. 1860. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:25,
26, fig. 13. 1882. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 1880.

This variety is often taken for the Yellow Spanish but is distinct. Tree strong, vig-
orous, productive; fruit usually large, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture distinct;
stem short, shallowly but firmly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish;
flesh moderately tender, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone rather large, elongated-cordate,
nearly free; ripens about the middle of July.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 305

Perlknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 305-308. 1819. 2. Til.
Handb. 129 fig., 130. 1860.

Espagne bigarrée. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.

Perlmarmorkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.

This Bigarreau, though called a Heart by some, should not be confused with Perl-
kirsche. Fruit medium to above, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium short,
shallowly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh firm, fibrous,
juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone medium in size, plump, oval; ripens the last of July to first
part of August.

Petite Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:182 fig., 183, 184, 216. 1866.

This is a small, acid cherry used in northern Germany for wine-making and in the
kitchen. Tree vigorous, small, bushy; fruit small, round; suture indistinct; stem short,
set in a straight, shallow cavity; color dark red changing to black; flesh red, tender, always
acid; pit small, reddish, oval, plump; ripens the fourth week of the season.

Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 1889.

Listed in the reference given.

Pierce Late. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:89, 134. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45.
1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 265. 1857.

This variety originated with Amos Pierce but was introduced by James Hyde and
Son, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree upright, free, round-topped; fruit of medium size,
obtuse-cordate, dark red, mottled with light amber; stem slender, rather short; flesh soft,
tender, very juicy, sweet, rich; stone small; ripens the last of July.

Pink Heart. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854.

Pink Heart is a small, pinkish-red, oval Mazzard; stem short; ripens in July.

Planchoury. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:61, 62, fig.
29. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:374, 375 fig. 1877.

Cerise de Planchourt. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:71, Pl. 1858.

Kirsch von Planchoury. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 1880.

A Dr. Bretonneau grew this variety on his grounds near the River Loire, France.
Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed on the sides, com-
pletely transversed by a suture; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, clear
red changing to darker red, uniform; flesh tinged with red, semi-tender, sugary, juicy,
agreeably acidulated; first quality; stone large, oval, free; ripens early in July.
Plattgedriickte Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

Differs from the English Morello in being more compressed in form.

Plumstone. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Plumstone Morello. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
198 fig. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122120.
1900.

The origin of this variety is unknown but it was found in Virginia early in the Nine-
teenth Century by William Prince who brought it to Flushing, New York. Its name
seems to have arisen from the form of the stone. According to Prince, this variety sur-
passes all of the European Morellos for culinary purposes. Tree vigorous, medium in

20

306 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

size, productive; fruit very large, roundish or inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, rather

slender, straight; skin dark red becoming nearly black; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, highly

flavored, sprightly, with pleasant acidity when fully mature; stone long, resembling a

plum; season late July.

Plymouth Rock. P. avium. 1. Lovett Cat. 25 fig. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169: 200.
1899.

Plymouth. 3. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 102. 1914.

Plymouth Rock is generally believed to have originated with J. H. Black, Hightstown,
New Jersey. Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; fruit above medium in size, heart-
shaped, roundish; skin tender, reddish-amber, with a bright red blush; stem long, slender;
cavity narrow, shallow; flesh rather tender, light colored, juicy; pit round, plump, small;
season early July.

Podiebrad. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858. 3. Til.
Handb. 21 fig., 22. 1867.

Probably a seedling from Podiebrad, Hungary. Tree vigorous, productive, bears
early; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; cavity
wide, moderately deep; skin tender, translucent, sulphur-yellow, nearly entirely washed
and spotted with red; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, without sourness; stone
medium egg-shaped; ripens early in July.

Pointed Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.

This cherry is so named because part of the style becomes hard and ligneous forming
a sharp point at the apex of the fruit. Fruit cordate; color red on a yellow ground; flesh
firm, crisp, rich, tinged with a slight bitterness; early.

Polsted. Species? 1. Jour. Hort. N.S. 242412. 1873.

Polsted received its name from a parish in Suffolk, England, where it was extensively
grown.

Polton Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Pomeranzen. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 479-482. 1819. 2. Doch-
nahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:53. 54. 1858.

Cerise Orange. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.

The name was given this cherry because of the appearance of the tree which resembles
that of the orange. Tree round with a globular head; fruit large, broadly oblate; stem of
medium length, firmly set in a deep cavity; suture a line; skin clear, almost brick-red,
becoming glossy, darker, and transparent with many white spots; flesh clear, tinged red,
with yellowish-white veins, juicy, sweetly acidulated; first quality; stone medium in size,
round, turgid, sharply pointed; ripens the middle of July.

Pontiac. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201 fig.
1854. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 89. 1866.

Pontiac originated in 1842, with Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from
a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, healthy, pro-
ductive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, with sides compressed; stem long, slender,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 307

inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, dark purplish-red, becoming
nearly black at maturity; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, rather tender, juicy,
pleasant, aromatic, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size, smooth, separating
readily from the flesh; ripens in mid-season.

Pope. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.

Some of the fruits of this cherry are green in the middle of July whereas the majority
are quite ripe; introduced into France from Italy. Fruit large, round, red; stem very
long; flesh similar to but more firm than that of the Montmorency.

Portugal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 247. 1817.

Tree productive; fruit cordate, red; flavor rich and pleasant; ripens early in June.

Powhattan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201.
1854. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 67:23. 1890.

This is one of the numerous seedlings originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, from a
pit of Yellow Spanish. Fruit roundish-cordate, uneven in outline, compressed on the
sides; stem medium to long; skin brownish-red, glossy; flesh purplish-red, half-tender,
juicy, sweet; stone small.

Pragische Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Krinitz Enc. 51, 52, 53. 1790. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 398-402. 1810.

Cerise de Prague tardive. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771.

Muscat de Prague. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.

The cherry, introduced into Germany from Holland about 1785 under the name Prager
Muskateller, was undoubtedly the variety mentioned by Knoop in 1771, as Cerise de

ma

Prague Tardive. With this variety three other sorts were confused; the “2rise Blanche,
Cerise Guigne, and the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, but when fruit was ob ‘ned from all,
separation was comparatively easy. Tree very productive; fruit large, glooular; suture a
line; stem rather thick, of medium length; cavity narrow, shallow; skin thin, brownish-red
changing to black; flesh tender, melting, juicy, light red, sweet, wine-like; stone oval or
roundish; ripens the middle of July.
Précoce de Marest. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Of doubtful value according to the reference.
Précoce de Sabaret. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861. 2. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870.
There seem to be several strains of this cherry; it is one of the earliest cultivated
sorts in France, ripening at the beginning of June and lasting a nomth.
President. P.avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1860.
President is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries raised in Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, regular, cordate,
slightly compressed; stem stout, slender; suture indistinct; skin red, slightly mottled with
yellow; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, sweet; good; pit medium in size; ripens
from the middle to the last of June.
Pride of Washington. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Hort. Assoc. Rpt. 95. 10905.
This variety is a seedling of the Late Duke grown by J. F. Strong, Spokane, Washing-
ton. The tree is more productive and less disposed to seaming of limbs where connecting
with the body than its parent and its fruit is also larger, earlier and of better quality.

308 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed but not described.

Prince. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771.

Listed but not described by Knoop.

Prince Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1869.

This variety was originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New York. Tree vig-
orous, upright-spreading; fruit medium to large, cordate, slightly compressed; suture small;
flesh purplish, rather tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; ripens the last of June.
Prince Duke. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man.

23030. 1832.

Prince Duke was raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York, from a seed of Car-
nation which it resembles in tree-characters and in time of ripening. The fruit is red,
more compressed than the parent and possesses the peculiar bitterness of Carnation before
it is full ripe.

Prince Englebert. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 18092.

Listed as grown at the Oklahoma Station.

Prince Royal. Species? I. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
According to Rea, this is a large, late ripe cherry, good to preserve.
Princess. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:302.
1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:75, 76, fig. 38. 1882.
Prinzesskirsche. 4. Christ Worterb. 279. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort.
261, 262. 189.

This is a variegated Heart originating in Germany. Tree of moderate vigor; fruit
medium to large, cordate, sides compressed; apex acutely pointed; suture indistinct; stem
very long; color yellow overlaid with red; flesh tender, juicy, bitterish at first; stone oval;
ripens the fourth week of the season.

Prinzenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802.

Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche incor. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 577-580. 1819.

A Morello cherry of German origin. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture indistinct;
cavity shallow; skin tough, firm, glossy, black; flesh firm, fibrous, dark red, subacid; pit
adherent, almost cordate; ripens at the end of July.

Prédlitzer Elitekirsche. P. avium. 1. Obstztichter 8:Pl. 1910. 2. Ibid. 8:51, 52.
IQIO.

This cherry originated on the estate of Hugo Graf Kalnokyschen in Prodek, Moravia,
Austria. Trees upright when young; fruit large to very large, blackish-brown, obtuse-
cordate; suture distinct; stem long, slender; flesh dark, sweet with a touch of sourness;
ripens in July.

Progress. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
A seedling of Prunus pumila raised by the Manitoba Station.
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
A dark, hard-fleshed cherry mentioned in this reference.
Proudfoot. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854.
This variety was grown by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, spreading,

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 309

moderately productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened at the base; skin dark purplish-red;

cavity open; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.

Puhlmann Friihe. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 2. Proskauer Obst-
Sort. 57. 1907.

Listed as an early black Heart.

Punktirte Marmorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.

Punctirte Stisskirsche mit festem Fleische. 2. Christ Worterb. 281. 1802. 3. Truch-

sess-Heim Kzirschensort. 333-336. 1819.

Bigarreau Ponctué. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:81, 82, fig. 39. 1866-73.

Punktirte Knorpelkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1867.

Tree vigorous, upright; fruit roundish-cordate, large; suture deep; stem long, adhering
to the stone; cavity deep; color yellowish-white overspread with clear red; flesh rather
tender but firm, fibrous, translucent, sweet; pit round, often rather large; ripens at the
end of July.

Punktirte Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858.

Tree very large, branches long; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; color
yellow more or less overspread with red; flesh sweet; stone small, cordate; ripens early
in July.

Purity (I). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177231.
1899.

Purity (I) is a seedling of Elton which originated with W. H. Chapman, Napa, Cali-
fornia, and was propagated by Leonard Coates of that place. Tree upright-spreading,
fairly vigorous; fruit heart-shaped, compressed; suture broad, rather indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin amber, shaded and mottled with bright red, waxy,
transparent, thin; flesh rich, sweet, tender, juicy, melting; very good; season early; rather
too tender for market.

Purity (II). P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 101. 1914.

This is a productive cherry of the Morello class which resembles Dyehouse and ripens
a little earlier than Early Richmond. Tree moderately vigorous, healthy, bears early;
fruit of medium size, roundish; stem long; cavity deep; apex noticeably depressed; skin
very dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid; quality good; season
late June to early July.

Quaker. P.avium. 1. U.S. D.A. Rpt. 262. 1892.

Quaker originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon. Fruit of medium size, heart-
shaped, dark red, almost black; dots numerous; flesh firm, dark purple, sprightly, sweet;
quality very good; season early July. :

Rainier French. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
2:126. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854.

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:163-165, Pl. II. 1768.

5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308. 1819. 6. Pom. France '7:No.7, Pl. 7. 1871.

Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche. '7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340, 683, 684. 1819.

310 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Large Red Bigarreau. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273. 1832. 9. Prince Pom. Man.
2:127. 1832. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:104, 105 fig., 106, 301. 1866.

Red Bigarreau is probably an old French variety. Fruit very large, roundish-cordate,
irregular, swollen on one side; suture distinct; stem slender, long, set in a deep, wide cavity;
color glossy, tough, dark red; flesh firm, sweet, rose-colored especially near the pit, juicy;
pit small, oval, adherent along the suture; ripens in July.

Red Canada. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:72. 1895.

Listed without a description.

Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
2)iT25 LS3i2.

Fruit more oblong than the Early Guigne and somewhat larger; skin entirely red;
flesh soft but not high in quality; ripens in June.

Red Jacket. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202 fig. 1854. 2. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 148,
Pl. 13 fig. 1. 1864. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 204. 1876.

Red Jacket was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from a
pit of Yellow Spanish, crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. It
was formerly grown commercially in this country and Europe because of its productive-
ness and quality. Tree very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive; fruit
large, long, obtuse-cordate; stem rather long, slender; skin thin, pale red becoming rather
bright red; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, pleasant, somewhat astringent until
fully ripe when it becomes sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens in late
mid-season.

Red Muscatel. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
329. 1888.

A variety from North Silesia where it is said to be commonly grown; fruit large, of
good quality.

Red Oranien. P. avium X P.cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 19:551. 18092.

This name has been given by some writers as a synonym of Carnation but Red Oranien
as introduced into America from Russia appears to be distinct and is probably another of
the Duke hybrids. Tree productive; fruit large, dark red, mildly subacid.

Red Rock. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 434. 1905.

Fruit of the Morello type, round; stem long, inserted in a noticeable cavity; skin
clear red; flesh reddish-yellow with colored juice, mild but pleasantly acid, refreshing;
ripens late in July.

Red Russian. Species? 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 237. 1841.

The original name of this variety was lost in importing it from Russia to Brooklyn,
New York, about 1800. Fruit large, dark red, good; productive; ripens in August.
Reichart. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.

Recommended as valuable in Pennsylvania.

Reine-Hortense Hative. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.

A seedling of Reine Hortense introduced in 1873. It resembles the parent in many

respects, differing, however, in earlier ripening and in having red flesh.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK Cpe

Remington. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188. 1845.
Remington Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55.
1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117, 118. 1832.

Remington originated in 1823 from a pit planted by Zachariah Allen, Providence,
Rhode Island. Its only merit is lateness, not ripening until August; fruit small, cordate,
yellow, tinged with red; flesh firm; bears abundantly.

Rentz Morello. P.cerasus. 1. Mo. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 243. 1878.

Mentioned as succeeding fairly well in Missouri.

Resacks Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.

Listed without a description.

Richardson. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 238. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 212.
1854.

Originated in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Boston, Massachusetts. Tree upright,
hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, rather short, tapering to a point; stem short,
slender; skin dark red, inclining to black; flesh deep red, half-tender, rich, luscious, sweet:
ripens the last of June to July.

Richardson Late Black. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842.

Originated in the garden of Dr. William P. Richardson, Salem, Massachusetts. A
small, round, black cherry, ripening late in July; very juicy and productive.
Richter Samling. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1880.

Listed but not described.

Riga No. 108. P.cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891.
Listed among the Russian fruits growing at the Texas Station.
Riga No. 109. P.cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:189. 1897.

Received from Professor J. L. Budd in 1890. Tree upright, unproductive; fruit
borne singly, large; stem short; color dark red; flesh and juice colored, pleasant, but lacking
in quality; ripens the middle of June.

Rival. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 609, 90. 1866.
3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.

Bigarreau Rival. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:236, 237 fig. 1877.

This cherry probably came from M. Rival, Saint-Genis-Laval, Rhéne, France. Fruit
of medium size, borne in clusters, never less than four in a cluster, obtuse-cordate, flattened
on one side; suture a colored line; apex shallow, eccentric; stem long, slender; cavity shallow;
skin moderately firm, yellow, mottled with red becoming darker, nearly black when mature;
ripens the last of July to August.

Rivers Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 2. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 204. 1846.

A seedling raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, which he says origi-
nated about the same time as his Early Amber. The fruit is of the Heart class, medium
in size and season.

Roberts Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
176. 1845. 3. Horticulturist 5:76 fig. 1850. 4. Ibid. 6:21 fig. 1851. 5. Mas
Le Verger 8:119, 120, fig. 58. 1866-73.

312 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

This variety originated with David Roberts, Salem, Massachusetts, and was first
brought to notice by Robert Manning. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly
obtuse; suture distinct; stem long, slender, set in a moderate cavity; skin pale amber over-
spread with pale red, mottled with deeper red and pale amber specks; flesh white, tender,
juicy, sweet, sprightly; season at the end of July.

Rochaline. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911.

Rochaline, a seedling of Napoleon, is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent.
Rock. Species? 1. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688. 2. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754.

Mentioned as a perfumed cherry.

Rockland. Species? 1. Mass. (Hatch) Sta. An. Rpt. 1:33. 1889.

Mentioned as growing at the Massachusetts Station.

Rocky Hill Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 132424. 1847.

A variety originating near Wethersfield, Connecticut, late in the Eighteenth Century.
Rocky Mountain. P. besseyi. 1. Country Gent. 26:238. 1865. 2. Rural N. Y. 52:138,

330, fig. 46. 18093. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 70:261, Pl. x fig. 2. 1894. 4. Storrs &
Harrison Cat. 136 fig. 1896. 5. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:229, 230. 1896.

Rocky Mountain, a variety of Prunus besseyt, is a native of the mountains of Colorado
having been discovered there many years ago. It is chiefly used as a dwarf ornamental,
being adapted to a great variety of soils. Tree small, bushy, averaging about four feet
high, very hardy and productive; fruit ripens after all other cherries are gone, small, variable
in shape, from roundish to nearly oblong; color almost jet black; flavor sweet with some
astringency but edible when fully mature.

Roe. P. avium. 1. Better Fruit 5:No. 11:49. 1911.

Roe is a seedling from Yamhill County, Oregon, being introduced by the Oregon Nur-
sery Company, Salem, Oregon; it is said to resemble Napoleon but is much firmer and later.
Romaine. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.

A variety of doubtful value; ripens in July.

Ronald. Species? 1. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904.

According to the reference, this is a valuable late variety. Tree small, compact;
fruit very large, bright red, transparent; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy.

Roschers Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 1 fig., 2. 1867. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:09,
10, fig. 5. 1882.

A chance seedling found by a peasant, Roschers, near Heidelberg, Baden, Germany.
Fruit medium, oblate-cordate; sides compressed, angular; stem long; cavity wide, deep;
skin tough, black; flesh dark red, juicy, vinous; pit small, oval; ripens very early.

Rose Charmeux. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.

A Polish variety introduced by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa; fruit large, red,
delicate, watery and mild-flavored.

Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 280, 678. 1819. 2. Dochnahl
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.

An old German variety fruiting for the first time in 1815. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
yellow, streaked with red around the cavity; stem long; flesh white, tender, sweet; stone
oval; ripens the last of June.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 313

Rostraver Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886.

This variety was introduced in 1887, by the originators, John R. and A. Murdoch,
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The trees, as grown on the Station grounds, are vigorous,
moderately spreading; fruit large, blunt heart-shaped; suture indistinct; stem long, set
in a large, deep cavity; skin thin, tough, rich yellow, mottled with red, similar to Napoleon;
flesh meaty, firm, white, sweet, moderately juicy; season the middle of July.

Rothe Glanzkirsche. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 490-492, 689. 1819.

Fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; suture distinct; stem slender, of medium length,
set in a shallow cavity; color clear red mixed with darker red, glossy; flesh tender, white,
fibrous; excellent; stone large, oval, smooth; ripens from the end of June to the middle of
July.

Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Kranitz Enc. 58, 59. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 437, 438, 439. 18109.

Herzformige Siissweichsel. 3. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:48. 1858.

Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; skin clear red changing to
darker red, thin, tough; stem medium in length, set in a deep, narrow cavity; flesh tender,
red near the stone, fibrous, vinous; stone broadly oblong, clinging to the flesh; ripens at
the beginning of July.

Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 286, 287. 18109.

Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed on both sides; suture distinct; stem
rather long; cavity shallow; color wholly red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish-white, rather
tender, pleasing; excellent; stone large, cordate, plump; ripens at the beginning of June.
Rothe Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim

Kirschensort. 229-233. 18109.

Cerise de petit-lait rouge. 3. Mortillet Le Certisier 2:302. 1866.

Christ grew this variety from seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany. ‘Tree productive;
fruit of medium size, flattened at the ends and sides; ventral suture distinct; stem rather
long; cavity shallow; skin thin, glossy, overspread with light red, darker in the sun; flesh
tender, light yellow, juicy, bitter before ripe, sweet when mature; stone roundish, free,
tinged with red along the suture; ripens with Black Tartarian.

Rothe Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 294. 1802.
Soodamarelle. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 632-634. 1819. 3. Thomas Giude
Prat. 27, 206. 1876.

The fruit is borne in twos and threes, below medium in size, roundish, compressed on
one side; apex shallow; stem long; color dull blood red, lighter near the suture; flesh melting,
dull yellow; juice reddish, abundant, tart; stone small, broad, free.

Rouaanse Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340. 1819.

A Heart cherry, clear, light red spotted with red in color; flesh firm.
Rouge Pale Tardive. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Rouge des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:107, 108, fig. 52. 1866-73. 2. Soc.
Nat. Hort. France Pom. too fig., 101. 1904.
Cultivated in the region of Fougerolle, Haute-Saéne, France, as the Noire des Vosges

314 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

and largely used in the manufacture of a liqueur. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large,
elongated-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark
red; flesh yellowish, tender, sprightly; stone small, roundish, with a small point at the
apex; ripens the last half of July.
Round Sweet. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.

Mentioned in this reference.
Royal American. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.

Tree strong in growth; fruit large; skin light red becoming darker in the sun; flesh
yellowish-white, firm, juicy, agreeable; ripens in July.

Royal Hatif. P.avinm. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.

Tree very productive, of medium size; fruit large, compressed at the apex and base;
stem green, short, often with stipules; flavor sweet; very good; ripens at the end of May.
Rumsey. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122. 1900.

Rumsey's Late Morello. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. to9 fig. 1845.

This very late cherry was grown by Dr. J. S. Rumsey, Fishkill Landing, New York,
about 1835. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem
long; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, a rich, lively red; flesh juicy, melting, acid; stone
long; ripens from the first part of August until frosts.

Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche. P. avinm. 1. Christ Worterb. 280. 1802. 2. Truch-
sess-Heim Kirschensort. 336, 683. 1819. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 382. 1881.
4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 375. 1889.
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6
higeireNn 702)

Runde Marmorirte Stsskirsche is one of the varieties which has been confused with
Napoleon and Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate, slightly compressed; suture shallow; stem long; cavity shallow, wide, depressed
on the ventral side; skin yellow, streaked, dotted and overlaid with red — the amount
depending on the exposure to the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, medium firm, juicy, very sweet,
sprightly, excellent; stone ovate to oval; matures usually with Napoleon.

Rupert. P. pumila X P.? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 435. 1901.

Mentioned in this reference as being a cross between the Prunus pumila, the Sand
Cherry, and a plum.

Rupp. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40, Pl. 3. 1895. 2. Mich.
Sta. Bul. 187:62. 1901.

Rupp is supposed to have originated with Solomon Rupp, York County, Pennsylvania.
It was sent to several Experiment Stations for testing by the United States Department
of Agriculture. As grown at the Michigan and Geneva Stations it cannot be distinguished
from Reine Hortense and we are inclined to believe that the old variety has been over-
shadowed by a new name.

Russian Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 103. 1914.

Russian 207. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 18090.

Tree upright, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, round, flattened at the base; stem
long; skin bright red; juicy; fair quality; ripens the first of August.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 315

Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169, 199. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:80, 81. 1903.

These seedlings were grown at the Iowa Experiment Station from selected seeds of
Russian varieties. They show every variation from a low, compact, spreading tree to
a tall, conical one, while the fruit varies in season from early June to late July.

Russie a Fruit Blanc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Ryley Black Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

Listed in the reference given.

Sadchsische Friihe Maikirsche. Species? 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.

Listed without a description.

Sacramento. Species? 1. Green River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.

This is a productive variety, resembling May Duke, found near Sacramento, Kentucky.
Saint-Laurent. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Sansoto. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. to, Pl. 11, 18s.
IQIt.

Sansoto is a cross from the South Dakota Experiment Station between the Sand
Cherry and the De Soto plum. In growth the tree resembles that of the plum but the
fruit in looks and flavor is more like the Sand Cherry. Fruit is round, about three-
eighths inch in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh
yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.

Sapa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl.9. 1908. 2. Ibid. 130:176,
ya) Jel Gis aero, Sado

Sapa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was introduced in
1908 by the South Dakota Station. Tree plum-like in habit; fruit-buds numerous; fruit
about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin glossy, dark purple; flesh rich, dark
purple; season extremely early.

Sappington. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 2:282. 1903.

Grown about St. Louis, Missouri, where it originated. The tree resembles Mazzard
in growth, vigor and productiveness; fruit sweet; early.
Sauerjotte. P.cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.

Listed as a variety of doubtful value.

Saure Herzkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obsthdume 161. 17091.

Described as a black, Sour Cherry of the first rank, with tender flesh and excellent juice.
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. I/l. Handb. 91 fig., 92. 1860.

Bigarreau de Sauvigny. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:302. 1866.

Dure de Sauvigny. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

Fruit large, elongated, obtuse-cordate, compressed more strongly upon the side showing
a suture; stem variable, usually of medium length; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, dark
brownish-red, mottled with lighter red; flesh very firm, dark red, juicy; quality very good;
pit small, oval, acutely-pointed at the apex, free; ripens in late July.

316 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Scharlachkirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 669. 17097.

This variety is supposed by some to be May Duke. Usually borne in twos and threes;
fruit medium in size; stem above medium in length, slender; suture indistinct; ripens
the latter part of June.

Schleihahn Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Press Bul. 28:1911.

Bigarreau de Schleihahn. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.

A variety of German origin, introduced into Iowa about 1892 and described as
a desirable variety for that State by the Iowa Agricultural College. It follows Early
Richmond and has a long season. Tree productive, hardy for a sweet variety; fruit of
medium size, cordate, sides flattened; stem long, slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity;
skin firm, glossy, surface often pitted; dots numerous, obscure; suture often lacking;
color bright deep red, becoming dark red or black; flesh dark red, very firm, moderately
juicy, sweet; good; pit above medium in size, pointed, oval, turgid, nearly free; season
at Ames, Iowa, from June 2oth to July rst.

Schléssers Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910.
2. Pom. Inst. Reut. 31. 1911-12.

Tree vigorous; fruit large, round, dark brownish-red, similar to the Brusseler Braune
but larger; sour.

Schmehls. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

Tree vigorous; fruit large obtuse-cordate; skin mottled with yellow and pale red;
flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing; ripens the middle of July.

Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.

Tree vigorous; fruit large, nearly round; skin dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet;
season late June.

Schmidt Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergdnzungsband 603. 1883.

F. Schmidt, Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, grew this variety. Tree fruitful and succeeds
in all soils; fruit large, abruptly cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity
wide, deep; color glossy dark brown changing to black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; good;
stone medium, roundish; early.

Schneeberger Kirsche. Species? 1. Obstztichter 8:52. 1910.

This is a market cherry grown about Vienna, Austria, ripening about the middle
of July and lasting for a month. Some fruits are round, others cordate, depending on the
altitude in which it is grown; stem slender; color black; flesh moderately firm, adhering
to the pit.

Schneider Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.

Guigne-hative de Schneider. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.

Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, truncate; skin a brilliant brownish-
black; flesh firm; of first quality; matures early in June.

Schneider Spéte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370, 371. 188t.
2. Lauche Deut. Pom. IlI:No. 8, Pl. 1882.

Origin, Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large,
oval, often cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, inserted in a wide,
deep cavity; skin glossy, cherry-red changing to dark brown, with numerous flecks; flesh

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 317

firm, yellowish, sweet, with slightly colored juice; stone elongated-ovate, large, plump;
late.
Schone von Briigge. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1880.

Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Listed but not described in the reference given.

Schéne von Marienhohe. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1860. 2. Proskauer
Obstsort. 57. 1907.

Belle glorie de Marie. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:300. 1866.

Belle de Marienhohe. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 187. 1876.

Beauty of Marienhohe. 5. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.

This old variety originated in 1836 from pits planted in the Royal nursery of Marien-
hohe near Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Germany. Trees strong, healthy and productive;
fruit medium in size, heart-shaped, often variable; sides plump; cavity noticeable; apex
a small yellowish-brown point in a slight depression; stem slender, green; skin thin, glossy,
reddish-black; flesh and juice dark red, tender, sweet; quality very good; pit egg-shaped,
smooth without a point, turgid; ripens the first of July.

Schrécks Spate Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43.
1858.

Fruit large, elongated-cordate, compressed, often uneven; suture noticeable; stem
long, slender; skin dark red, variegated; flesh firm, vinous, sweet; stone elongated-cordate,
adherent; ripens at the end of July.

Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Krinitz Enc. 70, 71. 1790. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 593, 594. 1819.

Tree productive, not large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened; stem very long,
set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark brownish-black becoming almost black;
flesh very red, melting, juicy, sour; stone reddish, one-half inch long; ripens early in August.
Schwarze Maiweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 285. 1802. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr.

Obstkunde 3:58. 1858.

Schwarze Maikirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 498, 499, 500. 1819.

This variety differs from other Morellos in its very short stem. Tree small, not
productive; fruit usually small, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem short; color
black when ripe; flesh dark red, juice lighter, sour, becoming aromatic on hanging; stone
very small, round; ripens the middle of June.

Schwarze Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 419, 420, 421. 18109.

Fruit round, somewhat flattened on one side; stem short; skin and flesh dark red;
flesh soft, juicy, mingled with a slight sourness; ripens the latter part of July.

Schwarze Oranienkirsche. Species? 1. Kritnitz Enc. 56. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 432. 1819.

Schwarze Malvasierkirsche. 3. Ibid. 433, 434. 1810.

Fruit large, pitch-black, aromatic; from Holland.

Schwarze Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 286. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 556, 557. 18109.

318 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Branches slender, drooping; fruit of medium size, oblate, sides flattened; stem slender;
cavity shallow; suture a fine line; color almost black; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, dark
red at the stone, juicy, pleasingly subacid; stone small, roundish; season the middle of
July.

Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 198, 199,
200, 675. 1819.

Of German origin and first mentioned in 1797. Fruit moderately large, uneven,
flattened at the base and sides; stem slender, rather long, deeply inserted; skin brownish-
red approaching black, tough, leather-like; flesh firm, sweet, with violet juice when ripe;
ripens early in August.

Schwarzes Taubenherz. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 147, 148. 1810.

This variety is peculiar in that its stem is green and its fruit has a deep suture on
the compressed side; skin very dark brown; flesh tender, soft, bitter, sweet when fully
ripe but insipid; ripens early in July.

Sebril. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:192. 1808.

Listed as a Sweet Cherry.

Seckbacher. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 167-174. 1819. 2. Ill.
Handb. 475 fig., 476. 186r.

Spate Matkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.

Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858.

Cerise de Seckbach. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:55, 56, fig. 28. 1882.

This variety probably originated in Prussia, Germany. Fruit small, round or cordate,
compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, shallowly inserted; color glossy, black, lighter
along the suture; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, aromatic, piquant; stone large; ripens the
middle of June.

Seederberger. P. avium. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.

Listed as a sweet variety from Virginia and said to resemble Yellow Spanish but
the fruit is larger and the tree more vigorous.

Select Beauty. Species? 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.

A large, red, well-flavored cherry with a long stem; not very productive; ripens in
July.

Shadow Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:82 fig. 1903.
Friuhe Schattenmorelle. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.
Schatten Amarelle. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329.
1885. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:126. 10900.
Shadow Morello. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 8. Lucas Handb. Obst. 3rd Ed.
22 eLOOs

Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, in 1893, imported this variety from south-central
Asia. It is very similar to the Brusseler Braune and Lucas gives it as the same. Whether
or not they are identical we cannot determine, as the variety is not grown on the Station
grounds. The name Schatten is derived from the mirror-like reflection of the glossy skin
when exposed to the sun. From the description it seems to differ from the Brusseler

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 319

Braune in being smaller in size, not so globular, nor as dark in color, a few days earlier,
and the tree is more spreading in growth.
Shailer. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.

A yellowish-red, hard-fleshed Heart cherry of inferior quality; ripens in July.
Shannon. P.cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202, 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853.

Shannon Morello. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, gt. 1866.

Gov. Shannon. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 33. 1873.

Shannon was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, 1829, and described
in 1849, being named after Wilson Shannon, once Governor of Ohio. It sprung from
a Morello tree standing near a Carnation cherry tree and bears fruit of the Morello type.
Tree very hardy; fruit above medium in size, globular, flattened at the base; stem long,
slender; cavity open; flesh tender, reddish-purple, juicy, acid; pit small.

Shelton. P. avium. 1. Milton Cat. 10. 1911.

Shelton is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Judge William Shelton of Walla Walla,
Washington. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright; fruit smaller than Napoleon; skin pale
yellow with a red cheek; flesh sweet, tender, juicy; ripens two weeks before Napoleon.
Short-stem May. Species? 1. Continental Plant Cat. 22. 1914.

Merely listed as an old, well-known, productive cherry.

Shubianka. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2.JIa. Sta. Bul.
73:83. 1903.

Shubianka is an inferior small-fruited cherry of the Vladimir family imported from
Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree dwarf, round-topped; fruit
small, round; stem long, slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin tough, thick, deep red; flesh
firm, juicy, colored, sprightly, astringent with a bitter after-taste; stone round, rather
large; season at the end of June; worthless.

Sibrel. P. cerasus. 1. Greening Bros. Cat. 74 fig. 1899.

Sibrel is of the Morello type and originated at Bettsville, Ohio; distinguished for
its productiveness, lateness, size and quality.

Silver Thorne. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83. 1903.

Silver Thorne is supposed to have originated in Muscatine County, Iowa, about
sixty years ago. It resembles Early Richmond in tree and fruit but the cherries have
firmer flesh and are less acid.

Skublics Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Mentioned in the reference given.

Sleinhaus. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.

Small Black Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.

This cherry differs from Black Guigne in being shorter and inferior in quality.
Small Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822.

A cherry from Salem County, New Jersey; the fruit has a lively acid taste.
Smidt Yellow. Species? 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 669. 1897.

A good, early, prolific, southern variety. Fruit medium in size, yellow, mottled
with red.

320 THE CHERRIES OF NEEW YORK

Socsany. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.

Socsany was received from Hungary by the United States Department of Agriculture in
1893 and was sent to C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon, for testing. Fruit small, smooth,
cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity medium in size, irregular, flaring;
skin thick, tenacious, yellow, well covered with red, with numerous, subcutaneous, oblong
dots; flesh yellowish, translucent, meaty, with whitish veins, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone
large, oval, clinging; very good; season the first of July.

Soft-stone Cherry. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832.

Soft Sheld. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.

Cerise @ Noyau tendre. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175. 1768.

Many writers mention a seedless cherry but Duhamel doubts its existence. He does,
however, describe one with a tender, ligneous pit that is easily broken by the fingers. The
fruit is round, almost an inch in diameter and very good.

Souths Breite Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164. 1810.
2. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.

A large, black, glossy Heart cherry.

Souvenir d’Essonnes. P. avium. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:100, 110, fig. 53. 1866-73.

This cherry was obtained by M. Courtin, a nurseryman at Essonnes, Seine-et-Oise,
France, about 1860. Fruit of medium size, oval, slightly compressed; suture indistinct;
stem medium; cavity of medium size, regular; skin tender, mottled on a red ground; flesh
whitish, tender, sweet though sprightly; pit small, oval; ripens the middle of June.
Spanische Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. IIl. Handb. 149 fig., 150. 1860.

Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbaume 160. 1791.

Schwarze Spanische Frihkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 4. Christ Worterb.

282. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 410-413. 1819.
Précoce d’Espagne. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:73, 74, fig. 35. 1866-73. 7. Thomas
Guide Prat. 16, 204. 1876.

Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture wide, deep, often
only a line on the dorsal side; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; skin
glossy, tough, deep red changing to black; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a pleasing sour-
ness, brownish-red; pit elongated-oval, not plump, rather smooth; season the middle of June.
Spanische Friihweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Christ Worterb.

289. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 500, 501, 502. 1819.

Griotte Précoce d’Espagne. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:41, 42, fig. 19. 1866-73.

Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, truncate
at the base; suture marked on the side most compressed; stem long, moderately stout,
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, purplish-brown, changing to black, some-
what lighter near the suture; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, with a pleasing acidity; first
quality; stone small, roundish-oval, apex pointed; season the last of June
Spanische Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 503 fig., 504. 186r.

Grosse Spanische Weichsel ? 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.

Transparente d’Espagne. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:101, 102, fig. 49. 1866-73.

Fruit large, oblate, compressed on the dorsal side; suture lacking; stem rather long;

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 321

cavity deep; color dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, acidulated; stone small, nearly
round; ripens from the middle to the end of June.
Spanish Griotte. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:136. 1832.

Prince believed this variety to be a sub-variety of Arch Duke which it resembles.
The fruit is larger than the Arch Duke, oblong, somewhat flattened along the sides; stem
very large, of medium length; skin brownish-red approaching black; flesh red, firm,
slightly melting, sweet; ripens at the beginning of July.

Spatbliihende Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und rothlich marmorirte Frucht. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:7, Tab 17 fig. 2. 1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 477-479, 690. 1819.

Fruit of medium size; stem long, slender; color red; flesh pleasingly subacid; ripens
the middle of July; blooms very late.

Spate Maulbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 276. 1802. 2. Ill. Handb. 75
fig., 76. 1860.

Spate Maulbeerherzkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 135-140. 1819.

Guigne mitre de Paris. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:83, 207. 1866.

Tree vigorous, with a broad crown, productive; fruit variable in size, flattened some-
what squarely; stem long, stout, straight; cavity wide, shallow; skin tough, black, rather
dull; flesh tender, reddish-black, with abundant, colored juice, sweet with a piquant sour-
ness; pit round; season the last of July.

Spate Rote Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 378. 1880.

Listed without a description.

Spate Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truch-
sess-Heim Kzirschensort. 605, 606. 1819.

This variety was found in Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany. Tree medium in height,
with branches drooping; fruit large, dark brownish-red; very sour; stone very long; ripens
in September with a few fruits remaining until October.

Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 43 fig., 44. 1867.

Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, angular; suture but a line; stem rather long;
cavity shallow; skin glossy, dark red, becoming black, streaked; flesh dark red, firm, sweet,
aromatic, with a slight bitterness; stone oval; ripens in late August.

Spate Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 664. 1797.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 152, 153. 1819.

This variety is distinguished from all others of its class by its soft, tender stone; it
differs from the Soft-stone Cherry in shape. Fruit elongated, tapering-cordate; skin glossy,
dark brown, changing to black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, aromatic; stone medium
in size, flattened, often abortive, with a thin covering over the kernel easily broken by
the hand; ripens in late August.

Speckkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 665. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen-
sort. 287-289. 18109.

Cerise Graisseuse. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:303. 1866.

Cerise Lard. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:81, 82, fig. 41. 1882.

This cherry is sometimes mistaken for Corone. It differs from other Bigarreaus

21

322 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

in its variable form. Tree productive; fruit medium to large; stem rather long, set in

a shallow cavity; color dark red with lighter red flecks; flesh firm, pale yellow, subacid;

stone rather large, nearly free; ripens the middle of July.

Spitzens Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 160, 161, 673. 1819.
2. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1860. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866. 4. Thomas
Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876.

Guigne noire Spitz. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:333 fig. 1877.

Bigarreau noire de Spitz. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Spitzens Herzkirsche is a seedling found in Guben, Prussia, Germany, about 1790.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, compressed;
suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin glossy, tender, dark reddish-brown changing
to black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, tender, fibrous, sweet, aromatic when fully
ripe; stone of medium size, plump, oval, slightly adherent; season late.

Srdcovka v Skalka. P. avium. 1. Obstztichter 8:51. 1910.

A Heart cherry found in the markets of Brann, Moravia, Austria.

Stanapa. P. pumila X P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 1302190, 191. 1911.

Stanapa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi, interesting only
because of its beautiful purple foliage.

Standard. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.

Standard is a seedling of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, grown by the Experiment
Station at Manitoba, Canada; fruit large, astringent.

Starr Prolific. Species? 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1804.

Mentioned as growing on the grounds of L. Woolverton, Grimsby, Ontario, Canada.
Strass Early Black. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 473. 1869.

2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:996. 1908.

Many writers believe Strass Early Black to be Reine Hortense. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive; fruit small, partly cordate, flattened on one side; stem of medium length, set in a
shallow cavity; skin dark red becoming almost black; flesh reddish-pink, rather soft, sweet,
with pinkish juice; stone large.

Strauss. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122127. 1900.
Strauss Weichsel. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11.
1892.

This is not the Strauss Weichsel of Europe but one of Budd’s importations. Tree
upright, hardy, round-topped, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium to large, truncate,
flattened at both ends; cavity medium; apex smooth; stem short, slender; flesh dark red
almost black, firm, juicy, sprightly, acid, astringent; stone small, round; season the last
of June.

Strauss Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 502-505. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:59. 1858.
4. Ill. Handb. 81 fig., 82. 1867.

Tree dwarfish, unproductive; fruit on a single stem but several come out of one bud
and the buds are closely set; fruit large, flattened at both ends; apex slightly rounded;
stem long, thin, straight; color brownish-black; flesh tender, dark red, with abundant,
colored juice; quality good; ripens the middle of June.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 323

Striker. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.

Striker is a seedling of Napoleon grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit
large, cordate; cavity wide, deep, flaring, pink; stem of medium length, slender; suture
shallow; skin thick, tender, glossy, yellow, washed and mottled with red; dots minute,
russet, elongated; flesh yellowish, translucent, fibrous, firm, juicy, mild, sprightly; very
good; pit of medium size, oval, semi-clinging; season the last of June to early July.
Striped-Leaved. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.

Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis. 2. Miller Gard. Dict. 121754.

Cultivated as an ornamental.

Stuart. P. avium.

Stuart originated from nursery-sown pits and was propagated by C. W. Stuart of
Newark, New York, who sent trees to this Station for testing in 1900. Tree of medium
size, vigorous, productive; fruit large, cordate or inclined to conic, compressed; suture
indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide, obtuse; skin thin, tender; color light red
over a yellowish background changing to dark, glossy red; flesh whitish, juicy, tender,
meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season.

Sucrée Léon Leclerc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 206. 1876

Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict.

Pom. 5:339, 340 fig. 1877.

Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.

This variety originated with Léon Leclerc of Laval, Mayenne, France, about 1853.
Tree small, productive; fruit of medium size, borne in twos or threes, cordate-ovoid; stem
long, slender, inserted in a cavity of medium size; skin deep rose-carmine; flesh whitish,
semi-tender, very sugary, aromatic; pit medium in size, elongated-oval; ripens about the
end of June.

Summit. P. avium.

Summit is a seedling sent this Station by Isaiah Lower, Barberton, Ohio. According
to Mr. Lower, the tree is vigorous and bears large, dark red cherries, very rich in juice and
of a pleasing taste.

Siisse Amarelle. P.cerasus. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 1. 1792. 2. Truch-
sess-Heim Kzirschensort. 618,619. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 89 fig.,90. 1867. 4. Ober-
dieck Obst-Sort. 356, 357. 188t.

Spate Amarelle incor. 5. Christ Worterb. 294. 1802.

This variety is probably of French origin. Tree medium in height, bushy, productive;
fruit large, flattened on both ends and on one side giving it a four-angled appearance; stem
short, stout; cavity flat, shallow; apex slightly depressed; suture short, slightly prominent;
skin dark red, thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh tender, juicy, white,
sweet; stone large, thick, round, free; season the middle of June.

Siisse Friihherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 154, 155, 672.
1819.

Fruit rather small, round, compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender;
color dark brown, becoming black; flesh tender, sweet, piquant; stone large, adherent;
season the end of June.

324 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Siisse Friihweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 536-538. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 379. 1889.

Cerise Hative. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:23, 24, fig. 10. 1866-73.

This cherry should not be confused with the dark-fleshed variety, Griotte Douce
Précoce. Branches long, flexible; fruit usually borne in twos or threes, of medium size,
roundish, flattened; suture rather distinct; stem short, set in a large cavity; skin tender,
clear red becoming darker; flesh whitish, mild; stone small, roundish; ripens early in June.
Siisse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim

Kirschensort. 111-115. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:19. 1858.

Fruit round, medium in size; suture indistinct; skin black; flesh dark red, piquant;
stone small, plump, roundish, adherent along the suture; season the middle of June to
July.

Siisse Spanische. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 233-235. 1819.
2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 206. 1876.

Douce d’Espagne. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:21, 22, fig. 11. 1882.

This cherry was sent out by Pastor Winter of Germany in 1796 as a seedling of White
Spanish. Fruit above medium to large, cordate; sides compressed and marked by
a suture; stem rather long, slender, set in a narrow cavity; skin dull yellow, spotted with
red, often dull; flesh whitish-yellow with a reddish tinge near the skin, tender, sweet;
stone small, broadly cordate, adherent; season late.

Siisskirsche mit Gefurster Bluthe. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Sweedish. P. avium. 1. Cultivator N.S. '7:270. 1850.

Sweedish is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s varieties, possibly identical with White
Heart. Its strikingly rugose or wrinkled surface distinguishes it from other cherries.
Sweet Montmorency. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees

Am. 193 fig. 1845.

Allen’s Sweet Montmorency. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:183. 1847.

The fruit of this variety resembles Montmorency in external appearance but it is of
a sweet, delicate flavor and the growth and habit of the tree is that of a Heart. Probably
it is a hybrid between a Heart and a Morello or Montmorency. It was raised by J. F.
Allen, Salem, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading; fruit rather small,
nearly round; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin pale amber in the shade,
deep orange in the sun, becoming darker, and mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, sweet, high quality; stone small, round, slightly adherent; season the last of July
to August.

Sweet Morello. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Tarascon Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 5 fig., 6. 1867.
Guigne de Tarascon. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:59-61, fig. 4, 219. 1866. 3. Thomas
Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:336, 337 fig. 1877.

Tarascon Kirsche originated in Bouches-du-Rhéne, France. Tree of medium height,

moderately vigorous; fruit rather large, usually attached by fours, obtuse-cordate, surface

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 325

irregular; suture indistinct; stem rather slender, medium in length; cavity often shallow;

skin glossy, changing to nearly black; flesh colored, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens late in

June.

Tardive d’Avignon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:153, 154 fig. 39, 155. 1866.
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:395, 396 fig. 1877.

This variety is grown at Avignon, Vaucluse, France. Tree vigorous, large; fruit
usually attached in pairs, of medium size, compressed at the base, mamelon at the apex;
suture indistinct; stem very long, slender, set in a broad, shallow cavity; apex prominent;
skin thin but firm, dark glossy red, never becoming black, easily detached from the pulp;
flesh clear blood-red netted with white, tender, juicy, sweet, with pronounced acidity;
first quality; pit small, roundish, moderately grooved; matures at the beginning of July.
Tardive de Brederode. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.

Leaves and flowers described.

Tardive Noire d’Espagne. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Tardive de Peine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Tecumseh. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168.
1853. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:65, 66, fig. 33. 1882.

Tecumseh was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit
of Yellow Spanish, probably fertilized by Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke.
Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-
cordate, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture; stem long, moderately thick; skin thin,
tender, deep reddish-purple changing to purplish-black, glossy, sometimes mottled with
red; flesh reddish-purple, rather tender, very juicy, sweet yet sprightly but not high
flavored; quality good; stone medium in size, smooth, round, slightly elongated; ripens
from the middle to the end of July.

Temple. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.

Temple is a large Duke, subacid in flavor, ripening about June roth. Tree an upright
grower.

Terry. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1897. 2. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 122122.
1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:283. 1903.

Terry Early. 4. Stark Bros. Cat. 21. 1910.

Terry was probably imported by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from Russia. Tree
moderately upright, hardy; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened laterally; suture
indistinct; stem medium long; cavity shallow; skin tough, slightly astringent, deep red;
flesh meaty, subacid, colored; stone small, roundish; ripens the middle of June.

Thirty Day. Species? 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1890.

Thirty Day is said to ripen thirty days from the time of blossoming. It was grown
by a Mr. Irwin of Fairfield County, Ohio; fruit large and of excellent quality.
Thompson. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 18809.

Thompson is a seedling of Black Tartarian, which it closely resembles, from Napa
County, California. Tree hardier and the fruit firmer than Black Tartarian.

326 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Thranen Muskatellerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 2. Truchsess-

Heim Kirschensort. 174-177. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.

Bigarreautier a rameaux pendants. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 4:85, 86, Pl. 1856. 5. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 53233 fig., 234. 1877.

Muscat des Larmes. 6. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866.

This old variety is said to have been introduced into Germany and France from the
Island of Minorca in the Mediterranean. The branches very soon take on a drooping
habit whence its name; leaves long and narrow, peach-like; fruit large, often borne in
pairs, flattened at the stem as well as at the sides, marked by a suture; skin dark brownish-
red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy; excellent; stone plump, oval; ripens the middle of July.
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Az7rschensort. 254, 255.

1819. 2. Dochnahl Frihr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 103 fig., 104.
1860.

Guigne de Tilgener. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:302. 1866.

Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener? 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree large, productive;
fruit above medium in size, cordate; suture shallow; stem medium to above in length,
rather deeply inserted; color yellowish, spotted and streaked with red often becoming
wholly red; flesh pale white, juicy, tender, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; stone oval,
acutely pointed, plump, grooved; ripens at the end of June.

Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 33 fig., 34. 1867.
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 1880.

Bigarreau noir de Tilgner. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:230 fig. 1877.

Another seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, originating about 1852. Tree
vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit usually borne in threes, very large, obtuse-cordate,
often pointed, compressed; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a deep, rather wide
cavity; skin moderately tender, glossy, black when ripe; flesh rather tender, dark red,
aromatic, pleasing; stone of medium size, oval; season late.

Tobacco-Leaved. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man..2:122, 123. 1832.

Ounce. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1620.

Cerise a Feutlles bigarrées. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.

Four to the Pound. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kzrschensort. 267-277. 1819. 5. Lond.

Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Achte (Sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
283, 284, 679. 18109.

Bigarreautier a grandes feuilles. 7. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. ro, Pl. 1846.

Gross blattrige Molkenkirsche. 8. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:31. 1858.

Bigarreau a Feuilles de Tabac. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:201 fig., 202, 203, 204. 1877.

The foliage is an object of curiosity in this variety, the leaves often measuring a foot
in length and from five to eight inches in width. The fruits are rather below medium
in size. The young shoots present a much undulated appearance. The variety is
evidently of English origin, being mentioned in 1629, by Parkinson. Fruit below
medium in size, heart-shaped; stem long, slender; skin tender, glossy, yellow overspread

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 327

with red; flesh firm, transparent, juicy, rich, sweet; stone of medium size, ovate; ripens
early in August.
Toctonne Précoce. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.

The fruit is not described.

Tokeya. P. pumila X P. simoniti. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl. 4. 10908. 2. Ibid.
130:188 Pl. 13, 189. tort.

Tokeya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Simon plum and was introduced
as South Dakota No. 7 by the South Dakota Station. The early fruiting and the dwarfing
habit of the Sand Cherries are very evident; fruit one and three-eighths inches in
diameter, flat, dark red; flesh green, sprightly subacid, intermediate between that of the
two parents; of good quality; pit very small.

Tomato. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.

Pomme-d’Amour. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 203. 1876.

Love Apple. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881.

Tomato is a Duke cherry of Spanish origin. Fruit large, roundish-oblate, often
depressed or tomato-shaped; suture shallow; apex a dot; stem long, slender, set in a large,
broad, moderately deep cavity; skin yellowish, shaded with red; flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, sprightly subacid; quality very good; ripens early in July.

Toronto. Species? 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales
19:998. 10908.

Tree upright, fairly vigorous, productive; fruit borne in twos and threes, small,
cordate, flattened on the sides, dark red; flesh and juice dark red, soft.

Toupie. P. avwum. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:17, 18, fig. 9.
1882.

Kretselkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 25 fig., 26. 1867.

Bigarreau Toupie. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:246, 247 fig. 1877.

A peculiar top-shaped fruit raised by M. Denis Henrard of the University of Liege,
Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, elongated, pointed-cordate,
sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem moderately long, slender, often curved,
inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin pale red becoming darker; flesh half-tender,
juicy, dark red where exposed, sweet, acidulated; pit large, oval, tapering toward the apex,
plump; ripens at the last of June.

Townsend. P. cerasus.

Townsend is a strong, vigorous, productive cherry grown by W. P. Townsend, Lock-
port, New York. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a high shoulder, compressed; suture
distinct; stem long, rather slender, set in a broad, somewhat deep cavity; skin light amber,
mottled and shaded with carmine; flesh almost tender, juicy, sprightly, refreshing; pit
small; ripens late in June.

Transparent. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.

Transparent was grown by M. De Jonghe of Brussels, Belgium, from seed of Mont-
morency. Fruit above medium in size, oblate, with a faint suture which is distinctly
marked at the apex; skin pale red, thin, transparent, showing the fibrous flesh beneath;
flesh tender, melting, sweet, delicious.

328 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Transparent Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:119. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845.

Jahns Durchsichtige. 4. Ill. Handb. 143 fig., 144. 1860.

Transparent de Jahn. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:65, 66, fig. 31. 1866-73.

This is a European cherry formerly grown to some extent in America. Tree moder-
ately vigorous, erect at first; fruit small, borne in pairs, regular, oval-cordate; stem rather
long, inserted in a narrow cavity; suture a wide, dark line; skin thin, glossy, pellucid,
showing the stone, yellowish-white, blotched with fine red; flesh yellowish-white, with
a reddish cast, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, oval, free; ripens late in
June.

Transparente de Meylan. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.

Fruit large, round, transparent; flesh delicate, fine, acid at first becoming sugary;
ripens at the end of May.

Transparente de Rivers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 207. 1876.

This is an English variety introduced into France about 1865. Fruit large, spherical,
depressed, with a spotted rose-carmine color; flesh firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated;
first quality; ripens early in July.

Transparente de Siebenfreund. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 2. Guide
Rratetr ) 1805.

A large, beautiful cherry ripening the last of June from M. Siebenfreund, a druggist
at Tyrnau, northwestern Hungary.

Triomphe de Fausin. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206,
676, 677. 1819.

Guigne Troprichtz. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:340, 341 fig. 1877.

An old German variety. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin clear red becoming more
intense; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic; of good quality; ripens early in June.

Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 18809.

Listed but not described.

Tubbs. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:86. 1903.

Tubbs originated in Iowa City, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate;
stem long, rather stout, inserted in a deep, narrow opening; suture very indistinct; apex
convex; skin thick, dark red; flesh colored, crisp, meaty, slightly acid, juicy; quality very
good; stone small, round; ripens late in June.

Tiirkine. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
265-267. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. tog fig., t10. 1860.

Christ once labeled the Flamentiner, Tiirkine, which has given rise to some con-
fusion. The true Turkine was sent out by Sello as Runde Weisse Spate Kirsche. Tree
not very vigorous or productive; fruit of medium size, very broad, cordate; suture
indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity variable; skin spotted with red and yellow; flesh
softer than most Hearts, white, juicy; quality very good; stone plump, roundish; ripens
late in July.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 329

Turkirsche Grosse. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.

A German variety which resembles Elton; fruit large, pointed; flesh white, sweet;

first quality; ripens throughout July.
Turner Late. Species? 1. Van Lindley Cat. 37. 1899.

A productive black cherry of medium size ripening the middle of June.
Twyford. Species? 1. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales 19:997. 1908.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit borne singly and in pairs, above
medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem slender, long; skin yellow, mottled
with bright, light red; flesh rather firm, whitish, tinged red near the skin, with clear juice;
good; ripens in New South Wales in November.

Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.

Thomas states that this is a weeping cherry from Germany; fruit large and very good.
Ungarische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:61. 1858.

Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim

Kirschensort. 588, 589. 1819.

This cherry should not be confused with the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche which is
a Heart while this is a Morello. Fruit large, round, compressed; suture indistinct; stem
slender, long, shallowly inserted; color black; flesh firm, tender, subacid, with dark red
juice; pit small, elongated-oval; ripens the middle of July.

Urinall. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.

“The Urinall Cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer, having many yeares
none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome plentifully every yeare for the most part:
the cherrie is long and round, like unto an Urinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish
when it is full ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish.”

Utha. P. cerasus. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1894.

Spoken of by Joseph Wood, Windom, Minnesota, as a hardy but almost worthless
fruit; unproductive.

Van Gaasbeck. f. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 67. 1875.

A seedling cherry of extrordinary keeping quality exhibited by W. Van Gaasbeck,
Hudson, New York. The fruit is of medium size with firm, sweet flesh.

Vanskike. Species? 1. Trans. Cal. Agr. Soc. 472. 1873.

A flesh-colored cherry listed as being cultivated successfully in California.
Vaughn. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.

Listed as medium in growth; fruit not described.

Velser. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Krinitz Enc. 54, 55. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 394-398. 1819.

Prague Tardif (Muscadét de). 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771.

Wanfrieder Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.

Douce de Palatinat. 5. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854.

Pfalzer Stissweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.

Cerise du Palatinat. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:153, 154, fig. 75. 1866-73.

Tree of medium growth; branches long, straight; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-
cordate, distinguishing it from other dark Dukes, compressed; suture distinct; stem long;

330 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

color dark red; flesh colored, fibrous, juicy, sweet with a pleasing subacid flavor; stone
small, broad, cordate, adhering to both stem and flesh.
Very Large Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.

Mentioned in this reference.

Vesta. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895.

Vesta is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg,
Oregon; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, very dark; flesh firm, sweet; quality
good; ripens the middle of June.

Vilna Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31.
IgIo.

Vilna Sweet was imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Vilna, Russia. This variety
shows much promise in the West as a local sort but is too tender to ship. Tree of medium
size, upright, very hardy, free from diseases; fruit large, roundish to oblong, compressed ;
stem long, slender; cavity rather deep, narrow, often lipped on the side showing a suture;
color red, often entirely covering the yellow ground; flesh whitish, tinged with pink, tender
but meaty, sprightly, subacid becoming sweet; pit free, large, ovate, plump, smooth;
ripens the middle of July hanging to the tree until the last of August.

Violet. P. cerasus.

According to a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton, Indiana, Violet resembles

English Morello but is more round and not as acid.
Virginia May Duke. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 220. 1854. 2. Hooper W. Fr. Book
269. 1857.
A small, cordate, bright red, second rate Mazzard cherry.
Vistula. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 149. 1896.
Mentioned as planted and as having been killed by the winter.
Voronezh No. 27. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890.

A promising, vigorous variety imported under this number from Voronezh, Russia;
Fruit very large, bright red, round, somewhat flattened; flesh juicy, subacid; pit small.
season very late.

Wabash. P. cerasus. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.

Wabash was introduced by Samuel Kinsey, Kinsey, Ohio, the original tree having
stood since 1848 on the grounds of Mrs. Ellen Pawlings, Wabash, Indiana. Fruit borne
singly, of the Morello type, roundish-oblate, above medium in size, surface smooth; cavity
large, wide, deep, flaring; stem long, slender, curved; suture a shallow line; skin thin,
tough, glossy, bright crimson turning to dark red; dots very small, indented; flesh yellowish,
veined, translucent, tender, melting, subacid, rich; quality very good; season a week later
than Early Richmond.

Wachampa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:181. 1911.

Wachampa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Fruit an
inch to an inch and one quarter in diameter; skin bitter, dark purple; flesh and juice
dark purple.

Wagner. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31. 1910.
Tree upright, round-topped, with long branches; fruit medium to large, roundish-

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 331

oblate; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh yellow, meaty, melting, sweet,
with a slight acidity; quality good; ripens the middle of July.
Warner. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 102247. 1859.

Warner is a supposed seedling of American Amber grown by Mathew G. Warner,
Rochester, New York; fruit amber to very dark red where exposed; stem long, slender;
flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens late in July.

Warren Transparent. Species? 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849.

Originated with a Mr. Warren, Brighton, Massachusetts. Fruit roundish-cordate;
skin pale yellow and red; flesh very tender, transparent; ripens early in July.
Washington Purple. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Waterhouse. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 18094.

This variety was originated by Dr. Warren Waterhouse, 1873, of Monmouth, Oregon.
Fruit of the Bigarreau class, large, compressed, heart-shaped; cavity large, round; stem
long, slender; suture a line; skin firm, smooth, glistening, yellowish-white with a bright
red cheek, often nearly solid red; dots numerous, very small; flesh whitish, tinged yellow,
firm, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good.

Weeping. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832.

Weeping or Pendulous Morello. 2. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:106. 1882.

Under the name Weeping are included many varieties with a drooping or pendulant
habit and mostly of ornamental value only. This variety, listed by Prince, although
much like Toussaint, has branches more pendant than those of other weeping cherries.
The Weeping or Pendulous Morello of Fish is included here. The head in this variety
seldom exceeds four or five feet in diameter, and the slender branches droop on all sides
until they trail on the ground; the fruit is of medium size and when fully ripe is
of a pleasant acid flavor.

Weeping Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 16. 1879.

Trauerknorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:40. 1858.

Bigarreau pleureur. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.

One of the earliest black Bigarreaus. It differs from other sorts of its class in the
weeping habit of the tree; very ornamental.

Weeping Napoleon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 53. 1871.

A seedling of Napoleon introduced by a Mr. Dougall, Windsor, Ontario. If budded
high the branches are pendulous, which, with the large, dark fruit, makes a handsome
ornamental.

Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche. Species? 1. Kraft Pom. Aust.
133) habs 6) figavon 5 1792.

Flesh white, breaking, firm, with colorless juice, pleasing; ripens the middle of July.
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 280. 1802.

Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6

fig. 1. 1792.

Flesh white, less firm than others of. this class; juice colorless; stone yellowish; ripens

the middle of July.

332 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Weisse Mandelkirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.

Listed, not described.

Wellington. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 220.
1854.

Wellington’s Weichsel. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858.

Griotte de Wellington. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:307. 1866.

Mentioned by Elliott in 1854 as unworthy of further culture. Bigarreau Wellington,
often used as a synonym of Napoleon, should not be mistaken for this Morello of sup-
posedly English origin. Fruit of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin thin, glossy, black;
flesh firm, dark red, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; stone elongated, cordate, free;
ripens the middle of July.

Wendell Mottled. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:404 fig. 1847. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213.
1854. 3. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. Pl. 1860.

Wendell Mottled was raised from a seed of Yellow Spanish planted in 1840, by Dr.
Herman Wendell, Albany, New York. Tree upright, thrifty, bears early and abundantly;
fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a distinct suture; stem long, rather stout, set in
a moderately deep cavity; skin dark purplish-red, mottled and streaked, nearly black;
flesh deep crimson, firm, crisp, juicy; stone small; ripens the middle of July.

Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Werder Early Black. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169. 1845. 2. Jill. Handb.
53 fig., 54. 1860. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 93. 1860.
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfritheste Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1707.
5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 109-111. 1819.
Guigne Hative de Werder. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:82, 300. 1866. 7. Mas Le
Verger 8:27, 28, fig. 12. 1866-73.

Bigarreau Werder. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:251 fig. 1877.

This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1794, from Christ; of unknown origin,
Tree strong and upright in growth, very productive; fruit valuable for its earliness, rather
large, flattened-cordate, with a deep suture on one side; stem of medium length and thick-
ness, inserted in a rather small cavity; skin thin, rather deep purple changing to purplish-
black; flesh deep purple, with abundant colored juice, firm, tender, sweet, yet moderately
sprightly and aromatic; quality good; stone large, ovate, flattened at the base; ripens
from the last of May to the first of June.

Werder’sche Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1880.

Listed without a description.

Wheeler. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903.

A hardy seedling of English Morello originating with H. J. Wheeler, Carnforth, Iowa.
White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:28. 1903.

This variety was received by the Michigan Station from the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture in 1895; it is between the Duke and the Morello in type. Tree low,
slow in growth; fruit large, light red, slightly darker on one side; flesh tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 333

White French. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.

Spoken of as doing well in Pennsylvania.

White French Guigne. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Garvin & Son Cat. 18. 1892.

A distinct, rather large cherry listed in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological
Society for 1862. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit creamy-white; flesh tender, melting,
juicy, sweet; ripens the middle of July.

White Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

Listed, not described.

White Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.

A tender-fleshed, obtuse-cordate cherry, amber in color, ripening in July; second
quality.

White Mazzard. P. avium. 1. Manning Book of Fruits 111. 1838. 2. Mag. Hort.
8:285. 1842. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 171. 1845.

White Mazzard originated with Robert Manning at Salem, Massachusetts, from
a seed of White Bigarreau. Downing considered it similar to Black Mazzard, except
in color. Tree handsome, upright in growth, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate,
of a cream color, with a bright red cheek; not of the finest flavor; ripens late.

White Spanish. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Kriinitz Enc. 61,
62, 63. 1790. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 317-320. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb.
127 fig., 128. 1860.

This variety and Yellow Spanish are much alike in appearance yet the best European
authorities consider them distinct. Tree healthy, not large, productive; fruit large,
roundish-cordate, somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity depressed on the ventral
side; color waxy yellow, streaked and dotted with red; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet,
pleasant; ripens late.

White Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:114. 1832. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 178. 1845. 3. Hogg Fruit. Man. 315. 1884.

Fraser’s White Tartarian. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803.

A variety with this name was grown for many years in America which was finally
proved by William Prince to be a sub-variety of the White Heart. Tree vigorous, erect,
usually productive; fruit rather small, roundish, inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long,
slender; skin transparent, pale yellow, approaching amber on the exposed cheek; flesh
whitish-yellow, nearly tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid becoming sweet; very good
in quality; stone large, oval; season early.

White Transparent. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

Wier’s Seedlings.

D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, disseminated several seedlings which he selected from
a large number originated by him.

Wier No. 2. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt.
37. 1904-05.
This cherry is said to be a seedling of Early Richmond but of the Morello type. Tree

334 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

medium to large, upright-spreading, fruiting regularly; fruit of medium size, oblate-conic;
cavity shallow, broad; stem short; suture slight; color dark red; flesh firm, meaty, dark
red, mildly subacid; quality fair; stone oval; precedes Early Richmond.

Wier No. 11. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 37. 1904-05.

Tree upright, productive, hardy; fruit cordate, black; juice dark, sweeter than many
of the sour sorts; ripens earlier than Northwest and Early Richmond.
Wier No. 12. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.

Sometimes listed as Wier, being one of the best of Mr. Wier’s seedlings but only
moderately productive. Tree of medium size, slightly spreading; fruit of medium size,
elongated-cordate; cavity rather deep and broad; stem stout, rather long; suture obscure;
skin thick, tender, dark red; flesh firm, crisp, with slightly colored juice, sprightly sub-
acid; quality fair; stone large, oval; season from July rath to 2oth; the latest of the Wier
seedlings.

Wier No. 13. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:190. 1897.

Tree upright, with scant foliage; fruit of medium size; skin dark red, tough; flesh
slightly colored, mild; precedes Early Richmond; of no value.
Wier No. 19. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:190. 1897.

Fruit of medium size, oval, dark red; worthless.

Wier No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.

Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit conical, cordate, of medium size;
cavity shallow; stem of medium length; suture indistinct; skin smooth, dark red; flesh
firm, light yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone almost spherical, smooth;
tipens the middle of June; not worthy of further trial.

Wier No. 44. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt.
38. 1904-05.

Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit small to medium, oblate; cavity
shallow; stem short; skin thin, tender, light red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; good; season
late June; less productive than No. 2.

Wild Ross-shire. PP. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.

A small, wild, round, red fruit with juicy flesh, ripening in July; allied to the Kentish.
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858.

Distinguished from the Wild Red Bird cherry by its firmer flesh and later ripening.
It grows wild and is sometimes cultivated along the highways; ripens the middle of
August.

Wilhelmine Kleindienst. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20. 1876.

Of German origin; vigorous and productive; fruit large, brilliant reddish-brown;
flesh firm, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of July.

Wilkinson. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.

Wilkinson is thought by Hovey to be a native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive; fruit of medium size, resembling Black Heart but is more sprightly; ripens the
middle of July.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 335

Willamette. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290.
1889. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:62. 1900. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
192. 1907.

Willamette originated with Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon, from a seed of Napo-
leon. Tree strong in growth; fruit large, light red; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet, with
a pleasant flavor; ripens in the Northwest in late June.

Willis Early. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul.
2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.

Tree vigorous in growth; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin yellow, mottled
with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens early in May.
Willow-Leaved. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832.

May Duke, Willow-leaved. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.

Griottier a feuilles de Pécher. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.

Weidenblattrige Stissweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.

Cerisier de Hollande a feuilles de saule ou de balsamine. 5. Noisette Man. Comp.

Jard. 2:505. 1860.

Griottier a feuilles de Saule. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:287 fig., 288. 1877.

Cerisier a Feutlles de Saule. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.

The Willow-Leaved cherry seems to have originated in Holland and has been known
since the middle of the Eighteenth Century. It differs from May Duke in the size and the
shape of the foliage. It is not only cultivated for its singular foliage but also for its fine
fruit. If the tree grows rapidly the leaves are said to assume normal shape.

Winkler Black. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206, 676.
1819.

Winkler’s schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.

Bigarreau noir Winkler. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:231 fig. 1877.

This is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Fruit borne in pairs of medium
size, broad, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture indistinct; skin dark red; flesh pale red,
firm, aromatic, subacid, pleasing; pit rather large, oval; ripens early in July; not very
productive.

Winter Schwarze. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.

Listed without a description.

Wohltragende Hollandische Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 591-
593. 1819. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1889.

Grosse wohltragende hollandische Morellé. 3. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802.

Fruit large, sides unequally compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium in length,
set in a large cavity; skin tough, dark brown when ripe; flesh fibrous, clear red, darker
near the stone, with colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone long, colored; ripens late in July.
Yan. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 61:577 fig. 235. 1902. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32.

IgIo.

Yan is a seedling grown by Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon; named for a faithful

Chinese workman. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, with a distinct suture on one side;

330 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

stem long, stout; skin tough, dark purplish-red; flesh streaked and flecked with light red,

firm, juicy, mild subacid; very late; productive.

Yellow Glass. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 192551. 1892. 2. Ibid. 73:89. 10903.
3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32. 1910.

Yellow Glass was introduced from North Silesia by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa.
Tree large, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-cordate;
cavity deep; stem long; suture a line; skin thin, tough, light lemon in color; flesh firm,
yellow, meaty, sweet, with colorless juice; quality good; stone large, round, clinging.
Young Large Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.

Merely listed in the reference given.

Yuksa. P. pumila * P.armeniaca. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108: 1908.

Yuksa is noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the New
Large Apricot.

Zimmtkirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.

Fruit medium in size, round, flattened at the stem, without a suture; cavity deep;
stem long; skin thin, dark red almost black; flesh aromatic, subacid; stone oval-pointed.
Zweifarbige Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom Pom. 382. 1880.

Bicolor. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.

Listed without a description.

Zwitterkirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.

Mentioned in this reference.

Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35.
1858.

Fruit large, elongated, sides strongly compressed; suture shallow; apex depressed;

skin reddish-black; flesh very dark red, pleasing, slightly sweet; ripens in late July.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 337

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED

The list of books which follows contains all American pomological
works in which the cherry is discussed at any length. Only such Euro-
pean books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Cher-
ries of New York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are
made in the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment
stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations
used for such publications will be recognized by all.

Amy Gard! a scereccmeees American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture
and Gardener’s Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copy-
right, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening
in 1892, the publication was known as The American
Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American
Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several
other horticultural periodicals.)

AmaGard. Magan... +a-m- The American Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Useful
Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural
Affairs. See Mag. Hort.

jaa, Iekorats Nol, po poogaeeec American Horticultural Annual. A Year-book of Horticul-
tural Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener,
Fruit-grower, and Florist. (Illustrated.) New York: 1867.
Copyright, 1867. New edition. New York: 1870. Copy-
right, 1869.

Man, ere Ialotbocancccuee The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist’s Com-
panion. (Lllustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1896.
Copyrights, 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton’s Journal of
Horticulture and Floral Magazine. (Illustrated.) Volumes
6-9. Boston: 1869-71. Copyrights, 1869-1871.

Am:)Pom- soc) Rptheeaee - Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued
usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as
the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit

Growers in 1848.

(Amati eEVOTb eee cietecror ersten Annals of Horticulture and yearbook of information on
practical gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850.
Anns Pom. Belge... --..-- Annales de Pomologie Belge et Etrangére; publiées par la

Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le
Roi des Belges. (Illustré.) 8 Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-
1860.

22

338 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Batley, Anns Hortases 42: Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years
1889-1893. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record
of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894.

: Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894.

BaileyaiCy.cablortsse ees Cyclopedia of American Horticulture Comprising Suggestions
for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of
the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and Ornamental
Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together
with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. By L. H.
Bailey, assisted by Wilhelm Miller. (Jllustrated.) In
Four Volumes. New York: 1900-1902. Copyrights, 1900-

1902.

Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits.... Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H.
Bailey. (Illustrated.) New York: 18098. Copyright,
18098.

Bailey, Sur. Unlike........ The Survival of the Unlike. A Collection of Evolution

Essays Suggested by the Study of Domestic Plants. By
L. H. Bailey. (Jllustrated.) Fifth Edition. New York:
1906. Copyright, 1896.

Baltety Cultagieseriar ee. Traité de la Culture Fruitiére Commerciale et Bourgeoise.
Par Charles Baltet. (Jilustré.) Quatriéme Edition. Paris:
1908.

Barry, Fr. Garden......... The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Jllustrated.) New York:
1852. Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copy-
right, 1883.

iBradleyaiGardi erie cee New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philo-

sophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard
Bradley. (Jllustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix.
London: 1739.

Bridgeman, Gard. Ass’t.... The Young Gardener’s Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas
Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York:
1857. Copyright, 1847.

Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.. The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the
best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits.
By George Brookshaw. (Jllustrated.) In Two Volumes.
London: 1823.

Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort.

Miami eas yaar ene American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted

by N.E. Hansen. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume
2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright, 1903.

Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas.
([llustrated.) London and New York: 1904.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 339

Gant orthenis screen The Canadian Horticulturist. (/llustrated.) Toronto and
Peterboro: 1878 to date.

Cat. Cong. Pom. France... Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des
Fruits Adoptés par le Congrés Pomologique. Lyon: 1887.
Ibid.: 1906.

Christblandbmeeseen eee Handbuch tiber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von
J. L. Christ. Zweite vermehrte. Frankfurt: 1797.

Christ, Obstbaume........ Von Pflanzung und Wartung der nuzlichsten Obstbaume.
Von J. L. Christ. Zweiter Theil. Frankfurt: 1791.

@hrist’ Wiorter beeen ee Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handworterbuch, oder
Alphabetisches Verzeichniss. Von J. L. Christ. Leipzig:
1802.

ColevAm Er Books se. The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising,

Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and
Plants; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit,
including New and Valuable Kinds. By S. W. Cole.
(Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849.

CountryAGent- eee The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Culti-
vator & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The
Country Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to
date.

Coxe Cult: re adrees:.... A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the
Management of Orchards and Cider; with accurate
descriptions of the most estimable varieties of Native
and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries,
cultivated in’ the middle states of America. By William
Coxe. __(IIlustrated.) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright,

1817.
Gultivatomire ee ee The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with
The Country Gentleman.
Cult: & Count. Gent..>. 2. : The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent.
Decaisne & Naudin, Man.
Poni, Weil goose sncacs Manuel de L’Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D’Horti-

culture. Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. (JIlustré.)
Tome Quatriéme. Paris.

De Candolle, Or. Cult.

IAD US eae eens bie ete Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle.

Geneva [Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 188s.

Dochnahl, Fuhr. Obstkunde Der sichere Fithrer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomolo-
gischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller
Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bande. Niurn-
berg: 1855-60. Volume 3, 1858. Cherries.

340 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Downing, Fr. Trees Am.... The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture, prop-
agation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of
fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest
Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated In
This Country. By A. J. Downing. (JIlustrated.) New
York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition,
same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by
Charles Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857.
Second revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1869.
First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third
appendix, 1881.

Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr... Traité Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur
Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du
Monceau. (Jllustré.) Tomestet2. Paris: 1768. Edition
publié en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Edition en six
tomes, 1807-1835.

Bliotiebr ebook peretn a. Elliott’s Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower’s Guide
in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (/Jlustrated.)
New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition. 1859.

Fish, Hardy-Fr. Bk....... The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. (Illustrated.) Two
Volumes. London: probably 1882.
Dloriccuoratyerrrirver stat: The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine

of Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted
at first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas
Moore and William Paul. (J/lustrated.) London: 1862-1884.

Floy-Lindley, Guide Orch.

Gard Sosa eectneniee te ccon A Guide to the Orchard And Fruit Garden or an account

of the Most Valuable Fruits cultivated in Great Britain.
By George Lindley; edited by John Lindley. American
edition by Michael Floy. New York: 1833. New edition;
with an Appendix. New York: 1846. Copyright, 1846.

Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees... A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees.
By William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an In-
troduction and Notes, by William Corbett. Albany: 1803.
Seventh edition [English] London: 1824.

Gard. Chron............. The Gardener’s Chronicle. (J/lustrated.) London: 1841 to
date.

Gardens Sh Cee ee The Garden. (Illustrated.) London: 1872 to date.

Gard @Mionsemcere eee The Gardener’s Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser.
Edited by Thomas Meehan. (Jllustrated.) Philadelphia:
1859-1887.

Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst.. Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumziichters. Von N.
Gaucher. (lllustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 341

Gen. Farmer............. The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester:
1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator.
Another periodical of the same name was published in
Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer
and Monthly Genesee Farmer.

Gerarde, Herball.......... The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John
Gerarde. Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson.
London: 1636.

Guide Praticn Angst vee Guide Pratique de L’Amateur De Fruits. Description Et
Culture des Variétiés De Fruits Classées Par Séries De
Mérite composant les collections pomologiques De L’Etab-
lissement Horticole Simon-Louis Fréres. A Plantiéres-
Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D’Une Table Générale
Alphabétique de tous les Synonymes connus, Francais et
Etrangers appartenent a chaque variété. Deuxiéme Edi-
tion. Paris et Nancy: 189s.

Hotty, Nem Pom...) Hoffy’s North American Pomologist, containing numerous
Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press
descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited
by William D. Brincklé. Book No. 1. Philadelphia:
1860. Copyright, 1860.

Hoffy, Orch. Com.......... The Orchardist’s Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and
Publisher. A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II,
1842-3. Philadelphia.

Hoge, Hruit Mans.) 25... The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees
of Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London:
1860. Second edition, 1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth
edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.

Hooper, W. Fr. Book...... Hooper’s Western Fruit Book: a compendious Collection of
Facts from the Notes and Experience of Successful Fruit
Culturists, arranged for practical use in The Orchard and
Garden. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857. Copy-
right, 1857.

Hort» ess) (Aims) eerie Horticultural Register and Gardener’s Magazine. Edited by
T. G. Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I.
Boston: 1835.

Horta Res. (Ene) ieee e The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By
Joseph Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London:
1833.

Horticulturisterc.-ids set The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural
Taste. Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing.
(Illustrated.) Volumes 1 to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and
New York: 1846-1875.

342 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

lakoyayie dain, Nie Soa conned The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures,
and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated
in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I.
Boston and New York: 1852. Volume II. Boston: 1856.
Copyright, 1851.

Ulan dbeaeeeeeen ise ner Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde, unter Mitwirkung
mehrerer herausgegeben von..F. Jahn ..Ed. Lucas
und .. J. G. C. Oberdieck. Siebente Leiferung. Dritten
Bandes. Stuttgart: 1860; Neunte Lieferung. Dritten
Bandes. Stuttgart: 1861; Sechszehnte Lieferung. Sech-
sten Bandes. Ravensburg: 1867.

Jourmiontaeneeeete ce... The Journal of Horticulture began as: The Cottage Gardener;
or Amateur’s and Cottager’s Guide to out-door gardening
and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar-
dener, and Country Gentleman. A Journal of Horticul-
ture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natural
History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar-
dener, and Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country
Pursuits and Country Life, including Poultry, Pigeon,
and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes. London:
1880-1909.

JourwRoyzvHorty soc. 4... The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London:
1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The
Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.

Kenrick) Am: (Orch: ...-.-. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Bos-
ton: 1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston:
1835. Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and
improved, with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright,
1841.

Knoop, Fructologie........ Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de
Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description
des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (IIlustré.)
Amsterdam: 1771.

Koch DeutsObsteussnsee: Die Deutschen Obstgehélze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin
im Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart:
1876.

KratteontyAustes seer Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen. Von
Johann Kraft. 2 Theile. Vienna: 1792.

Kenunittz ence aera Ausschnitt aus Kriinitz’ Encyklopadie. 1790. Cherries.

Lange, Allgem. Garten..... Allgemeines Gartenbuch. Von Theodore Lange. 2 Bande.

Zweite vermehrte. Leipsic: 1897.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 343

Langley, Pomona......... Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.
London: 1729.

Lauche, Deut. Pom....... Deutsche Pomologie. Von W. Lauche. (I/lustrirt.) Berlin:
1882.

Lauche, Erganzungsband. .

. Erster Erganzungsband zu Lucas’ und Oberdieck’s Illus-
trirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde. Von W. Lauche.
Berlin: 1883.

Reon ardiaeeasereeerer Le Bon Jardinier. 126° Edition Almanach Horticole, 1882

eroy,Dicts bombed

et 120° Edition, 1884. Paris.
Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (Illustré.)
6 Tomes. Paris: 1867-1879. Tome 5, 1877. Cherries.

Liegel, Syst. Anleit........ Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorztiglichsten

Isondsiklorts Socs Cateeey.—

Loudon, Arb. Frut. Brit... .

Loudon’s, Enc. Gard....

Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster.
Von Georg Liegel. Passau: 1825.

A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second
edition, 1831. Third edition, 1842. A supplement was
published in 1853.

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Par J. C. Loudon.
Deuxiéme Edition. Tome 2. London: 1844.

. An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (Illus-

trated.) New edition. London: 1834.

lucas. Handb: Obst. ...... Vollstandiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas.

([llustrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition,
1886; third edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr.
Lucas, 1894.

Mag: iortientrrmsne reno. The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First

Manning, Book of Fruits...

published as The American Gardener’s Magazine, 1835-6.
Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate
editor during 1835-6.

Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (Jllustrated.) Salem:
1838. Copyright, 1838.

Mas IGeaVierceraeiann iri Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches

Mass Pomm Genk oe

Mathieu, Nom. Pom.......

coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement
Connues. ParM.Mas. 8 Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Tome
8. Cherries.

Pomologie Générale. Par. M. Mas. (Illustré.) 12 Tomes.
Paris: 1872-83. Tome 11, 1882. Cherries.

Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin:
1889.

Mawe-Abercrombie, Com.
Garde asa rere The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John

Abercrombie. London: 1829.

344 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Mawe-Abercrombie, Univ.

Gard SBotraeere oor The Universal Gardener and Botanist. By Thomas Mawe
and John Abercrombie. London: 1778.
Miller, Gard. Dict......... The Gardener’s Dictionary. By Philip Miller. 2 Volumes.

London: 1754. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn
London: 1807.

Miller, Gard. Kal.......... The Gardener’s Kalendar. By Philip Miller. London: 1734.

McIntosh, Bk. Gard....... The Book of the Garden. By Charles McIntosh. (/llus-
trated.) Two Volumes. London: 1855.

McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal. The American Gardener’s Calendar. By Bernard McMahon.
Philadelphia: 1806.

Mortillet, Le Cerisier...... Arboriculture Fruitiére. Les Meilleurs Fruits. Par M. P.
De Mortillet. (Zllustré.) Tome II. Le Cerisier. Gre-
noble: 1866.

Nata inne ee oe exes The National Nurseryman. Published by The National
Nurseryman Publishing Co. (I/lustrated.) Rochester: 1893
to date.

Nicholson, Dict. Gard..... The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, a practical and

scientific Encyclopedia of Horticulture for Gardeners and

Botanists. By George Nicholson, assisted by J. W. H.

Trail and J. Garrett. 4 Volumes. London. Supplement

to same. By George Nicholson et al. London: 1goo.
Noisette, Man. Comp.

arate eter gericte oa ee Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Louis Noisette.
Tome Deuxiéme. Paris: 1860.
Oberdieck, Obst-Sort...... Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck.
Leipzig: 188r.
@bstzuchterseneeee eee Der Obstztichter Zeitschrift ftir die Gesamtinteressen des

Obstbanes. References in Volume VIII, Numbers 1, 2, 3,
4 and 1o. Vienna: rgto.

Parkinson}wear wero. 4s6- Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson.
(Illustrated.) London: 1629.
Phillips; (Com. Orches.. 4. - The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And Botani-

cal Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By
Henry Phillips. New Edition. London: 1831.

Poiteau, Pom. Franc...... Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultivés
En France. Par Antoine Poiteau. Tomes 1-4. Paris:
1846.

Pom. France.............. Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous

Les Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrés
Pomologique. (Illustré.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-
1873. Tome VII, 1871. Cherries.

Rompinstalveutie oes Pomologisches Institut Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1911-1912.

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 345

Rom pMage sees o aes The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of
the Most Important Varietics Of Fruit cultivated in
Great Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This
work has also been published under the title Pomona
Brittanica.

Popular Garda. eee Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to
Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo: 1886.
Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing.
Volumes II-VI. Buffalo: 1887-1891. Consolidated with
The American Garden and continued as American Gar-
dening. New York: 1892-1904.

Prince; Pom Manta... The Pomological Manual; or, A Treatise on Fruits. By
William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second
Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1831.
Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832.

Princes DreateiEortee] .. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New
York: 1828. Copyright, 1828.

Prince, Treat. Trees &

Pl anitis Vases eet eat ore A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants,

cultivated at the Linnean Botanic Garden, Flushing,
Long-Island, near New-York. By William Prince. New

York: 1820.

Proskauer Obstsort........ Proskauer Obstsorten. Von Professor Dr. Stoll. Proskau
bei Oppeln: 1907.

Quintinye, Com. Gard..... The Compleat Gard’ner; or, Directions for Cultivating and

Right Ordering of Fruit-Gardens, and Kitchen-Gardens.
By Monsieur De la Quintinye. Seocnd Edition. London:

1699.

Ravasrustelelantare epee Historia Plantarum. By John Ray. Second volume. Lon-
don: 1688.

Rea, Flora................ Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege.
By John Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3.
Cherries.

Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift. Festschrift zum Funfzigjahrigen Bestehen des Pomologischen

Instituts In Reutlingen. Reutlingen: roto.

Reve HOrtes. ae eee Revue Horticole. Journal D’Horticulture Pratique. (IIlus-
tré.) Paris: 1829 to date.
IEGEM ING, Woes oc .... The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and

Country Home. (IIlustrated.) Rochester and New York:
1850 to date.

Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. Société Nationale D’Horticulture De France. Section Po-
mologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XX*' siécle.
([llustré.) Paris: 1904.

346 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

SOU Cultan sea toe The Southern Cultivator. A Monthly Journal, devoted to
the improvement of Southern Agriculture. (Jllustrated.)
Augusta, Ga.: 1843-1848.

Thacher, Am. Orch........ The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston:
1822. Copyright, 1822.

Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult... The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Jilus-
trated.) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846.
Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851.
Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York: 1869.
Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York: 1885.
Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897. Twenty-
first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: tort.
Copyright, 1903.

Thomas, Guide Prat....... Guide Pratique de L’Amateur de Fruits. Par O. Thomas.
1876. Deuxiéme Edition. 1895. See Guide Pratique.

Thompson, Gard. Ass’t.... The Gardener’s Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By
Robert Thompson. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London.
1859. Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes.
London: 1gor.

Truchsess-Heim, Kirschen-

SORE Ene ee esterase sea Systematische Classification und Beschreibung der Kirschen-

sorten. Von Christian Freiherrn Truchsess. Edited by
Friedrich Timotheus Heim. Stuttgart: 1819.

Wa Se ID) wake IRSalbe 5 ono one Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture:
1862-1894.

U.S. D. A. Yearbook...... Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture:
1894 to date.

Us Ss PatwOtieRptaaseter Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States
Patent Office: 1837 to 186r.

Wickson, Cal. Fruits... ... The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward

J. Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Fran-
cisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los An-
geles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San
Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914.

Willich, Dom. Enc........ Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F.
M. Willich. First American edition with additions by
James Mease. In five volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia:
1803.

INDEX

(Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in Roman type; synonyms in italics.)

A Coeur Hative, 205

A Feuilles de Pécher Grosse, 205

Abbesse, 205

Abbesse d’Oignies, 97

Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 205

Abundance, 205

Acher's Weichsel (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262

Achte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund (syn.
of Tobacco-Leaved), 326

Act Gillos, 205

Adam (syn. of Adams Crown), 205

Adams, var. orig. with, 205

Adams Crown, 205

Adams Herzkirsche (syn. of Adams Crown), 205

Adlington, 205

Admirable de Soissons (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233

Advance (syn. of California Advance), 113

Affane, 205

Afghanistan, 205

Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 143

Agatkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240

Alaternblattrige Siissweichsel, 206

Albertine Millet, 206

Alexandrine Béon, 206

Alfred Wesmael, 206

All Saints (syn. of Toussaint), 193

Allen, 206

Allen, J. F., var. orig. by, 324

Allen, Zachariah, var. orig. with, 206, 311

Allen Late Favourite, 206

Allen’s Sweet Montmorency (syn. of Sweet Mont-
morency), 324

Allerfriiheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche, 206

Alte Konigskirsche, 206

Altenlander Friihkirsche, 206

Amaranthkirsche, 206

Amarell-Weichsel (syn. of Early May), 128

Amarelle a point pistillaire blanc (syn. of Amarelle mit
Weissem Stempelpunct), 207

Amarelle Boquet (syn. of Boquet Morello), 223

Amarelle de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294

Amarelle Double de Verre (syn. of Double Glass), 122

Amarelle Hative, 207

Amarelle mit halbgefiillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-
doubles), 253

Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct, 207

Amarelle Royale (syn. of Montmorency), 169

Amarelle trés-fertile (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234

Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefiillter Bliite (syn. of Fleurs
Doubles), 252

Amber, 207

Amber (syn. of Amber Gean), 207

347

Amber Gean, 207

Amber Heart (syn. of White Heart), 197

Ambrée de Guben, 207

American Amber, 208

American Doctor (syn. of Doctor), 242

American Heart, 208

Amos Owen, 208

Amygdalus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15

Amysgdalus indica nana (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla
sinensis), 21

Amygdalus pumila (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21; (syn. of
P. japonica kerit), 22

Andrews, 208

Andrews, C. N., var. orig. with, 208

Anglaise Hative (syn. of May Duke), 164; (syn. of
Royal Duke), 184

Anglaise Tardive (syn. of Late Duke), 155

Anne, 208

Annonay, 208

Annonayer Herzkirsche (syn. of Annonay), 208

Anstad, 208

Anstad, A. P., var. orig. by, 208

Antonie, var. introduced by, 213

Appalachian cherry, botanical name of, 35

Arch Duke, 98

Argental Late, 209

Atwater, Caleb, var. orig. with, 249

Auburn Duke, 209

August Duke, 209

Augustine de Vigny, 209

Aurischotte, 209

Austen, R. A., quoted, 68

Badacconyi (syn. of Badacsony), 209

Badacsoner Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209

Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony),
209

Badacsony, 209

Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209

Baender, 210

Baldwin, 100

Baldwin, S. J., var. orig. by, 100

Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Baltavar), 210

Baltavar, 210

Baltavari (syn. of Baltavar), 210

Baluder Morello, 210

Barnhart, 210

Barry, quoted, 70-71

Baseler Herzkirsche, 210

Bates, 210

Bates, S. J., var. orig. with, 210

Baumann May, 100

Bay State, 210

348

Baylor, 211

Beauty of Marienhohe (syn. of Schéne von Marienhohe),
317

Beauty of Orleans (syn. of Belle d’Orleans), 212

Bedford, A. V., var. introduced by, 208

Bedford Prolific, 211

Belle Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144

Belle Agathe de Novembre (syn. of Hildesheim), 143

Belle Allemande (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213

Belle Audigeoise, 211

Belle Bosc, 211

Belle de Boskoop, 211

Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre (syn. of Schéne von
Briigge), 317

Belle de Bruxelles (syn. of Belle d’Orleans), 212

Belle de Caux, 211

Belle de Chatenay (syn. of Magnifique), 163

Belle de Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116

Belle de Couchey, 211

Belle Defay, 211

Belle de Franconville, 211

Belle glorie de Marie (syn. of Schone von Marienhohe),
317

Belle grosse d’ Ardéche (syn. of Cerise de |’Ardéche), 230

Belle |’Herissier, 211

Belle de Kis-Oers, 212

Belle de Loche, 212

Belle Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163

Belle de Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163

Belle et Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163

Belle de Marienhohe (syn. of Schone von Marienhohe),
317

Belle de Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298

Belle d’Orleans, 212

Belle de Ribeaucourt, 212

Belle de Rochelle, 212

Belle de Rocmont, 212

Belle de Saint Tronc, 213

Belle de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny),
298

Belle de Varennes (syn. of Cerisier de Varenne), 234

Belle Vezzouris, 213

Belle de Voisery, 213

Belle de Worsery (syn. of Royal Duke), 184

Bender, var. orig. with 213

Bender, J. O., var. orig. with, 213

Bender (of Michigan), 213

Bender (of New York), 213

Berger, Staquet, var. orig. by, 231

Berlin Amarelle, 213

Bernard, 213

Bessarabian, 101

Bessey’s Cherry, botanical name of, 37

Bettenburger Glaskirsche, 213

Bettenburger Herzkirsche, 214

Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte, 214

Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Bettenburger
Herzkirsche), 214

Bettenburger Weichsel, 214

Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet (syn. of Betten-
burger Weichsel), 214

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte (syn. of Betten-
burger Weichsel), 214

Bicentenaireweichsel (syn. of Cerise du Bicentenaire),
231

Bicolor (syn. of Zweifarbige Kirsche), 336

Bicolor Van Mons, 214

Bigarreau (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202

Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland, 214

Bigarreau Ambré Précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247

Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot, 214

Bigarreau Baumann (syn. of Baumann May), 100

Bigarreau Bauté de l’'Ohio (syn. of Ohio Beauty),
302

Bigarreau belle de Rocmond (syn. of Belle de Rocmont),
212

Bigarreau blanc de Groll (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217

Bigarreau Blanc (Petit) (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Bigarreau Blanc Précoce, 215

Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont, 215

Bigarreau Bordan, 215

Bigarreau de Bourget, 215

Bigarreau Brun, 215

Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst
Braune Knorpel), 282

Bigarreau de Capucins, 215

Bigarreau de la Caserne, 215

Bigarreau Cayenne, 215

Bigarreau de Chalons, 215

Bigarreau de Champvans, 216

Bigarreau Commun (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202

Bigarreau Corniola, 216

Bigarreau Court Picout Hatif, 216

Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif, 216

Bigarreau Donnissen, 216

Bigarreau Doré, 216

Bigarreau Double Royale, 216

Bigarreau Dur, 216

Bigarreau Duranno, 217

Bigarreau Empereur-Francois
Francis), 249

Bigarreau d’ Esperen (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Bigarreau de Fer (syn. of Hildesheim), 144

Bigarreau a Feuilles de Tabac (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved),
326

Bigarreau de Florence (syn. of Florence), 140

Bigarreau Galopin, 217

Bigarreau Glady, 217

Bigarreau (Golden) (syn. of Drogan Yellow Bigarreau),
245

Bigarreau Grand, 217

Bigarreau Groll, 217

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret (syn. of Large Heart-shaped
Bigarreau), 288; (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Bigarreau Gros Commun (syn. of Ox Heart), 178

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge (syn. of Red Bigarreau),
309

Bigarreau a gros Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Large
Late Red Bigarreau), 288

Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux (syn. of Large Heart-
shaped Bigarreau), 288

Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther, 217

(syn. of Kleindienst

(syn. of Emperor

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise (syn. of Grosse Gom-
balloise), 265

Bigarreau Hatif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222

Bigarreau Hatif Boulbon (syn. of Boulebonner Kirsche),

Bigarreau Hatif de Champagne, 217

Bigarreau Hatif de Saint-Laud, 217

Bigarreau de Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274

Bigarreau de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 144

Bigarreau d’Italie, 218

Bigarreau Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161

Bigarreau Jacquet, 218

Bigarreau jaune (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240

Bigarreau jaune de Dénissen (syn. of Bigarreau Dén-
nissen), 216

Bigarreau jaune de Groth (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knor-
pelkirsche), 268

Bigarreau Jumard, 218

Bigarreau de Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche),
285

Bigarreau Kriiger, 218

Bigarreau Legrey, 218

Bigarreau de Loire (syn. of Bigarreau de Lory), 218

Bigarreau a Longue Queue (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knor-
pelkirsche), 246

Bigarreau de Lory, 218

Bigarreau de Lyon (syn. of Lyons), 161

Bigarreau Marjeollais (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet),
218

Bigarreau Marjolet, 218

Bigarreau of Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167

Bigarreau Mongin, 218

Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay, 219

Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava (syn. of Baltavar), 210

Bigarreau Monsirueux (syn. of Mezel), 167

Bigarreau Moreau, 219

Bigarreau de Naples (syn. of Naples), 300

Bigarreau Napoléon Noir, 219

Bigarreau Noir Bittner (syn. of Biittner Schwarze
Herzkirsche), 299

Bigarreau-noir a chair trés-ferme (syn. of Festfleischige
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251

Bigarreau Noir d’Ecully, 219

Bigarreau Noir d’ Espagne (syn. of Black Heart), 106

Bigarreau noir d’ Espagne (syn. of Black Spanish), 22

Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf (syn. of Germersdorf), 259

Bigarreau Noir a Gros Fruits, 219

Bigarreau noir de Guben (syn. of Guben), 268

Bigarreau noir Hatif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222

Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen, 219

Bigarreau-noir de Knight (syn. of Knight Late Black),
283

Bigarreau noir de Kriiger (syn. of Bigarreau Kriiger),
218

Bigarreau noir de Lampé (syn. of Lampen Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 287

Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napo-
léon Noir), 219

Bigarreau noir de Savoie (syn. of Black Bigarreau of
Savoy), 222

Bigarreau Noir de Tabor, 219

349

Bigarreau noir de Tilgner (syn. of Tilgner Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 326

Bigarreau noir Winkler (syn. of Winkler Black), 335

Bigarreau noire de Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche),
322

Bigarreau d’Octobre, 219

Bigarreau de l’Once, 220

Bigarreau Pélissier, 102

Bigarreau a petit fruit blanc (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Bigarreau a petit fruit rouge hatif (syn. of Kleine Bunte
Frithkirsche), 282

Bigarreau pleureur (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau),
331

Bigarreau Ponctué (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche),
309

Bigarreau Pourpré, 220

Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz
von Hannover), 285

Bigarreau Printanier d’Oullins, 220

Bigarreau Reverchon, 220

Bigarreau Richelieu, 220

Bigarreau Rival (syn. of Rival), 311

Bigarreau de Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Bigarreau Rosa, 220

Bigarreau Rose Dragon, 220

Bigarreau rouge de Buittner (syn. of Bittner Rothe
Knorpelkirsche), 228

Bigarreau Rouge Foncé (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpel-
kirsche), 246

Bigarreau Rouge de Guben (syn. of Early Red Bigar-
reau), 248

Bigarreau rouge hatif (petit) (syn. of Kleine Bunte
Frithkirsche), 282

Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Buiittner (syn. of Biittner
Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 22

Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe
Herzkirsche), 326

Bigarreau de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpel-
kirsche), 315

Bigarreau de Schleihahn (syn. of Schleihahn Sweet), 316

Bigarreau de Schrecken, 220

Bigarreau Strié, 221

Bigarreau Tardif Biittner (syn. of Biittner Spite
Weichsel), 22

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim),
143

Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé (syn. of Ladé Late), 286

Bigarreau Tardif de Licke (syn. of Lieke Bunte Knorpel-
kirsche), 291

Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen (syn. of Meininger Spite
Knorpelkirsche), 297

Bigarreau Toupie (syn. of Toupie), 327

Bigarreau de Trie, 221

Bigarreau a Trochets, 221

Bigarreau Turca, 221

Bigarreau Violet (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche),
246

Bigarreau de Walpurgis, 221

Bigarreau Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332

Biagarreau de Zeisberg, 221

Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze, 221

350

Bigarreautier a fruit jaune (syn. of Dankelmanns-
kirsche), 240

Bigarreautier a grandes feuilles (syn. of Tobacco-
Leaved), 326

Bigarreautier de Naples
Molkenkirsche), 300

Bigarreautier a petit fruit hatif (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Bigarreautier a Petit Fruit Noir, 221

Bigarreautier a Petit Fruit Rose, 222

Bigarreautier a petit fruit rouge (syn.
Frithkirsche), 282

Bigarreautier a rameaux pendants (syn. of Thranen
Muskatellerkirsche), 326

Biguarre Cherrie (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202

Bill and Coo, 222

Bing, 103

Bismarck, 222

Black, J. H., var. orig. with, 306

Black American, 222

Black Bigarreau, 222

Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295

Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 222

Black Bohemian (syn. of Bigarreau d’Italie), 218

Black Eagle (syn. of Eagle), 126

Black Guigne, 104

Black Hawk, 105

Black Heart, 105

Black Hungarian Gean, 222

Black Margaret, 223

Black Mastodon (syn. of Mastodon), 296

Black Prolific, 223

Black Republican (syn. of Republican), 181

Black Spanish, 223

Black Tartarian, 107

Black Turkey Heart, 223

Blasse Johanni Kirsche, 223

Bleeding Heart, 108

Bleichrothe Glaskirsche (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233

Bloem-kers double (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), (syn.
of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253

Bloodgood, Daniel, var. orig. by, 208

Blutherzkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Blutrothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Bocage, 223

Bohemian Black Bigarreau (syn. of Bigarreau d’Italie),
218

Bohemian Queen, 223

Bon Bon, 22

Bonamy, var. orig. with, 293

Bonnemain, Auguste, var. orig. by, 260

Bonnemain (syn. of Gloire de France), 260

Book, 223

Boppard, 223

Bopparder Friihkirsche (syn. of Boppard), 223

Boppard’s Early (syn. of Boppard), 223

Boquet Morello, 223

Boreatton, 224

Bordan, var. orig. by, 215

Bordans friihe weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau
Bordan), 215

Bordans Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215

(syn. of Neapolitanische

of Kleine Bunte

2759:
252;

|
|
|

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Bostock, quoted, 45

Boughton Early Black Duke, 224

Boulebonner Kirsche, 224

Bount Dantzic, 22

Bouquet-Herzkirsche, 224

Bouquetweichsel, 224

Bourgueil, 109

Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche, 224

Bowers, John, var. orig. by, 224

Bowers’ Seedlings, 224

Boyd Early Black, 225

Boyer’s Early (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225

Bowyer Early Heart, 225

Brandon, 225

Brandywine, 225

Brant, 225

Brassington, 225

Braunauer Amarelle (syn. of Braunauer Glaskirsche), 225

Braunauer Glaskirsche, 22

Braune rothe Sauerkirsche (syn. of Braunrote weichsel),
226

Braune Soodkirsche, 226

Braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische
Kirsche), 226

Braune Spanische Kirsche, 226

Braunrote Weichsel, 226

Bretonneau, Pierre, var. orig. with, 110, 246, 305

Briggs, J. A., var. orig. by, 226

Briggs Sweet, 226

Brinckle, John R., var. orig. by, 225

Brindilles, 226

Brown Best, 226

Brown Seedlings, 226

Bruce, quoted, 61-62

Brusseler Braune, 110

Briisselsche Bruyn (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110

Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche, 227

Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche, 227

Budd, J. L., quoted, 74; var. introduced by, 97, 102,
III, 123, 129, 143, 147, 158, 160, 188, 195, 207, 224,
227, 232, 243, 254, 263, 275, 280, 281, 297, 303, 312,
318, 319, 322, 330, 336

Budd, No. 533, 227

Buffalo, 227

Bunte Amarelle, 112

Bunte Morello, 22

Burbank, 22

Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 205, 227, 259

Burbank Early (syn. of Burbank), 22

Burchardt, var. orig. by, 227

Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel, 22

Burghley Park, 22

Burr, 228

Burr, Zera, var. orig. with, 228

Biittner, var. orig. by, 228, 229

Biittner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 228

Biittner Rothe Herzkirsche, 228

Biittner Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 228

Biittner Schwarze Herzkirsche, 228

Biittner Schwarze Sauerkirsche, 229

Biittner Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 229

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Biittner Spate Weichsel, 229

Biittner’s harte Marmorkirsche (syn. of Biittner Spate
Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229

Biittner’s Late Red (syn. of Bittner Spate Rothe
Knorpelkirsche), 229

Biittner’s October (syn. of Bittner Spate Weichsel), 229

Biittner’s October Morello (syn. of Biittner Spate
Weichsel), 229

Biittner’s October Zucker Weichsel (syn. of Biittner Spate
Weichsel), 229

Biittner’s rothe Marmorkirsche (syn. of Biittner Rothe
Knorpelkirsche), 228

Biittner’s rothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Bittner Rothe
Herzkirsche), 228

Biittner’s schwarze neue Herzkirsche (syn. of Biittner
Schwarze Herzkirsche), 229

Biittner’s schwarze neue Sauerkirsche (syn. of Biittner
Schwarze Sauerkirsche), 22

Biittner’s Sehrspate (syn. of Bittner Spate Weichsel), 229

Biittner’s September und Octoberweichsel (syn. of Bittner
Spate Weichsel), 229

Biittner’s Yellow (syn. of Bittner Gelbe Knorpel-
kirsche), 228

Byrnville, 230

California Advance, 113

Cameleon, 230

Cardinalskirsche, 230

Carmine Stripe, 230

Carnation, 114

Caroline, 230

Catskill, 230

Cayenner Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Cayenne),
215

Centennial, 115

Ceraseidos apetala (syn. of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of
P. incisa), 20

Cerasus, group name of, 2; sub-genus of Prunus, 15

Cerasus acida (syn. of P. Cerasus), 24

Cerasus asplenifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Cerasus Avium (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus bigarella, 30; (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus bigarella regalis, 31

Cerasus Bungei (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus californica (syn. of P. emarginata), 16

Cerasus Caproniana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. serrulata
hisakura), 18

Cerasus cucullata (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus decumana (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34

Cerasus donarium (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18

Cerasus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus duracina (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus effusa (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21

Cerasus glauca (syn. of P. pumila), 34

Cerasus Heaumiana (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus herincquiana (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Cerasus heterophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus hortenses (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

351

Cerasus hortensis foltis eleganter variegatis (syn. of
Striped-Leaved), 323

Cerasus incisa (syn. of P. incisa), 20

Cerasus intermedia (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Cerasus japonica (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla
sinensis), 21

Cerasus japonica multiplex (syn.of P. glandulosa glabra
albiplena), 21

Cerasus Juliana (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18

Cerasus macrophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus mahaleb (syn. of P. mahaleb), 31

Cerasus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus nicotianaefolia (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Cerasus nigra (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus pallida (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17

Cerasus pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Cerasus pendula kriegeri (syn. of P. serrulata kriegeri), 18

Cerasus pendula rosea (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Cerasus phoshia (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19

Cerasus pseudocerasus (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17;
(syn. of P. serrulata), 18

Cerasus pseudocerasus “ James Veitch”? (syn. of P.
serrulata veitchiana), 18

Cerasus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19

Cerasus pumila (syn. of P. pumila), 34

Cerasus regalis, 31

Cerasus Rhexii (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus rubicunda (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus rufa (syn. of P. rufa), 19

Cerasus salicifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus serratifolia rosea (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura),
18

Cerasus serrulata (syn. of P. serrulata), 18

Cerasus sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus steboldit), 17

Cerasus tomentosa (syn. of P. tomentosa), 33

Cerasus tridentina (syn. of P. cerasus), 25

Cerasus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28

Cerasus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Cerasus watereri (syn. of P. pseudocerasus waterert), 17

Cerasus wattererti (syn. of P. pseudocerasus waiereri), 17

Cerise Albanes, 230

Cerise d’ Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258

Cerise Anglaise (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232

Cerise d’Angleterre Précoce, 230

Cerise de |’Ardéche, 230

Cerise Bellon, 230

Cerise de la Besnardiére, 231

Cerise du Bicentenaire, 231

Cerise Blanche a Petit Fruit, 231

Cerise de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109

Cerise Carminée (syn. of Carmine Stripe), 230

Cerise Commune, 231

Cerise Commune (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine) (syn. of Madeleine),
294

Cerise du Comte de Henneberg (syn. of Henneberger
Grafenkirsche), 274

352 THE CHERRIES

Cerise 4 Cotes, 231

Cerise a Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Mont-
morency), 187

Cerise d’Espagne, 231

Cerise de I’ Esviére (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232

Cerise a la Feuille, 231

Cerise a Feuilles bigarrées (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326

Cerise de Folger (syn. of Folgerkirsche), 253

Cerise de Gembloux, 231

Cerise de Gottorpe (syn. of Gottorper), 261

Cerise Graisseuse (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321

Cerise Gros Fruit (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency),
187

Cerise Guigne, 231

Cerise Hative (syn. of Siisse Friihweichsel), 324

Cerise Lard (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321

Cerise de Mai Double, 232

Cerise de Mai Simple, 232

Cerise de Martigné, 232

Cerise a Noyau tendre (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320

Cerise Orange (syn. of Pomeranzen), 306

Cerise d’Orange (syn. of Carnation), 114

Cerise de Ostheim, 232

Cerise du Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329

Cerise de petit-lait rouge (syn. of Rothe Molkenkirsche),
313

Cerise de Planchouri (syn. of Planchoury), 305

Cerise de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98

Cerise de Prague tardive (syn. of Pragische Muska-
teller), 307

Cerise précoce d’ Altenlaud (syn. of Altenlander Frith-
kirsche), 206

Cerise du Prince Maurice, 232

Cerise de Prusse, 232

Cerise de Prusse noire (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232

Cerise de Rouén Double, 232

Cerise de Rouén Simple, 232

Cerise Rouge Pale, 233

Cerise Rouge Sanguine, 233

Cerise Royale (syn. of Royal Duke), 184

Cerise Royale de Hollande (syn. of Arch Duke), 98

Cerise Royale Ordinaire, 233

Cerise Royale Tardive D’ Angleterre (syn. of Holman
Duke), 276

Cerise de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny),
298

Cerise de Seckbach (syn. of Seckbacher), 318

Cerise de Soissons, 233

Cerise de Tiercé, 233

Cerise a Trochet (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234

Cerise van der Nat (syn. of Double Natte), 123

Cerise de Volger (syn. of Early Richmond), 132

Cerise Walpurgis (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221

Cerise de Xavier, 233

Cerise de Zeisberg (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221

Cerisier a Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119

Cerisier Commun a Fruit Rond, 233

Cerisier Commun Pleureur, 233

Cerisier coulard de Holland (syn. of Coularde), 239

Cerisier cuculle (syn. of Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucul-
lées), 264

OF NEW YORK

Cerisier 4 Feuilles Laciniées, 234

Cerisier a Feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved),
335

Cerisier a Fruit Ambré, a Fruit Blanc (syn. of Choisy),
116

Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Blanc, 234

Cerisier a Gros Fruit Rouge-pale (syn. of Cerise Rouge
Pale), 233

Cerisier Hatif (syn. of Early Richmond), 132

Cerisier de Hollande (syn. of Coularde), 238

Cerisier de Hollande a feuilles de saule ou de balsamine
(syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335

Cerisier juniat (syn. of June Amarelle), 279

Cerisier de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond Précoce (syn. of Early
May), 128

Cerisier Royal Tardif a Fruit Noir, 234

Cerisier Trés-fertile, 234

Cerisier de Varenne, 234

Challenge, 234

Champagne, 234

Champion, 235

Chapman, 235

Chapman, Henry, var. orig. by, 116

Chapman, W. H., var. orig. by, 113, 235, 296, 309

Charozé, var. orig. with, 271

Chase, Lewis, var. orig. with, 292

Chase, R. G., var. introduced by, 230

Chatenay, var. orig. with, 163

Cheresoto, 235

Cherries, adaptions of, in America, 55-56; ameliora-
tion of, 8-9; ancient history of, 40; ancient use of,
39-40; beginning of domestication of, 42-44; bloom-
ing dates and season of ripening of, 80-81; char-
acters of bark, branches and buds of, 11-12; char-
acters of flowers and fruit of, 13-14; characters of
leaves of, 12-13; classification of cultivated varieties
of, 15; cultivated, origin of, 41-42; diseases of,
88-92; distribution of cultivated varieties of, 3;
domestication of, 8; early planting of, in America,
56; geographical distribution of species of, 23-24,
groups of, by German writers, 49; habit of growth
of species of, 10; hardiness of species of, 10; history
of, in England, 49-55; history of, in Greece, 42-44;
history of, in Italy, 44-48; history of, in New
England, 57-58; history of, in New York, 59-61;
history of, in the Middle West, 62; history of,
in the Sixteenth Century, 48-49; history of, in the
South, 61-62; history of, on the Pacific Coast,
62-64; immunity of, to diseases and insects, 10-11;
insects detrimental to, 92-96; lack of literature of, 7;
list of, growing in America in 1804, 60-61; minor
species of, 38; natural environment of, 76-80;
number of described varieties of, 8; origin of described
varieties of, 9; ornamental value of, 6-7; pollina-
tion of, 82-83; productiveness of, 10; relation of, to
other species, 1-2; separation of, from plums, 2;
species of, 16-38; stocks for, 67-76; susceptibility of,
to diseases and insects, 10-11; tree and fruit char-
acters of species of, 9-15; uses of fruit of, 3-6; uses
of leaves and bark of, 6; wood-value of species of, 6

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 35

Cherry culture, commercial magnitude of, in the
United States, 65-67

Cherry orchards, their care and management, 83-84

Cherry-Duck (syn. of Holman Duke), 276

Cherry-growing, commercial status of, in New York,
85-88

China Bigarreau, 236

China Heart (syn. of China Bigarreau), 236

Choisy, 116

Choque, 236

Christ, var. orig. by, 313

Christbauer, 236

Christiana, 236

Churchill Heart, 236

Cistena, 236

Clark September, 236

Cleveland, 118

Clingman, A. K., var. orig. with, 292

Cluster, 119

Cluster Black Heart, 236

Coburger Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104

Cocklin, E. H., var. orig. by, 145; var. introduced by,
236

Cocklin Favorite, 236

Coe, 120

Coe, Curtis, var. orig. by, 120

Coe Late Carnation, 237

Coe’s Bunte Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120

Coe’s Spate Rote Kirsche (syn. of Coe Late Carnation),
237

Coe’s Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120

Coeur de Boeuf nouveau (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]),
303

Coeur de Pigeon Gros (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Coeur de Pigeon Noir, 237

Coeur de Poule, 237

Colassale d’Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274

Cole, 237

Collman, A. F., var. orig. with, 238

Colorado Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139

Columbia, 237

Common French Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Common Morello, 237

Common Red Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237

Como, 237

Comtesse de Médicis Spada, 237

Condé, 237

Conestoga, 237

Constance Maisin, 238

Cook, Steven, var. orig. with, 238, 297

Cook Imperial, 238

Cornelia, 238

Corning, 238

Corone, 238

Corwin, 238

Coularde, 238

Courte-pendu de Gaiberg (syn. of Courte-queue de
Gaiberg), 239

Courte-queue de Gaiberg, 239

Courtin, var. orig. with, 320

Coxe, quoted, 68-69

23

ios)

Crawford, 239

Cream (syn. of Honey), 276

Crown Prince, 239

Cserszeger Honigkirsche, 239

Cullen Cherrie, 239

Cumberland, 239

Cumberland Heart (syn. of Cumberland), 239

Cumberland Spice (syn. of Cumberland), 239

Cyclone, 239

Dacotah, 240

Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 240

Dankelmannskirsche, 240

Dankelmann’s Molkenkirsche (syn. of Dankelmanns-
kirsche), 240

Dankelmann’s Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Dankel-
mannskirsche), 240

D’ Aout Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250

D’ Aremberg (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179

Datge, 240

Davenport, 240

Davenport, Edward, var. orig. by, 240

Davenport's Early (syn. of Davenport), 240

Davenport's Early Black (syn. of Davenport), 240

Davenport's Early Red (syn. of Davenport), 240

De Belleu, 240

De Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258

De Jacap, 240

De Jonghe, var. orig. by, 327

De Ravaene, 240

De Sibérie (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247

De Sibérie a fruit rond (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247

De Sibérie 4 gros fruit et A rameaux pendans, 241

De Spa, 241

De Vaux, 241

Dearborn, H. A. S., var. introduced by, 163

Dearborn Red French, 241

Dechenaut, 241

Delaware Bleeding Heart, 241

Delicate, 241

Délices d’ Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250

Délicieuse, 241

Denner Black, 241

Des Cheneaux, 241

Deutsche Belzweichsel, 241

Deutsche Griotte (syn. of German Morello), 258

Deutsche Weichsel (syn. of German Morello), 258

Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of German
Morello), 258

Dikeman, 121

Dikeman, George B., var. orig. with, 121

Disnoder Gewiirzkirsche, 241

Ditst, 241

Dobbeete Moreller, 242

Doctay, 242

Doctor, 242

Dr. Flynn, 242

Dr. Wiseman, 242

Doctorkirsche, 242

Doctorknorpelkirsche, 242

Dollaner Schwarze, 242

Donna Maria, 243

354

Doénnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau
Déonnissen), 216

_ Doppelte Amarelle (syn. of Doppelte Weichsel), 245

Doppelte Weichsel, 243

Doppelitragende Kleine Rothe Spatkirsche (syn. of
Hildesheim), 143

Dorotheenkirsche, 243

Dorrells Neue Himbeerkirsche, 243

Doty, 243

Double Floured Cherry (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252

Double Glass, 122

Double Natte, 123

Double Yellow Spanish, 243

Doublet, var. orig. by, 211

Douce de Bardowick, 243

Douce da’ Espagne (syn. of Siisse Spanische), 324

Douce de Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329

Dougall, 243

Dougall, James, var. introduced by, 243, 33%; var. orig.
with, 198

Doulin Bigarreau, 243

Dove Bank, 243

Downer, 124

Downer, Samuel, var. orig. by, 124

Downer’s Late (syn. of Downer), 124

Downer’s Red Heart (syn. of Downer), 124

Downing, A. J., life of, 244; quoted, 70, 157; var. orig.
by, 244

Downing, Charles, life of, 234-235; var. orig. by, 234

Downing Red Creek, 244

Downing’s Samling (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244

Downton, 244

Downtoner Molkenkirsche (syn. of Downton), 244

Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche, 245

Drogan, var. orig. by, 245

Drogan White Bigarreau, 245

Drogan Yellow Bigarreau, 245

Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 245

Drogan’s Weisse Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Drogan White
Bigarreau), 245

Drooping Guigne, 245

Du Comte Egger, 245

Du Nord Nouvelle, 245

Duchesse d’Angouléme, 245

Duchesse de Palluau, 246

Dudley, Paul, quoted, 58

Duhamel, quoted, 70, 139

Duke Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164

Duke cherries, characters of, 31

Duke of Edinburgh, 246

Dumas, 246

Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche, 246

Duraccia, 246

Dure Noir Grosse, 247

Dure de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche),
315

Dutch Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247

Dwarf Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253

Dwarf Siberian, 247

Dyehouse, 125

Dyehouse, var. orig. by, 126

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Eagle, 126

Early Amarella, 247

Early Amber, 247

Early Black Bigarreau, 247

Early Eugene, 247

Early Griotte (syn. of Early Richmond), 132

Early Guigne (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Early Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161

Early Lamaurie (syn. of Lamaurie), 287

Early Lyons (syn. of Lyons), 161

Early Mathere (syn. of Guigne Précoce de Mathére),
271

Early May, 128

Early May, 247

Early Morello, 129

Early Prolific, 248

Early Purple, 130

Early Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130

Early Red and Yellow, 248

Early Red Bigarreau, 248

Early Red Guigne, 248

Early Richmond, 131

Early Rivers, 248

Early White Bigarreau (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Early White Guigne (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche),
266

Early York, 248

Ebenter Cherry, 249

Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche
d’Ecully), 219

Edouard Seneclause, 249

Elfner Kirsche, 249

Elizabeth, 249

Elkhorn, 134

Elliott, F. R., life of, 159; quoted, 71, 197; var. intro-
duced by, 159

Elliott’s Favorite (syn. of Favorite), 251

Elton, 135

Emperor Francis, 249

Empress Eugenie, 137

Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche (syn. of Corone),
238

Englische Weinkirsche, 249

Englische weisse ganz friihe Herzkirsche
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche), 250

Englische Weisse Herzkirsche, 250

English Amber, 249

English Bearer, 249

English Gaskin, 249

English Morello, 138; susceptibility of, to leaf spot, 11

English Preserve (syn. of English Bearer), 249

Enopa, 250

Epervier Noir (syn. of Black Hawk), 105

Episcopale, 250

Eppers Weichsel, 250

Erfurt Delicious (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250

Erfurter Augustkirsche, 250

Esel Kirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164

Espagne bigarrée (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305

Etopa, 250

Eugéne Furst, 250

(syn. of Bigarreau Noir

(syn. of

THE CHERRIES

Eugenie (syn. of Empress Eugenie) 137

Euprunus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15

Everbearing, 251

Excellente Douce Tardive, 251

Eyami, 251

Ezaptan, 251

Faversham Heart, 251

Favorite, 251

Fenno, J. H., var. orig. by, 301

Fenwith, George, quoted, 58

Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 251

Flagg, 252

Flamentine, 252

Flanders (syn. of Early Richmond), 131

Flanders Cluster (syn. of Cluster), 119

Flemish (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153; (syn. of
Short-Stem Montmorency), 187

Flemish Gean, 252

Flemish Coloured Bigarreau (syn. of Elton), 135

Fleurs Doubles, 252

Fleurs Semi-doubles, 253

Florence, 140

Florence Heart (syn. of Florence), 140

Florianer Kirsche, 253

Flynn, var. orig. with, 242

Folgerkirsche, 253

Folgers Swolfe, 254

Forsyth, quoted, 68

Fouche Morello, 254

Four to the Pound (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326

Franzosiche Siissweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Soissons),
233

Fraser's White Tartarian (syn. of White Tartarian),
333

Frauendorfer, 254

Frauendorfer Weichsel (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254

French (syn. of Early Richmond), 132

French Amarelle, 254

French Weichsel, 254

Frogmore Bigarreau (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigar-
reau), 254

Frogmore Early Bigarreau, 254

Frogmore Early Crown, 254

Frogmore Early Prolific (syn. of Frogmore Early
Bigarreau), 254

Frogmore Late Bigarreau, 255

Frogmore Morrelo, 255

Fromm, var. orig. by, 255

Fromm Heart, 255

Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Fromm Heart),
255

Frithe Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of White Heart), 197

Frithe bunte Herzkirsche, 255

Frihe Englische Kirsche aus Lowen (syn. of Lowener
Frithkirsche), 292

Friihe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche, 255

Friithe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Friihe bunte
Herzkirsche), 255

Friihe Lemercier (syn. of Lemercier), 290

Friihe Matherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100

Frithe Maikirsche, 255

OF NEW YORK 355

Frithe Morello, 255

Friihe Natte aus Samen (syn. of Friihe von der Natte),
256

Frithe Sauerkirsche, 256

Friihe Schattenmorelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318

Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne),
104; (syn. of Black Heart), 106

Friihe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 256

Frithe Siissweichsel von der Natt (syn. of Friihe von der
Natte), 256

Friihe von der Natte, 256

Friihe Zwergweichsel (syn. of Early May), 128

Frither Gobet, 256

Friiheste Bunte Herzkirsche, 256

Friiheste bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Friitheste Bunte
Herzkirsche), 256

Fritheste der Mark, 257

Frithkirsche (syn. of Fritheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256

Frihzeitige Amarelle (syn. of Early Richmond), 132

First Schwarze Septemberkirsche, 257

Fiirst’s Herzkirsche (syn. of Eugéne Furst), 250

Galopin (syn. of Lutovka), 160

Galusha, 257

Gamdale, 257

Garcine, 257

Garcine, var. orig. by, 257

Gardiner, 257

Gardner, V. R., quoted, 82-83

Gascoigne (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Gascoigne’s Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Gaskins, 257

Gauchers Knorpelkirsche, 257

Géante de Badacson (syn. of Badacsony), 209

Géante d’Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274

Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefillter Blite (syn. of
Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253

Geer, 257

Gefuillthliihende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253

Gefulltbliihende Stisskirsche (syn. of Large Double
Flowering), 287

Gefiillter Kirschbaume (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles),
253

Gelbe Herzkirsche, 257

Gelbe Wachskirsche, 258

Gemeine Glaskirsche, 258

Gemeine Marmorkirsche (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202

Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Schwarze
Herzkirsche), 267

Gemeine Stissweichsel (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Genesee, 258

George Glass, 141

Gerarde, quoted, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55

German, 258

German Duke (syn. of German Morello), 258

German (Kraus) (syn. of German), 258

German Morello, 258

Germersdorf, 259

Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche (syn. of Germersdorf), 259

Geschiltztblattrige Siissweichsel, 259

Gestriefte Herzkirsche, 259

Gewohnliche Muskatellerkirsche, 259

356

Giant, 259

Gibb, 259

Gifford, 259

Gilbert, R., var. orig. by, 227

Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche
(syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Glasherzkirsche, 259

Glaskirsche mit dickgefiillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs
Doubles), 252

Glaskirsche mit halbgefiillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs
Semi-doubles), 253

Glaskirsche von der Natte, 260

Glas-Molkenkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259

Glass (syn. of Double Glass), 122

Glasskirsche Kurzstielige, 260

Gloire de France, 260

Gobet & Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Mont-
morency), 187

Gobet Hatif (syn. of Frither Gobet), 256

Golden Knob, 260

Goldgelbe Herzkirsche, 260

Goldsmith Black Heart, 260

Goodspeed, 260

Gormley, 260

Gormley, John, var. orig. with, 260

Gottorper, 261

Gottorper Marmorkirsche (syn. of Gottorper), 261

Gould No. X, 261

Governor Luce, 261

Gov. Shannon (syn. of Shannon), 319

Governor Wood (syn. of Wood), 199

Grafenburger Frithkirsche, 261

Graffion (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202

Graham, 261

Grand, var. introduced by, 217

Grande Ronde, 261

Great Bearing, 261

Great Bigarreau (syn. of Mezel), 167

Great Cornelian (syn. of Double Glass), 122

Great Leafed, 261

Great rose (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252

Grenner Glas, 261

Gridley, 261

Gridley, Samuel, var. orig. with, 261

Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Griotte Acher, 262

Griotte d’ Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258

Griotte de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel),
214

Griotte a Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119

Griotte de Biittner, 262

Griotte de Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258

Griotte Commune, 262

Griotte a Courte Queue (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Griotte Double (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262

Griotte Douce Précoce, 262

Griotte de Frauendorf (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254

Griotte a gros fruit noir de Piémont (syn. of Griotte
Noire de Piémont), 263

Griotte a gros fruit rouge de Piémont (syn. of Griotte
Rouge de Piémont), 264

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Griotte Guigne (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232

Griotte Impériale (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Griotte Kleparite (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263

Griotte de Kleparow, 263

Griotte de Léopold (syn. of Leopoldskirsche), 290

Griotte Lodigiana, 263

Griotte Noire, 263

Griotte Noire de Piémont, 263

Griotte Noire des Vosges (syn. of Noire des Vosges),
301

Griotte du Nord Améliorée, 263

Griotte 4 Petit Fruit, 263

Griotte de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98

Griotte Précoce, 263

Griotte Précoce d’ Espagne (syn. of Spanische Friih-
weichsel), 320

Griotte rouge foncé (syn. of Braunrote Weichsel), 226

Griotte Rouge de Piémont, 264

Griotte de Schaarbeck, 264

Griotte simple (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Griotte Tardive d’Annecy, 264

Griotte Tardive de Buiittner (syn. of Bittner Spate
Weichsel), 229

Griotte Tardive de Plombiéres, 264

Griotte de Toscane, 264

Griotte de Turquie, 264

Griotte de Wellington (syn. of Wellington), 332

Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucullées, 264

Griottier a feuilles de Pécher (syn. of Willow-Leaved),
335

Griottier a feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335

Griottier 4 Fruit Aigre, 264

Griottier 4 Longues Feuilles, 264

Griottier Nain Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128

Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262

Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 264

Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Groll),
217

Gros Bigarreau Blanc (syn. of Napoleon), 171

Gros Bigarreau coeur-de- Poule (syn. of Coeur de Poule),
237

Gros Bigarreau Noir (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

Gros Bigarreau pourpré (syn. of Bigarreau Pourpré), 220

Gros Bigarreau Rond, 265

Gros Gobet (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187

Gros Guindoul Hatif, 265

Gross blattrige Molkenkirsche (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved),
326

Grosse Blanche Carrée, 265

Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche, 265

Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte
Herzkirsche), 265

Grosse Cerise a Ratafia (syn. of English Morello), 139

Grosse Cerise des Religieuses (syn. of Grosse Nonnen-
kirsche), 266

Grosse Cerise Transparente (syn. of Grosse Glaskirsche),
265

Grosse Deutsche Belskirsche (syn. of German Morello),
258

Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche (syn. of Fest-
fleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK Boi;

Grosse Friedrichskirsche, 265

Grosse glanzende schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne
Noir Luisante), 270

Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259

Grosse Glaskirsche, 265

Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Large
Montmorency), 153

Grosse Gomballoise, 265

Grosse-Griotte a vin (syn. of Grosse Weinkirsche), 268

Grosse Guigne Blanche, 265

Grosse Guigne Noire a Court Pédicelle, 266

Grosse Guigne noire luisante (syn. of Guigne Noir
Luisante), 270

Grosse Héckerige Marmorkirsche, 266

Grosse Lange Lothkirsche (syn. of English Morello), 139

Grosse Mogulkirsche, 266

Grosse Morelle, 266

Grosse Morelle double (syn. of Grosse Morelle), 266

Grosse Nonnenkirsche, 266

Grosse Picarde, 266

Grosse Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche, 267

Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche (syn. of Prinzenkirsche),
308

Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche, 267

Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch (syn.
of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251

Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse
Ungarische Kirsche), 267

Grosse Spanische Weichsel (syn. of Spanische Glas-
kirsche), 320

Grosse spate Amarelle (syn. of Grosse Tardive), 267

Grosse Spite Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 267

Grosse Siisse Maiherzkirsche, 267

Grosse Stisse Maitkirsche (syn. of Grosse Siisse Mai-
herzkirsche), 267

Grosse Tardive, 267

Grosse Transparente, 267

Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, 267

Grosse de Verrirées, 267

Grosse de Wagnellee, 268

Grosse Weinkirsche, 268

Grosse Weisse Friihkirsche, 268

Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Grosse wohltragende hollandische Morellé (syn. of Wohl-
tragende Hollandische Kirsche), 335

Grosser Gobet (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153

Grosser weisser glanzender Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Gelbe
Herzkirsche), 257

Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche, 268

Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 268

Groth’s Wachskirsche (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpel-
kirsche), 268

Griinstiel-Kirsche, 268

Guben, 268

Gubener Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of Ambrée de Guben),
207

Gubener Schwarze Knorpel (syn. of Guben), 268

Gubens Ehre, 268

Guigne d’ Annonay (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hative), 271

Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce, 268

Guigne d’Argovie, 268

Guigne de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Herz-
kirsche), 214

Guigne Bigaudelle (syn. of Black Guigne), 104

Guigne Blanche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266

Guigne Blanche de Bordan (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan),
215

Guigne Blanche Précoce, 269

Guigne Blanche de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée
Winkler), 269

Guigne Bonne Alostoise, 269

Guigne brune de Liefeld (syn. of Liefeld Braune), 291

Guigne de Buxeuil, 269

Guigne Carnée Winkler, 269

Guigne de Chamblondes, 269

Guigne Chamonale, 269

Guigne Chavanne, 269

Guigne Choque (syn. of Choque), 236

Guigne Coé (syn. of Coe), 120

Guigne d courte queue (syn. of Guigne Courte-queue
d’Oullins), 269

Guigne Courte-queue d’Oullins, 269

Guigne Downton (syn. of Downton), 244

Guigne Early Rivers (syn. of Early Rivers), 248

Guigne Ecarlate, 269

Guigne de I’Escalier, 269

Guigne de Gland, 269

Guigne a gros fruit blanc (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche),
265

Guigne a Gros Fruit Noir Hatif (syn. of Grosse Schwarze
Frithe Herzkirsche), 267

Guigne Grosse ambrée (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257

Guigne Grosse Rouge Hitive, 269

Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive, 270

Guigne Guindole, 270

Guigne Hative d’Elsdorf, 270

Guigne-hative de Schneider (syn. of Schneider Friihe
Herzkirsche), 316

Guigne Hative de Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black),
332

Guigne Jaune (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257

Guigne de Kruger (syn. of Kriiger Herzkirsche), 285

Guigne Lucien (syn. of Lucien), 293

Guigne Ludwig (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293

Guigne de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100

Guigne Marbrée, 270

Guigne marbrée précoce (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hative),
271

Guigne Marie Besnard, 270

Guigne Marjolet (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218

Guigne miire de Paris (syn. of Spite Maulbeerkirsche),
321

Guigne de Nice, 270

Guigne Noir Luisante, 270

Guigne Noire Ancienne (syn. of Black Heart), 106

Guigne Noire Commune (syn. of Black Guigne), 104

Guigne Noire a Gros Fruit (syn. of Black Tartarian),
107

Guigne Noire Hative, 270

Guigne noire hative a gros fruits (syn. of Guigne Noir
Luisante), 270

358 THE CHERRIES

Guigne Noire de Monstreux, 271

Guigne notre Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322

Guigne Nouvelle Espéce, 271

Guigne Olive, 271

Guigne panachée longue précoce (syn. of Friihe bunte
Herzkirsche), 255

Guigne panachée précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247

Guigne panachée trés-précoce (syn. of Fritheste Bunte
Herzkirsche), 256

Guigne Petite Blanche, 271

Guigne Petite Rouge, 271

Guigne la Plus Hative, 271

Guigne Précoce Leo d’Ounons, 271

Guigne Précoce de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100

Guigne Précoce de Mathére, 271

Guigne Précoce Ponctuée, 271

Guigne de Provence, 271

Guigne Ramon Oliva, 271

Guigne Reinette noire (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante),
270

Guigne Rose Hative, 271

Guigne Rouge Commune, 272

Guigne Rouge Hative (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Guigne Rouge Ponctuée, 272

Guigne Royale (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216

Guigne de Russie a Fruit Blanc, 272

Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc (syn. of Sucrée Léon
Leclerc), 323

Guigne de Tarascon (syn. of Tarascon Kirsche), 324

Guigne Tardive de Downer (syn. of Downer), 124

Guigne de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche),
326

Guigne Trés Précoce, 272

Guigne Troprichtz (syn. of Troprichters Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 328

Guigne van der Broek, 272

Guigne Villeneuve, 272

Guigne de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler),
269

Guignier a Fruit Noir (syn. of Black Hearr), 106

Guignier a Fruit Noir et Trés-long Pédoncule, 272

Guignier a fruit rose hatif (syn. of Guigne Rose Hative),
272

Guignier a Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Hildesheim), 143

Guignier a gros fruit noir (syn. of Grosse Schwarze
Herzkirsche), 267

Guignier a Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule (syn. of
Grosse Guigne Noire a Court Pédicelle), 266

Guignier a Gros Fruit noir hatif (syn. of Guigne Noire
HAative), 270

Guignier a gros fruit noir luisant (syn. of Guigne Noir
Luisante), 270

Guignier a Petit Fruit Noir, 272

Guignier a rameaux pendans (syn. of Drooping Guigne),
245

Guindoux Noir de Faix, 272

Guindoux du Poitou (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Guindoux de Provence (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232

Gunsleber Spate Knorpelkirsche, 273

Halbgefillthhihende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Semi-
doubles), 253

OF NEW YORK

Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel, 273

Halifax, 273

Hallock, 273

Hallock, Nicholas, var. orig. with, 273

Hallowell, 273

Hamell Kirsche, 273

Hamels Arissen, 273

Harrison's Heart (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Hartlib, 273

Hartlippe, 273

Hartz Mountain, 273

Hative de Balis, 273

Hative de Louvain (syn. of Lowener Frithkirsche), 292

Hative de Nattes (syn. of Frithe von der Natte), 256

Hative de Prin, 273

Hative de St. Jean, 273

Hative ou Précoce, 273

Headley, 274

Healy, 274

Heart-Shaped Griotte (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel),
142

Heart-Shaped Weichsel, 142

Hedelfingen, 274

Hedelfingen Risenkirsche (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274

Hedwigs Kirsche, 274

Heidelberger Kirsche, 274

Heiges, 274

Heintzen (Heintze’s) Frithe Kirsche, 274

Heintzen’s (Heintze’s) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn.
of Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen), 219

Henneberger Grafenkirsche, 274

Henrard, Denis, var. orig. by, 327

Hensel Early, 274

Herrnhduser neue Ochsenherzkirsche (syn. of Neue
Ochsenherzkirsche), 300

Hertogs- Kers (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

Herzformige Sauerkirsche (syn.
Weichsel), 142

Herzformige Siissweichsel (syn. of Rothe Herzkirsche),
313

Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel, 275

Herzkirsche Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon
Noir), 219

Herzkirsche Trauben, 275

Herzkirsche Wils Friihe, 275

Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefiillter Blithe (syn. of
Large Double Flowering), 287

Herzkirschweichsel, 275

Herzog May, 275

Herzogin von Angouleme (syn. of Duchesse d’An-
gouléme), 245

Herzogin von Paluau (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau),
246

Herzogskirsche (syn. of Arch Duke), 98

Hildesheim, 143

Hildesheimer Ganz
Hildesheim), 143

Hildesheimer Spate Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim),
144

Hiller, Casper, var. introduced by, 237

Hoadley, 275

of Heart-Shaped

Spate Knorpelkirsche (syn. of

THE CHERRIES

Hochgenuss Von Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter August-
kirsche), 250

Hockenberg, 275

Hogg Black Gean, 275

Hogg Red Gean, 275

Hoke, 275

Holland Bigarreau (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Holland Griotte (syn. of Coularde), 239

Holléndische Folgerkirsche (syn, of Folgerkirsche), 253

Holldndische grosse Kirsche Coulard (syn. of Coularde),
239

Holldndische Grosse
poleon), 171

Holléndische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard (syn. of
Coularde), 239

Héllandische Kirsche (syn. of Hollandische Spite
Weichsel), 275

Hdllandische Spate Weichsel, 275

Hollandische Siissweichsel (syn. of Coularde), 239

Hollandische Weichsel (syn. of Hollandische Spite
Weichsel), 275

Hollandische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or]
Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 238

Holman Duke, 276

Holme Late Duke, 276

Holstein, 276

Homer, 276

Honey, 276

Honey Dew, 276

Prinzessinkirsche (syn. of Na-

Honey Heart (syn. of Sparhawk), 189

Honeywood, 276

Hoppock, Cornelius, var. orig. by, 277

Hoppock Yellow, 277

Hortense (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179

Hoshino, Yugo, quoted, 75

Hoskins, 277

Hoskins, C. E., life of, 277; var. orig. by, 274, 277,
286, 291, 296, 301, 309, 323, 330

Houblon, John, var. orig. with, 141

Hovey, 277

Hovey, C. M., var. orig. with, 277

Hoy, 277

Hubbard, 278

Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts (syn. of Hungarian Gean),
278

Hungarian Gean, 278

Hyde, T. & G., var. orig. with, 278

Hyde Late Black, 278

Hyde Red Heart, 278

Hyde's Seedling (syn. of Hyde Red Heart), 278

Ida, 144

Impératrice Downton (syn. of Downton), 244

Imperial (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Imperial Morello, 278

Incomparable en Beauté, 278

Ingram, Thomas, var. orig. by, 254, 255

Intorka, 278

Irwin, var. orig. by, 325

Jaboulay, var. orig. with, 161

Jahns Durchsichtige (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328

Jaune de Prusse, 279

OF NEW YORK 359

Jean Arendsen, 279

Jeffrey Duke, 146

Jeffrey's Royal (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146

Jenkin Black Heart, 279

Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte, 279

Jerusalemskirsche, 279

Jockotos (syn. of Jocosot), 279

Jocosot, 279

Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 279

John Tradescantes Cherrie (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

Josselyn, John, quoted, 57

June Amarelle, 279

June Duke, 280

June Morello (syn. of June Amarelle), 279

Juniat Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279

Junius Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279

Justinische Amarelle (syn. of Justinische Morello), 289

Justinische Morello, 280

Kaiser Franz Josef (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249

Kaiserliche Weichsel (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Kamdesa, 280

Kappenblattrige Siissweichsel, 280

Kapuziner Knorpel (syn. of Bigarreau de Capucins),
215

Kassin, var. orig. by, 280

Kassin Frithe Herzkirsche, 280

Katie, 280

Kaufmann, 280

Kazan Seedling, 280

Kelly, 280

Kennicott, 281

Kentish (syn. of Early Richmond), 132; (syn. of Late
Kentish), 157

Kentish Bigarreau (syn. of White Heart), 197

Kentish Drier, 281

Kentish Preserve, 281

Kentish Red (syn. of Late Kentish), 157

Keokuk, 281

Kesterter Frith Kirsche, 281

King Amarelle, 147

King George the Second, 281

King Morello, 281

King’s Cherry (syn. of King Amarelle), 147

Kinsey, Samuel, var. introduced by, 330

Kirchheimer, 281

Kirchheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kirchheimer), 281

Kirsch von Planchoury (syn. of Planchoury), 305

Kirsche von Basel, 281

Kirsche von Bénardiére (syn. of Cerise de la Besnar-
diére), 231

Kirsche von der Natte (syn. of Double Natte), 123

Kirschwasser, manufacture of, 4

Kirtland, 148

Kirtland, B. B., var, orig. by, 236, 296

Kirtland, J. P., life of, 200; var. introduced by, 118;
var. orig. by, 105, 148, 183, 2 225, 230, 241,
242, 248, 251, 275, 279, 281, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292,
294, 302; 303, 306, 307, 310, 319, 324, 325

Kirtland Morello, 282

Kirtland’s Large Morello (syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282

Kirtland’s Mammoth (syn. of Mammoth), 294

222

y 222,

360

Kirtland’s Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148

Kleindienst, var. orig. by, 282

Kleindienst Braune Knorpel, 282

Kleine Amarelle, 282

Kleine Ambra (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260

Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum (syn.
of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260

Kleine Bunte Frithkirsche, 282

Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche, 282

Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Kleine Bunte Herz-
kirsche), 282

Kleine Frithe Amarelle, 282

Kleine friihe rothe Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose
Hative), 271

Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Mont-
morency), 169

Kleine Natte, 282

Kleine Nonnenkirsche, 283

Kleine Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche, 283

Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 283

Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 283

Kleine Weisse Frithkirsche, 283

Kleine weisse Friuhkirsche (syn. of Grosse Guigne
Blanche), 265

Kleine weisse
kirsche), 240

Kleiner Frither May Herzkirschbaum, 283

Kleparavoska (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263

Kleparower Stissweichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow),
263

Knapp, 283

Knapp, George, var. orig. with, 283

Knevett’s Late Bigarreau (syn. of Florence), 140

Knight, 149

Knight, T. A., var. orig. by, 127, 136, 150, 196, 245

Knight Late Black, 283

Knight's Early Black (syn. of Knight), 149

Knights Friihe Herzkirsche (syn. of Knight), 149

Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland (syn. of Cleveland), 118

Knudson, 283

Knudson, William O., var. orig. with, 283

Knyasnaia Sjevera, 284

Koch Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 284

Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel, 284

Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kochs
Ostheimer Weichsel), 284

Koehne, species listed by, 16-22

Koeper, 284

Kolaki, 284

Konigliche Fleischkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double
Royale), 216

Konigliche Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double
Royale), 216

Konigliche Siissweichsel (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146

Konigskirsche (syn. of Royal Duke), 184

Korkovanyer Kirsche, 284

Kosloy, 284

Koslov bush Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284

Koslov-Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284

Kostelnice, 285

Kostelniti, 285

Perlkirsche (syn. of Dankelmanns-

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefiillter Blithe (syn. of
Large Double Flowering), 287

Kratos Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144

Kreiselkirsche (syn. of Toupie), 327

Kriek van den Broek, 285

Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche, 285

Kronberg Black Heart (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285

Kronberger Herzkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche),
285

Kronberger Kirsche, 285

Kronkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285

Kronprinz von Hannover, 285

Kriiger Herzkirsche, 285

Kriigers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt (syn. of Kriiger
Herzkirsche), 285

Kriigers schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Kriiger Herz-
kirsche), 285

Kriiger’s Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau
Kriiger), 218

La Nappe, 286

Lacure (Large), 286

Lacure (Small ), 286

Ladé, var. orig. by, 286

Ladeé Late, 286

Lady of the Lake, 286

Lady Southampton, 286

Lady Southampton’s Yellow (syn. of Lady Southamp-
ton), 286

Laeder Kirsebaer, 286

Lake, 286

Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 286

Lamaurie, 287

Lambert, 151

Lambert, J. H., var. orig. by, 152

Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 287

Lampers Knorpel- Kirsche (syn. of Lampen Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 287

Lancaster, 287

Lange Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171

Langsurer Brachtweichsel, 287

Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy (syn. of Black Bigar-
reau of Savoy), 222

Large Black Gean, 287

Large Double Flowering, 287

Large Griotte, 288

Large Guindolle, 288

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, 288

| Large Honey (syn. of Honey), 276

Large Late Red Bigarreau, 288

Large Montmorency, 153

Large Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139; (syn. of
Kirtland Morello), 282

Large Red Bigarreau (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 310

Large Spanish, 288

Larose, var. orig. by, 180, 288

Larose (syn. of Laroses Glaskirsche), 288

Laroses Glaskirsche, 288

Late Amber (syn. of Cocklin Favorite), 236

Late Amber Gean (syn. of Amber Gean), 207

Late Bigarreau, 288

Late Black Bigarreau, 289

THE CHERRIES

Late Black Bigarreau (syn. of Guben), 268

Late Duke, 155

Late Gean, 289

Late Honey (syn. of Honey), 276

Late Kentish, 157

Late Large Black Griotte, 289

Late Purple Guigne, 289

Late Red Guigne (syn. of Hildesheim), 143

Late Richmond, 289

Late Ripe, 289

Late White Guigne, 289

Latham, 289

Lauermannskirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171

Laura, 289

Lawrence, John, quoted, 68

Lawson, quoted, 62

Leather Stocking, 290

Leclerc, Léon, var. orig. with, 323

Leib, 290

Leitzkauer, 290

Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel ( yn. of Leitzkauer), 290

Lemercier, 290

Lemercier, var. orig. with, 290 |

Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), |
323

Léopold (IT), 290

Leopoldskirsche, 290

Leschken (Leschke’s) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche, 291

Lesser rose (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253

Lethe, 291

Lewelling (syn. of Republican), 181

Lewelling, Henderson, life of, 151-152

Lewelling, Seth, life of, 151-152; var. orig. by, 103,
I8I, 291, 335

Liefeld Braune, 291

Liegel’s Stisse Friihweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce
Précoce), 262

Lieke, var. orig. with, 285, 291

Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 291

Ligier, var. orig. with, 168

Lincoln (I), 291

Lincoln (II), 291

Lindley, 291

Lipp, 292

Lipp Late Blood (syn. of Lipp), 292

Litham, 292

Lithauer, 158

Little Phil, 292

Logan, 292

Long Finger, 292

Long Stem Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169

Look No Further, 292

Lord Belhaven White Heart, 292

Lothaunner Erfurter, 292

Lothkirsche, 292

Loudon, quoted, 70

Louis Philippe, 158

Louise, 292

Louisiana Iron Clad, 292

Love Apple (syn. of Tomato), 327

Lowener Friihkirsche, 292

OF NEW YORK 301

Lowener Friihweichsel, 292

Lucien, 293

Ludwig Bigarreau, 293

Ludwig’s Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau),
293

Luigné, M. de, var. orig. with, 296

Lukeward, 293

Lukeward’s Heart (syn. of Lukeward), 293

Lundie Guigne, 293

Lutovka, 160

Lyons, 161

McAdow, 293

McAdow, var. orig. by, 293

MacRoach, 293

MacRoach, James, var. orig. with, 293

Madame Courtois, 293

Madame Grégoire, 294

Madeleine, 294

Madison, 294

Madison Bigarreau (syn. of Madison), 294

Madison’s Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Madison), 294

Magann, 294

Magése, 294

Magnifique, 163

Magnifique de Daval, 294

Magog, 294

Mahaleb stock, comparison of, with Mazzard_ stock,
72-73; history and value of, 69-72

Major Francis (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303

Mammoth, 294

Mammoth Oxheart, 295

Mammuthkirsche (syn. of Mammoth), 294

Manger, 295

Manning, Robert, var. orig. by, 248, 294, 295, 333

Manning Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late
Black), 295

Manning Early Black, 295

Manning Early White Heart, 295

Manning Late Black, 295

Manning Mottled, 295

Maple Heart, 295

Maquerlot, var. introduced by, 273

Maraschino, history and manufacture of, 4-5

Marells Royal, 295

Marguerite (syn. of Bender [of New York] ), 213

Maria Gaucher, 295

Marie de Chateauneuf, 295

Marie Thérése, 296

Marjolets Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet),
218

Markirsche, 296

Marsotte, 296

Mary, 296

Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148

Mascall, Leonard, quoted, 68

Master White Heart, 296

Mastodon, 296

Matilda, 296

Matts, 296

May (syn. of Early May), 128

May Bigarreau (syn. of Baumann May), 100

c

362

May Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164

May Duke, 164

May Duke, Willow-leaved (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335

Mayer’s kleine schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Kleine
Schwarze Herzkirsche), 283

Mayo, 296

Mazarine, 296

Mazzard stock, comparison of, with Mahaleb stock,
72-73; history and value of, 67-69

Mednyansky, 297

Meininger Spate Knorpelkirsche, 297

Meissener Weisse, 297

Mercer, 166

Merise a Fleur Double (syn. of Large Double Flowering),
287

Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue, 297

Merise Petite Ronda, 297

Merisier Fastigié, 297

Merisziere (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287

Merveille de September (syn. of Hildesheim), 143

Meyer, E., var. introduced by, 273, 298

Mezel, 167

Michigan, 297

Mijurin, I. V., var. orig. by, 284

Miller, 297

Miller, David, var. introduced by, 239

Millet, 297

Minnesota, 297

Minnesota Ostheim, 297

Minnie, 298

Moduyansky (syn. of Mednyansky), 297

Monkirsche Rote, 298

Monstreuse de Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167

Monstrous Duke, 298

Monstrous Heart (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigar-
reau), 288

Monstrueuse d’ Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274

Monstrueuse Hennequine, 298

Montmorency, 169; immunity of, to leaf spot, 11

Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153

Montmorency de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109

Montmorency Ordinaire (syn. of Montmorency), 169

Montmorency Pleureur, 298

Montmorency de Sauvigny, 298

Montmorency Stark, 298

Montreuil, 298

Moorhouse, 299

Morella Extra Noir, 299

Morella Wye, 299

Morelle von Wilhelmshodhe, 299

Moreller Langstilkede Sode, 299

Morgan, J. A., var. introduced by, 258

Morisco, 299

Morocco, 299

Morten Seedling, 299

Mosely, John, var. orig. by, 300

Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche, 299

Mottled Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Mottled), 295

Moyer Honey Heart, 299

Miickelberger Grosse, 299

Miiller, Hugo M., quoted, 49

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Murdock, 299

Murdock, John R. and A., var. orig. by, 299, 313

Murdocks’ Bigarreau (syn. of Murdoch), 299

Muscat de Prague (syn. of Pragische Muskateller),
307

Muscat des Larmes (syn. of Thranen Muskateller-
kirsche), 326

Nancy, 299

Naples, 300

Napoleon, 171

Napoléon Noir (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219

Napolitaine (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche),
300

Natte hative de semis (syn. of Frithe von der Natte), 256

Ne Plus Ultra, 300

Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Naples), 300

Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche, 300

Nebraska Sweet, 300

Nelson Kentish, 300

Neue Englische Kirsche (syn. of Neue Englische
Weichsel), 300

Neue Englische Weichsel, 300

Neue Ochsenherzkirsche, 300

Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 300

New Century, 300

New Frogmore Morello (syn. of Frogmore Morrelo), 255

New Large Black Bigarreau (syn. of Black Bigarreau
of Savoy), 222

New Royal, 301

Nienburger Frithe Bunte Herzkirsche, 301

Noble, 301

Noire des Vosges, 301

Noire Hative de Cobourg (syn. of Black Guigne), 104

Nomblot, Alfred, var. orig. by, 214

Nonpareil, 301

Norfolk, 301

Norma, 301

Northeast, 301

Northern Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139

Northwest, 301

Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs (syn. of Neue Ochsenherz-
kirsche), 300

Nouvelle Royale, 174

Occident, 301

Ohio Beauty, 302

Okiya, 302

Oktober- Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau d’Octobre),
219

Oliver, 302

Olivet, 175

Opata, 302

Oregon, 302

Orel, 302

Orel No. 23 (syn. of Early Morello), 129

Orel No. 24, 303

Orel No. 26 (syn. of Orel Sweet), 303

Orel Sweet, 303

Orléan Smith, 303

Orleans, 303

Osceola, 303

Ostheim, 176

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Ostheim (syn. of Cerise de Ostheim), 232; (syn. of Min-
nesota Ostheim), 297

Ostheim (of Morris), 303

Othello, 303

Ounce (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326

Owanka, 303

Ox Heart, 178

Ox Heart (of America), 303

Padus, genus of, 15

Padus cherries, distinguishing characters of, 3; use of, 7

Padus mahaleb (syn. of P. Mahaleb), 31

Pandys Glaskirsche, 304

Paramdam, 304

Parent, 304

Paretzer Herzkirsche, 304

Pariser Griotte, 304

Parisian Guindoux, 304

Parkinson, John, quoted 98, 134, 239, 273, 286, 292,
299; 329

Paul, 304

Paul, E. V. D., var. orig. with, 304

Pauline de Vigny, 304

Peach-Blossomed, 304

Pease, 304

Pease, Charles, var. orig. by, 238, 240, 286, 289

Pease, Charles, Sr., var. orig. with, 299, 304

Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Pélissier),
102

Perlkirsche, 304

Perlknorpelkirsche 305

Perlmarmorkirsche (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305

Petit Bigarreau Hatif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Friih-
kirsche), 282

Petite Bigarreau hatif (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Petite Morelle, 305

Pfalzer Stissweichsel (syn. of Velser), 329

Pftzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche, 305

Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157

Pierce, Amos, var. orig. with, 305

Pierce Late, 305

Pigeon Heart Bigarreau (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Pigeon’s Heart (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Pink Heart, 305

Planchoury, 305

Plattgedriickte Schattenmorelle, 305

Plumstone, 305

Plumstone Morello (syn. of Plumstone), 305

Plymouth (syn. of Plymouth Rock), 306

Plymouth Rock, 306

Podiebrad, 306

Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Podiebrad), 306

Pohlnische Kirsche (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263

Pointed Guigne, 306

Poitou griotte (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278

Polnische grosse Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow),
263

Polnische Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263

Polsted, 306

Polton Gean, 306

Pomeranzen, 306

Pomme-d’ Amour (syn. of Tomato), 327

363

Pontiac, 306

Pope, 307

Portugal, 307

Portugiesische Griotte (syn. of Arch Duke), 98

Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Arch
Duke), 98

Powhattan, 307

Pragische Muskateller, 307

Prague Tardif (Muscadét de) (syn. of Velser), 329

Précoce d’ Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frithkirsche), 320

Précoce Lemercier (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246

Précoce de Marest, 307

Précoce de Montreuil (syn. of Early May), 128

Précoce de Sabaret, 307

President, 307

Prettyman, H. W., var. orig. by, 302

Pride of Washington, 307

Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 308

Prince, 308

Prince, William, quoted, 203-204; var. introduced by,
108, 247; var. orig. by, 226, 308

Prince Black Heart, 308

Prince Duke, 308

Prince Englebert, 308

Prince de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover),
285

Prince Royal, 308

Prince Royal du Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von
Hannover), 285

Princess, 308

Priner Friihweichsel (syn. of Hative de Prin), 273

Prinzenkirsche, 308

Prinzesskirsche (syn. of Princess), 308

Prédlitzer Elitekirsche, 308

Progress, 308

Prolific Cherry (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234

Proskauer Knorpelkirsche, 308

Proudfoot, 308

Proudfoot, D., var. orig. by, 308

Provencer Stissweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232

Prunus, division of, 15; genus, importance of, in
horticulture, 1

Prunus acida, 16

Prunus acida (syn. of P. cerasus), 2

Prunus aestiva (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

44 X 48 2? Prunus affinis, 18

Prunus ampla, 17

Prunus apetala, 21; (syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16

Prunus apetala iwozana (syn. of P. tschonoskit), 20

Prunus apetala typica (syn. of P. nipponica), 20

Prunus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus autumnalis, 20

Prunus avium, 16; characters of, 28-29; comparison of,
with Prunus cerasus, 9; distribution and habitat of,
29; division of and how divided, 30; geographic
range of, 41-42; specific description of, 28-30; use
of wood of, 6; value of, as a stock, 67-69

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus, specific description of,
31

Prunus avium decomana, 30

Prunus avium duracina, 39

364

Prunus avium regalis, 31

Prunus bataliniu, 22

Prunus besseyi, 21; characters of, 36; common names
of, 37; habitat of, 36; hybridism of, with other
species, 37; specific description of, 36-38; use of, as a
stock, 37-38

Prunus biloba (syn. of P. herincquiana biloba), 19

Prunus brachypetala, 22

Prunus bracteata (syn. of P. maximowiczit), 16

Prunus bungei (syn. of P. humilis), 21

Prunus campanulata, 19

Prunus canescens, 20

Prunus carcharias, 22

Prunus caudata, 20

Prunus ceraseidos (syn..of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of
P. nipponica), 20; (syn. of P. tschonoskit), 20

Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20

Prunus cerasoides, 19; (syn. of P. campanulata), 19

Prunus cerasoides tibetica (syn. of P. majestica), 19

Prunus cerasus, 16; characters of, 25; comparison of,
with Prunus avium, 9; distribution of, 26; division

of and how divided, 26-28; geographic range of,

41; probable parentage of, 44; specific description of,
24-28

Prunus cerasus austera, 27

Prunus cerasus caproniana, 27

Prunus cerasus flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata), 18;
(syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18

Prunus cerasus flore simplici (syn. of P. serrulata), 17

Prunus cerasus marasca, 28

Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula),
20

Prunus cinerascens, 22

Prunus clarofolia, 16

Prunus conadenia, 16

Prunus concinna, 19

Prunus conradine, 19

Prunus cuneata, habitat of, 35; specific description of,
35-36

Prunus cyclamina, 17

Prunus cyclamina biflora, 17

Prunus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34

Prunus dictyoneura, 21

Prunus dielsiana, 17

Prunus dielsiana conferta, 17

Prunus dielsiana laxa, 17

Prunus diffusa, 22

Prunus discadenia, 16

Prunus donarium (syn. of P. pseudocerasus virescens),
17; (syn. of P. serrulata), 17

Prunus droseracea, 20

Prunus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28

Prunus duclouxii, 17

Prunus emarginata, 16; use of, 38

Prunus formosana (syn. of P. pogonostyla), 21

Prunus fruticosa, 16; use of, 38

Prunus giraldiana, 20

Prunus glabra, 17

Prunus glandulifolia, 17

Prunus glandulosa, 21

Prunus glandulosa glabra, 21

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus glandulosa glabra alba, 21

Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21

Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea, 2%

Prunus glandulosa purdomit, 21

Prunus glandulosa salicifoli, 21

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla, 21

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis, 21

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21

Prunus glyptocarya, 20

Prunus gracilifolia, 21

Prunus griffithit, 22

Prunus helene, 19

Prunus henryt, 17

Prunus herincquiana, 19; (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Prunus herincquiana ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella),
19

Prunus herincquiana biloba, 19

Prunus hirtifolia, 17

Prunus hirtipes, 17

Prunus hirtipes glabra (syn. of P. glabra), 17

Prunus hortensis (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus hosseusti, 19

Prunus humilis, 21

Prunus incana, 22; (syn. of P. pumilla), 34; use of,
38

Prunus incisa, 20; (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19

Prunus incisa kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20

Prunus involucrata, 17

Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis (syn. of P. sub-
hirtella fukubana), 20

Prunus itosakra pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Prunus itosakra subhirtella (syn. of P. subhirtella), 20

Prunus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Prunus iwagiensis, 20

Prunus involucrata, use of, 38

Prunus jacquemontit, 22; use of, 38

Prunus jamasakura (syn. of P. serrulata), 17

Prunus jamasakura borealis (syn. of P. sargentit), 19

Prunus jamasakura elegans compta (syn. of P. sar-
gentit), 19

Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra (syn. of P. serru-
lata), 18

Prunus jamasakura elegans parzifolia (syn. of P.
parvifolia), 19

Prunus jamasakura speciosa (syn. of P. serrulata), 18

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis (syn. of P. ser-
rulata lannesiana), 18

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium (syn. of
P. serrulata hisakura), 18

Prunus japonica, 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra alba,
21; of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21; of P.
glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21; of P. glandulosa
trichostyla sinensis, 21; of P. japonica kertt, 22)

Prunus japonica engleri (syn. of P. japonica gracillima
engleri), 22

Prunus japonica eujaponica, 21

Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei, 21

Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii, 21

Prunus japonica flor. simp. (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra

rosea), 21

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus japonica flore albo pleno (syn. of P. glan-
dulosa glabra albiplena), 21

Prunus japonica flore pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa
glabra albiplena), 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa tricho-
styla sinensis), 21

Prunus japonica glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa
glabra), 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21

Prunus japonica gracillima, 22

Prunus japonica gracillima engleri, 22

Prunus japonica gracillima minor, 22

Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica, 22

Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergit, 22

Prunus japonica japonica (syn. of P. japonica), 21

Prunus japonica keri, 22

Prunus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra
albiplena), 21

Prunus japonica packangensis (syn. of P. glandulosa
trichostyla paokangensis), 21

Prunus japonica salicifolia (syn. of P. glandulosa sal-
ictfoli), 21

Prunus japonica sphaerica (syn. of P. japonica gracil-
lima sphaerica), 22

Prunus japonica thunbergit (syn. of P. japonica gracil-
lima thunbergii), 22

Prunus japonica typica (syn. of P. japonica), 21

Prunus japonica typica flore pleno (syn. of P. japonica
kerit), 22

Prunus japonica typica flore roseo (syn. of P. glandulosa
glabra rosea), 21

Prunus Juliana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus kerii (syn. of P. japonica kerit), 22

Prunus kurilensis, 20

Prunus latidentata, 20

Prunus leveilleana, 19

Prunus litigiosa, 16

Prunus litigiosa abbreviata, 16

Prunus lobulata, 20

Prunus macgregoriana, 17

Prunus macradenia, 16

Prunus mahaleb, 16; characters of, 31-32; habitat of,
32; importance of, in horticulture and commerce,
32-33; specific description of, 31-33; value of, as a
stock, 69-72; value of wood of, 6

Prunus majestica, 19

Prunus malifolia, 17

Prunus malifolia rosthornii, 17

Prunus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus maximowiczii, 16

Prunus maximowiczit adenophora (syn. of P. tatsien-
ensts adenophora), 16

Prunus maximowiczti aperta, 16

Prunus mesadenia, 19

Prunus microcarpa, 22

Prunus microlepis, 20

Prunus microlepis ternata, 20

Prunus micromeloides, 20

Prunus miqueliana, 20; (syn. of P. nipponica), 20;
(syn. of P. pendula), 20

Prunus mollis, 16

Prunus mume crasseglandulosa (syn. of P. sargentii), 19

Prunus nakit, 22

365

Prunus neglecta, 17

Prunus nigricans (syn. of P. avium), 28

Prunus nikkoensis, 20

Prunus nipponica, 20

Prunus oxycarpa (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus oxyodonta, 20

Prunus padus, 3

Prunus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii),
17

Prunus paracerasus, 17

Prunus parvifolia, 19

Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis, 19

Prunus paucifolia, 19

Prunus pendula, 20

Prunus pendula ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19

Prunus pennsylvanica, 16; use of, as a stock, 74

Prunus phyllopoda, 20

Prunus pilostuscula, 16

Prunus pletocerasus, 16

Prunus plena (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus pleuroptera, 20

Prunus plurinervis, 17

Prunus podadenta, 20

Prunus pogonostyla, 21

Prunus pogonostyla globosa, 21

Prunus pogonostyla obovata, 21

Prunus polytricha, 16

¢ Prunus praecox, 22

Prunus prostrata, 22

Prunus pseudocerasus, 17; (syn. of P. sargentit), 19;
(syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18; use of, 38; use of
as a stock, 75; use of wood of, 6

Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen (syn. of P. serrulata
hisakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus borealis (syn. of P. sargentit),
19

Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno (syn. of P.
pseudocerasus sieboldi), 17.

Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura (syn. of P. serrulata
hisakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso (syn.
of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi (syn.
of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno
candido (syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo
(syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo (syn.
of P. serrulata albida), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplict carneo
(syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura X incisa, 18

Prunus pseudocerasus jamaskura glabra (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra preco
of P. serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura precox (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus naden (syn. of P. pseudocerasus
steboldii), 17

(syn.

366

Prunus pseudocerasus “ New Red” (syn. of P. serrulata
hisakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima (syn. of P. serrulata
ochichima), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia),
19

Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis (syn. of P. sar-
gentit), 19

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora (syn.
of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida (syn. of
P. serrulata albida), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P.
pseudocerasus sieboldit), 17

Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura
serrulata shidare-sakura), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen (syn. of P. serrulata
ochichima), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldit, 17

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea (syn. of P. sargentit),
19

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia (syn. of P.
parvifolia), 19

Prunus pseudocerasus typica siteboldii (syn. of P.
pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17

Prunus pseudocerasus ukon
grandifolia), 18

Prunus pseudocerasus virescens, 17

Prunus pseudocerasus watereri, 17

Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino (syn. of P. serrulata
albida, 18

Prunus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides, 19; of P.
majestica, 19; of P. sargentii, 19; of P. serrulata), 18

Prunus pulchella, 16

Prunus pumila, 21; characters of, 34-35; distribution
of, 35; specific description of, 34-35; use of, as
a stock, 74

Prunus pumila Besseyi (syn. of P. besseyi), 36

Prunus pumila cuneata (syn. of P. cuneata), 35

Prunus rehderiana, 16

Prunus rosea (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus rossiana, 21

Prunus rufa, 19; (syn. of P. trichantha), 19

Prunus rufoides, 17

Prunus salicina (syn. of P. humilis), 21

Prunus saltuum, 19

Prunus sargentit, 19

Prunus schneideriana, 17

Prunus scopulorum, 17

Prunus serotina, value of wood of, 7

Prunus serrula, 19

Prunus serrula tibetica, 19

Prunus serrulata, 17

Prunus serrulata cf. supra. (syn. of P. serrulata), 18

Prunus serrulata albida, 18

(syn. of P.

(syn. of P. serrulata

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus serrulata borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19

Prunus serrulata flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata
mucronata), 18

Prunus serrulata grandiflora, 18

Prunus serrulata hisakura, 18

Prunus serrulata kriegeri, 18

Prunus serrulata lannesiana, 18

Prunus serrulata mucronata, 18

Prunus serrulata ochichima, 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata albida (syn. of P. serrulata
albida), 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo (syn. of P. serrulata
ochichima), 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea (syn. of P.
serrulata), 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana (syn. of P.
serrulata lannesiana), 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudo-
cerasus sieboldii), 17

Prunus serrulata serrula‘a viridiflora (syn. of P. serru-
lata grandiflora), 18

Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererti (syn. of P. pseudo-
cerasus waterert), 17

Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura, 18

Prunus serrulata veitchiana, 18

Prunus serrulata ““W.Kou” (syn. of P. serrulata
hisakura), 18

Prunus serrulata yashino (syn. of P. serrulata albida),
18

Prunus setulosa, 20

Prunus sieboldii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17; (syn.
of P. pseudocerasus sieboldit), 17

Prunus silvatica (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19

Prunus sinensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla
Sinmensis), 21

Prunus sontagia, 19

Prunus Sp. Zabel (syn. of P. sargentii), 19

Prunus sprengeri, 19

Prunus stipulacea, 20

Prunus subhirtella, 19

Prunus subhirtella autumnalis (syn. of P. autumnalis),
20

Prunus subhirtella fukubana, 20

Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia (syn. of P. subhirtella),
19

Prunus subhirtella pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20

Prunus Susquehanae (syn. of P. pumila), 34

Prunus sylvestris (syn. of P. avium), 28

Prunus szechuanica, 16

“P. szechuanica, var. ?”’ (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17

“P. szechuanica dielsiana”’ (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17

Prunus taiwaniana, 20

Prunus tatsienensis, 16

Prunus tatsienensis adenophora, 16

Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula (syn. of P. pilosius-
cula), 16

Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia, 16

Prunus tenuiflora, 19

Prunus tomentosa, 22; characters of, 33; habitat and
distribution of, 33-34; specific description of, 33-34

Prunus tomentosa, ? Batalinii (syn. of P. batalinit), 22

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Prunus tomentosa breviflora, 22

Purnus tomentosa endotricha, 22

Prunus tomentosa graebneriana, 22

Prunus tomentosa heter: mera, 22

Prunus tomentosa insularis, 22

Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii, 22

Prunus tomentosa souliei, 22

Prunus tomentosa spacthiana, 22

Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa, 22

Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis, 22

Prunus trichantha, 19

Prunus trichocarpa (syn. of P. tomentosa trichocarpa),
22

Prunus trichostoma, 20

Prunus tschonoskit, 20

Prunus twymaniana, 19

Prunus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28

Prunus variabilis, 16

Prunus veitchii, 20

Prunus venusta, 16

Prunus verrucosa, 22

Prunus virginiana, 3

Prunus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24

Prunus wildeniana, 19

Prunus yedensis, 19

Prunus yunnanensis, 17

Prunus yunnanensis henryi (syn. of P. henryi), 173
(syn. of P. neglecta), 17

Prunus zappeyana, 20

Prunus zappeyana ? subsimplex, 20

Prussian Cherry (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232

Puhlmann Frithe, 309

Punctirte Stisskirsche mit festem Fleische (syn. of
Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 399

Punktirte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Punktirte Mar-
morkirsche), 309

Punktirte Marmorkirsche, 309

Punktirte Molkenkirsche, 309

Purity (I), 309

Purity (II), 309

Purple Cherry (syn. of Early Purple), 130

Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130

Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Red Bigarreau),
309

Pyramidenkirsche (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279

Pyramidenweichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279

Quaker, 309

Rainier French, 309

Ratafia (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110

Ratafia Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139

Raton, var. orig. with, 211

Red Bigarreau, 309

Red Canada, 310

Red-flowered (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253

Red Guigne, 310

Red Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109

Red Jacket, 310

Red Muscatel, 310

Red Oranien, 310

Red Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157

Red Rock, 310

367

Red Russian, 310

Reichart, 310

Reid, John, quoted, 68

Reina Hortense, 179

Reine-Hortense Hative, 310

Remington, 311

Remington Heart (syn. of Remington), 311

Rentz Morello, 311

Republican, 181

Resacks Knorpelkirsche, 311

Richardson, 311

Richardson, J. R., var. orig. with, 311

Richardson, William P., var. orig. with, 311

Richardson Late Black, 311

Richter Samling, 311

Riga No. 108, 311

Riga No. 109, 311

Riley, quoted, 45

Rival, 311

Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 247, 248, 293, 311

River's Early Amber Heart (syn. of Early Amber), 247

Rivers Early Heart, 311

Roberts, David, var. orig. with, 312

Roberts’ Red (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225

Roberts Red Heart, 311

Rochaline, 312

Rock, 312

Rockland, 312

Rockport, 182

Rocky Hill Honey Heart, 312

Rocky Mountain, 312

Rocky Mountain Cherry, botanical name of, 37

Rocmonter Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont),
212

Roe, 312

Romaine, 312

Ronald, 312

Ronald’s Large Black Heart (syn. of Black Tartar an),
107

Roschers, var. orig. with, 312

Réschers Kirsche, 312

Rose Charmeux, 312

Rosenobel, 312

Rosenrothe Maikirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hative),
272

Rostraver Bigarreau, 313

Rothe Glanzkirsche, 313

Rothe Herzkirsche, 313

Rothe Matkirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164

Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche, 313

Rothe Molkenkirsche, 313

Rothe Muskateller (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232

Rothe Oranienkirsche (syn. of Carnation), 114

Rothe Soodkirsche, 313

Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de
Rocmont), 212

Rouaanse Kirsche, 313

Rouge de Downing (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244

Rouge Pale Tardive, 313

Rouge des Vosges, 313

Round Sweet, 314

368

Royal American, 314

Royal Ann (syn. of Napoleon), 172

Royal Duke, 184

Royal Hatif, 314

Royale (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146

Royale d’ Angleterre (syn. of Royal Duke), 184

Royale Cherry Duke (syn. of May Duke), 164

Royale Hative (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146; (syn. of
May Duke), 164

Royale Tardive (syn. of Holman Duke), 276

Rumsey, 314

Rumsey, J. S., var. orig. by, 314

Rumsey’s Late Morello (syn. of Rumsey), 314

Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche, 314

Rupert, 314

Rupp, 314

Rupp, Solomon, var. orig. by, 314

Russian cherries, value of, for stocks, 73-74

Russian Morello, 314

Russian 207 (syn. of Russian Morello), 314

Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169
and 199, 315

Russie a Fruit Blanc, 315

Ryley Black Tartarian, 315

Sachsische Frithe Maikirsche, 315

Sacramento, 315

Saint-Laurent, 315

St. Lucie cherry, 32

St. Margaret's Cherry (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

St. Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis),
221

Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 35; use of, as a stock,
74

Sansoto, 315

Sapa, 315

Sappington, 315

Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche (syn. of Leitzkauer),
290

Sauerjotte, 315

Saure Herzkirsche, 315

Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche, 315

Scharlachkirsche, 316

Schatten Amarelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318

Scheur- Kers (syn. of Black Guigne), 104

Schleihahn Sweet, 316

Schlossers Schattenmorelle, 316

Schmehls, 316

Schmidt, 185

Schmidt, F., var. orig. by, 186, 316

Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2, 316

Schmidt Frithe Herzkirsche, 316

Schneeberger Kirsche, 316

Schneider Frithe Herzkirsche, 316

Schneider Spate Knorpelkirsche, 316

Schone Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144

Schone Audigeotse (syn. of Belle Audigeoise), 211

Schone aus Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sau-
vigny), 298

Schdne von Ardéche (syn. of Cerise de l’Ardéche), 230

Schéne von Briigge, 317

Schone von Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116

THE CHERRIES OF NEW

YORK

Schone von Couchey (syn. of Belle de Couchey), 211

Schone von Marienhohe, 317

Schone von Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298

Schone von Ribeaucourt (syn. of Belle de Ribeaucourt),
212

Schone von Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212

Schreckens Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Schrecken),
220

Schrécks Spate Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 317

Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche, 318

Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 317

Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167

Schwarze Matkirsche (syn. of Schwarze Maiweichsel),
317

Schwarze Maiweichsel, 317

Schwarze Malvasierkirsche (syn. of Schwarze Oranien-
kirsche), 317

Schwarze Muskateller, 317

Schwarze oder Spate Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish),

Schwarze Oranienkirsche, 317

Schwarze Soodkirsche, 317

Schwarze Spanische Frihkirsche (syn. of Spanische
Frihkirsche), 320

Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Black
Spanish), 22

Schwarze Ungarische
Weichsel , 329

Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefillter Blute (syn. of
Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel), 273

Schwarzes Taubenherz, 318

Schwefelkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240

Sebril, 318

Seckbacher, 318

Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318

Seederberger, 318

Select Beauty, 318

Semis de Burr (syn. of Burr), 228

Shadow Amarelle, 318

Shadow Morello (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318

Shailer, 319

Shannon, 319

Shannon Morello (syn. of Shannon), 319

Shelton, 319

Shelton, William, var. orig. by, 319

Shepler, Louis, var. orig. with, 210

Shippen (syn. of June Duke), 280

Short-stem May, 319

Short-Stem Montmorency, 187

Short Stem Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency),

Kirsche (syn. of Ungarische

153

Shubianka, 319

Sibrel, 319

Siebenfreund, var. introduced by, 328
Silver Thorne, 319

Sklanka, 188

Skublics Weichsel, 319

Sleinhaus, 319

Small Black Guigne, 319

Small Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Small Morello, 319

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Smyech, Daniel, var. orig. with, 287

Smidt Yellow, 319

Smith (syn. of Schmidt), 185

Socsany, 320

Soft Sheld (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320

Soft-stone Cherry, 320

Soodamarelle (syn. of Rothe Soodkirsche), 313

Sour Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3; comparison
of, with the Sweet Cherry, 9; environment of, 76-80;
geographic range of, 41; group name of, 2; probable
parentage of, 44

Souths Breite Herzkirsche, 320

Souvenir d’Essonnes, 320

Spanische Friihkirsche, 320

Spanische Friihweichsel, 320

Spanische Glaskirsche, 320

Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Spanische Frithkirsche),
320

Spanish (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202; (syn. of Black
Spanish), 223

Spanish Griotte, 321

Sparhawk, 189

Sparhawk, Edward, var. introduced by, 190

Sparhawk’s Honey (syn. of Sparhawk), 189

Spatbliihende Glaskirsche, 321

Spate Amarelle, 190

Spate Amarelle (syn. of Siisse Amarelle), 323

Spate braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune
Spanische Kirsche), 226

Spate grosse konigliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalems-
kirsche), 279

Spate Herzogenkirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155

Spate Konigliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche),
279

Spate Maikirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318

Spate Maulbeerherzkirsche (syn. of Spate Maulbeer-
kirsche), 321

Spate Maulbeerkirsche, 321

Spate Morello (syn. of Spate Amarelle), 190

Spate Rote Knorpelkirsche, 321

Spate Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 321

Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 321

Spate Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche, 321

Speckkirsche, 321

Spitzens Herzkirsche, 322

Srdcovka v Skalka, 322

Stanapa, 322

Standard, 322

Starr Prolific, 322 .

Stats Bliihender Kirschbaum (syn. of Toussaint), 193

Strass Early Black, 322

Strauss, 322

Strauss Weichsel, 322

Strauss Weichsel (syn. of Strauss), 322

Striker, 323

Striped-Leaved, 323

Strong, J. F., var. orig. by, 307

Stuart, 323

Stuart, C. W., var. orig. by, 323

Sucrée Léon Leclerc, 323

Suda, 192

24

369

Suda, var. orig. with, 192

Suda Hardy (syn. of Suda), 192

Summer's Honey (syn. of Honey), 276

Summit, 323

Siisse Amarelle, 323

Siisse Frithherzkirsche, 323

Siisse Friihweichsel, 324

Stisse Friihweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262

Siisse Maiherzkirsche, 324

Stisse Matherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100

Siisse Spanische, 324

Siisskirsche mit Gefurster Bluthe, 324

Stisskirschenbaum mit ganz gefillter Bliite (syn. of
Large Double Flowering), 287

Stissweichsel van Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258

Sweedish, 324

Sweet Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3; comparison
of, with the Sour Cherry, 9; environment of, 77-80;
geographic range of, 41-42; group name of, 2

Sweet Montmorency, 324

Sweet Morello, 324

Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau
Noir de Tabor), 219

Tarascon Kirsche, 324

Tardive d’Avignon, 325

Tardive de Brederode, 325

Tardive Noire d’Espagne, 325

Tardive de Peine, 325

Tartarian (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107

Tecumseh, 325

Temple, 325

Terry, 325

Terry Early (syn. of Terry), 325

Terry, H. A., var. introduced by, 325

Thacher, quoted, 69

Theophrastus, quoted, 43

Thirty Day, 325

Thomas, quoted, 70

Thompson, 325

Thranen Muskatellerkirsche, 326

Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche, 326

Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 326

Timme, 192

Timme, var. introduced by, 193

Tobacco-Leaved, 326

Toctonne Précoce, 327

Tokeya, 327

Tomato, 327

Toronto, 327

Toupie, 327

Toussaint, 193

Townsend, 327

Townsend, W. P., var. orig. by, 327

Tradescant (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196

Tradescant, John, var. orig. with, 134

Tradescant’s Black Heart (syn. of Elkhorn), 134

Transparent, 327

Transparent de Bettenburg
Glaskirsche), 213

Transparent Guigne, 328

Transparent de Jahn (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328

(syn. of Bettenburger

370

Transparente d’Espagne (syn. of Spanische Glas-
kirsche), 320

Transparente de Meylan, 328

Transparente de Rivers, 328

Transparente de Siebenfreund, 328

Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle (syn. of Cluster), 119

Trauerknorpelkirsche (syn. of Weeping Black Bigar-
reau), 331

Triomphe de Fausin, 328

Triumph of Cumberland (syn. of Cumberland), 239

Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 328

Tros- Kers (syn. of Cluster), 119

Truchsess, var. orig. by, 213, 214

Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche, 328

Tubbs, 328

Tiirkine, 328

Tiirkine (syn. of Flamentine), 252

Turkirsche Grosse, 329

Turner Late, 329

Twyford, 329

Uellner, var. orig. with, 293

Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche, 329

Ulatis (syn. of California Advance), 113

Ungarische Herskirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische
Kirsche), 267

Ungarische Stissweichsel (syn. of Royal Duke), 184

Ungarische Weichsel, 329

Uninall, 329

Utha, 329

Vail, Henry, var. orig. with, 209

Vail’s August Duke (syn. of August Duke), 209

Van Gaasbeck, 329

Van Mons, var. orig. with, 246

Vanskike, 329

Varenne, var. orig. with, 137

Varrenne, De (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266

Vaughn, 329

Velser, 329

Very Large Heart, 330

Vesta, 330

Villeneuver Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Villeneuve), 272

Villennes (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233

Vilna Sweet, 330

Violet, 330

Virginia May Duke, 330

Vistula, 330

Vladimir, 194

Von Lade’s Spate Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Ladé Late),
286

Voronezh No. 27, 330

Wabash, 330

Wachampa, 330

Wachsknorpelkirsche (syn. of Bittner Gelbe Knorpel-
kirsche), 228

Wagner, 330

Wahre Englische Kirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155

Walling, G. W., var. orig. by, 304

Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221

Walsh Seedling (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222

Wanfrieder Weichsel (syn. of Velser), 329

Warner, 331

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Warner, Mathew G., var. orig. by, 331

Warren, var. orig. by, 331

Warren Transparent, 331

Washington Purple, 331

Waterhouse, 331

Waterhouse, Warren, var. orig. by, 331

Waterloo, 196

Weber, R. H., var. orig. by, 301

Weeping, 331

Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247

Weeping or Pendulous Morello (syn. of Weeping), 331

Weeping Black Bigarreau, 331

Weeping Napoleon, 331

Weichsel mit halbgefillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-
doubles), 253

Weichselbaum mit biindelformigen Friichten (syn. of
Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234

Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und rothlich marmorirte
Frucht (syn. of Spatbliihende Glaskirsche), 321

Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefiillter Blithe (syn. of
Fleurs Doubles), 252

Weidenblattrige Siissweichsel (syn. of Willow-Leaved),
335

Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramel-
kirsche, 331

Weiss Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche),
265

Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn.
of Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche), 331

Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn.
of Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche), 314

Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche (syn. of Friiheste
Bunte Herzkirsche), 256

Weisse Mandelkirsche, 332

Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche, 331

Wellington, 332

Wellington’s Weichsel (syn. of Wellington), 332

Weltz, Leo, var. introduced by, 205

Wendell, Herman, var. orig. by, 332

Wendell Mottled, 332

Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 332

Werder Early Black, 332

Werdersche Schwarze Allerfritheste Herzkirsche (syn. of
Werder Early Black), 332

Werder’sche Bunte Herzkirsche, 332

Western Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 37

Wheeler, 332

Wheeler, H. J., var. orig. with, 332

White Bigarreau, 196

White Bigarreau, 332

White French, 333

White French Guigne, 333

White Gean, 333

White Heart, 197

White Heart (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266

White Hungarian Gean, 333

White Mazzard, 333

White Oxheart (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196

White Spanish, 333

White Tartarian, 333

White Transparent, 333

THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK

Wier, D. B., var. orig. by, 252, 257, 301, 333, 334

Wier No. 2, 333

Wier No. 11, 334

Wier No. 12, 334

Wier No. 13, 334

Wier No. 19, 334

Wier No. 24, 334

Wier No. 44, 334

Wier’s Seedlings, 333

Wild Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237

Wild Ross-shire, 334

Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche, 334

Wilder, Samson V. S., var. introduced by, 292

Wilding von Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche),
285

Wilhe: nine Kleindienst, 334

Wilkinson, 334

Willamette, 335

Willis Early, 335

Willow-Leaved, 335

Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Winkler
Black), 335

Windsor, 198

Winkler, var. orig. by, 269

Winkler Black, 335

37t

Winkler weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Carnée
Winkler), 269

Winkler’s schwarse Herzkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black),
335

Winter, Pastor, var. introduced by, 334

Winter Schwarze, 335

Wirt, Henry, var. orig. with, 275

Wohltragende Hollandische Kirsche, 335

Wood, 199; immunity of, to powdery mildew, 11

Wragg, 201

Yan, 335

Yellow Glass, 336

Yellow Honey (syn. of Honey), 276

Yellow Spanish, 202

Young Large Black Heart, 336

Youngken, Josiah G., var. orig. by, 299

Yuksa, 336

Zahm, G. W., var. orig. with, 274

Zeisbergische Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221

Zimmtkirsche, 336

Zweifarbige Kirsche, 336

Zweite Grosser Herzkirschweichsel (syn. of Brusseler
Braune), 110

Zwitterkirsche, 336

Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 336

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